朝(chao)(chao)天(tian)扯篼子花生(sheng)(sheng)是廣元市是朝(chao)(chao)天(tian)區重點保護和大力(li)發展的(de)名(ming)優特(te)產之(zhi)一。受當地(di)獨特(te)的(de)地(di)理環境(jing)(jing)、氣候和土(tu)壤等因素的(de)影響,朝(chao)(chao)天(tian)扯篼子花生(sheng)(sheng)其植株矮(ai)小(xiao)直(zhi)立,果形小(xiao),籽粒飽滿,純仁率(lv)達75%以上,一般環境(jing)(jing)下生(sheng)(sheng)芽(ya)率(lv)低于20%。籽粒分(fen)紅白二(er)色,口感潤澤(ze)、質(zhi)地(di)細(xi)膩、香(xiang)味醇厚濃郁,蛋白質(zhi)、脂(zhi)肪含量高,維生(sheng)(sheng)素E、C及微量元素硒的(de)含量豐富。生(sheng)(sheng)食具有健(jian)脾和胃、滋養調氣等藥用和保健(jian)功效(xiao)。朝(chao)(chao)天(tian)扯篼子花生(sheng)(sheng)種植歷史悠久(jiu),深受消費者(zhe)喜愛,是珍貴的(de)地(di)方花生(sheng)(sheng)品種。
朝(chao)天(tian)區境內多高(gao)山,地理環境獨特,受氣候和(he)土(tu)壤等(deng)因素的(de)影響,從(cong)礫巖(yan)油沙(sha)石土(tu)出產的(de)朝(chao)天(tian)扯(che)篼子花生(sheng)與其(qi)它花生(sheng)相比,它有三(san)種特色:一是(shi)其(qi)植株(zhu)矮小直立,果形小,籽(zi)粒飽滿:二(er)是(shi)籽(zi)粒分紅白(bai)二(er)色;紅色口感潤澤(ze)、脆香爽口,白(bai)色質(zhi)地細膩、香味醇厚濃郁;三(san)是(shi)蛋白(bai)質(zhi)、脂肪含(han)量高(gao),維生(sheng)素E、C及微量元素硒的(de)含(han)量豐(feng)富,生(sheng)食具有健脾和(he)胃、滋養調氣等(deng)藥用和(he)保健功效。
朝(chao)天地(di)處秦隴入蜀(shu)的(de)交通要口,素(su)有“秦蜀(shu)重鎮”、“川北門戶”之稱。朝(chao)天歷史(shi)悠久,早(zao)在新石器時代(dai)就有先民居(ju)住(zhu),是秦嶺南(nan)麓蜀(shu)道(dao)起點上(shang)(shang)的(de)第一個(ge)政治、經(jing)濟、文化中心,故這一軍(jun)事(shi)(shi)要地(di)常為南(nan)北割據(ju)勢力所爭占(zhan)。相傳唐玄宗為避“安(an)史(shi)之亂”而奔(ben)蜀(shu),各(ge)州縣曾(ceng)在此迎駕,稱“朝(chao)見天子”,故名(ming)“朝(chao)天”,引申為“朝(chao)天向上(shang)(shang)”之意。歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)曾(ceng)經(jing)發生過(guo)許多戰事(shi)(shi)和(he)傳說。
椐史料記載,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)扯(che)篼子(zi)(zi)花生(sheng)(sheng)起源于(yu)明(ming)末清(qing)初,至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)已有近400年歷史。當時(shi)重(zhong)慶、四(si)川境內(nei)戰亂頻發,災(zai)荒、瘟疫不(bu)斷,人口(kou)銳減(jian),人口(kou)主要(yao)集中居(ju)住在(zai)江河沿岸(an),中山一(yi)帶基(ji)本無人居(ju)住,人煙稀少,荒山刁零(ling),清(qing)康熙(xi)年間,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷為(wei)(wei)了江山社稷(ji),使地(di)(di)域(yu)經濟(ji)均衡發展,頒布了《康熙(xi)三十(shi)三年招(zhao)民(min)(min)填川詔》,下令從湖(hu)南、湖(hu)北、廣(guang)東等(deng)地(di)(di)大舉向四(si)川移(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天大部(bu)分(fen)人口(kou)都是(shi)此時(shi)的移(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)。由于(yu)適宜耕種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的土地(di)(di)少,農(nong)業科技落后,農(nong)民(min)(min)刀耕火種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),長期(qi)戰事不(bu)斷,農(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產凋殘(can),糧(liang)食極度缺乏(fa),大部(bu)分(fen)移(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)十(shi)分(fen)艱辛,饑不(bu)裹腹,餓殍遍(bian)野。傳說一(yi)位(wei)吳姓移(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)來到朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天轉斗(dou)鄉,從攜帶的食物中選擇(ze)了數百粒花生(sheng)(sheng),播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)山地(di)(di)里,數日后長出了幼苗,數月后便收獲了莢(jia)果,食之(zhi)味道鮮美,移(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)見狀(zhuang),紛紛前(qian)來討(tao)要(yao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),自行種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天花生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)得到延續至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)。人們(men)通過(guo)多年種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),發現(xian)該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)株緊湊矮小,收獲時(shi)可(ke)連根拔起,土壤(rang)中不(bu)剩莢(jia)果,方言中植(zhi)株的基(ji)部(bu)以下為(wei)(wei)篼,故名(ming)為(wei)(wei)扯(che)篼子(zi)(zi)。鄉民(min)(min)們(men)十(shi)分(fen)喜(xi)食,還(huan)將(jiang)其(qi)稱為(wei)(wei)長壽果,視其(qi)為(wei)(wei)吉祥的象征,不(bu)論是(shi)民(min)(min)間喜(xi)慶宴席(xi)招(zhao)待客人還(huan)是(shi)逢年過(guo)節,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶必要(yao)準(zhun)備花生(sheng)(sheng),此風自古(gu)已然,至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)不(bu)衰。
1934年(nian),紅四方面(mian)軍(jun)(jun)反(fan)圍(wei)剿取得萬源保衛(wei)戰勝利,迅速將根據地(di)擴大到(dao)嘉陵江以(yi)西,朝天區全境(jing)為紅軍(jun)(jun)所控(kong)制。1935年(nian)1月(yue)在(zai)轉(zhuan)斗鄉和青林鄉交界處建立紅坪縣蘇維(wei)埃政(zheng)府。紅軍(jun)(jun)入境(jing),糧(liang)食(shi)短(duan)缺,油(you)料稀(xi)少。當地(di)人民(min)對(dui)紅軍(jun)(jun)到(dao)來十分(fen)歡(huan)迎,紛紛為紅軍(jun)(jun)營地(di)送(song)糧(liang),部分(fen)群眾把珍貴的朝天扯篼子花生送(song)給紅軍(jun)(jun),以(yi)示對(dui)紅軍(jun)(jun)的支持擁護。
上(shang)世紀60年(nian)代,成(cheng)都市鹽(yan)道(dao)街、鐵二(er)局住成(cheng)都辦事(shi)處的(de)(de)趙(zhao)楠、毛(mao)培(pei)龍、張(zhang)天(tian)貴、等(deng)一(yi)(yi)批(pi)青(qing)(qing)年(nian)下(xia)鄉來(lai)到轉斗鄉,因不適(shi)應長期以酸菜、米(mi)珍(zhen)為主食的(de)(de)農村生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活,食不開胃(wei),勞無精神。群(qun)眾看(kan)在眼里,悄悄把珍(zhen)藏的(de)(de)“朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)子(zi)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”給知青(qing)(qing)做(zuo)零(ling)食,他們高興地說:“從(cong)來(lai)沒(mei)有吃過這種(zhong)小花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)還,味(wei)道(dao)真香(xiang)。”每年(nian)“朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)子(zi)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”收(shou)獲(huo)后,就要(yao)買一(yi)(yi)些(xie)屯集起來(lai),在朋(peng)友聚會時(shi)斟上(shang)燒(shao)酒(jiu),撥著(zhu)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),談古論今,互訴衷腸。知青(qing)(qing)回家(jia)探親時(shi)也要(yao)帶一(yi)(yi)些(xie)“朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)子(zi)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”回去與(yu)家(jia)人共享。該品種(zhong)抗(kang)病蟲(chong)害能力強,果(guo)小味(wei)香(xiang),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)食一(yi)(yi)把即一(yi)(yi)日有力而(er)不覺饑餓,具有強身健(jian)體、滋養補(bu)氣的(de)(de)功(gong)效,焙制后的(de)(de)果(guo)仁(ren)味(wei)香(xiang)而(er)脆、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)津(jin)爽口。
據記載(zai),民國(guo)時期(qi),食物緊缺(que),人們(men)(men)掙扎在溫(wen)飽線邊緣,特別是肉、油資源嚴重短缺(que),農村(cun)靠土榨(zha)榨(zha)油,朝天區轉斗鄉一帶(dai)人們(men)(men)種(zhong)植的(de)扯篼子花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)粒小(xiao)(xiao)但出(chu)油率卻很(hen)高。據《轉斗鄉志》中記載(zai)道,轉斗鄉油坊(fang)來榨(zha)油的(de)村(cun)民連續不(bu)斷(duan),鮮榨(zha)的(de)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)油,顏色清涼、香味(wei)(wei)撲鼻(bi),尤其是扯篼子小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)香味(wei)(wei)尤為濃(nong)郁(yu),人們(men)(men)當(dang)即即可生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)食,剩下的(de)油枯煎炒仍保留有花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)香味(wei)(wei),可以直(zhi)接食用。
《廣元縣志》(修(xiu)訂版)第347頁農業卷中記載:“北路山區(qu)珍珠型(xing)花(hua)生(sheng),又名扯篼子(zi),粒小而質(zhi)細(xi)味香,出油率高(gao)。新中國成(cheng)立后,播(bo)種面(mian)積(ji)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)擴大,1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)到1萬(wan)畝(mu)以上。1959年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)面(mian)積(ji)猛增(zeng)到2.76萬(wan)畝(mu)。1969年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)播(bo)種面(mian)積(ji)穩定在(zai)0.88萬(wan)畝(mu),1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始擴大種植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji),1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達1.59萬(wan)畝(mu),畝(mu)產增(zeng)加(jia)到91.8公斤。”
《廣(guang)元縣志》(修(xiu)訂版)第355頁農(nong)業卷中(zhong)記載:“本(ben)地品種有大(da)花生、小花生、扯篼(dou)子三種。”
《朝天區(qu)志》(修訂版)第86頁(ye)建制·區(qu)劃中記載(zai):“【轉斗(dou)鄉】全鄉有耕地8358畝,其中水田1720畝,主產(chan)小(xiao)麥、玉米、水稻(dao)、花(hua)生、雜糧等。”
《朝天區(qu)志》(修訂(ding)版)第210頁(ye)農(nong)業中(zhong)記載:“花生。原多產(chan)于中(zhong)子(zi)河(he)谷地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),20世紀80年(nian)代后采用地(di)(di)(di)膜覆蓋廣泛種(zhong)植,產(chan)量猛(meng)增。朝天建區(qu)后除曾(ceng)家地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)外全區(qu)廣泛種(zhong)植。”
以朝(chao)天(tian)區轉斗鄉(xiang)(xiang)、中子鎮(zhen)(zhen)、宣河(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、羊(yang)木鎮(zhen)(zhen)、沙河(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、魚洞(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、東溪河(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、陳家(jia)(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、蒲(pu)家(jia)(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)主的現轄(xia)行政區域(yu)。
(一)感官特色
花生果(guo):籽粒飽滿(man),果(guo)形小,果(guo)殼薄,網紋(wen)淺。果(guo)皮灰白色,均勻一(yi)。
花(hua)生仁:多(duo)二粒(li),少一粒(li),無(wu)多(duo)粒(li),籽粒(li)形(xing)多(duo)見珍珠形(xing),圓潤飽滿,大小均(jun)勻(yun),種(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)光滑(hua)。種(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)為褐(he)紅色,顏色均(jun)勻(yun)有光澤。
口感:口感潤(run)澤(ze)、質地細(xi)膩。
(二)理化指標
蛋白質≥26%,脂肪≥48 %,水分≤5.85%,黃曲霉毒素(su)B1≤3μg/kg。
(一)與地(di)(di)理(li)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)關(guan)聯性(xing)。廣元市朝(chao)天區(qu)地(di)(di)理(li)坐標為(wei)東經(jing)105°36′--106°17′、北緯32°31′--33°51′之間,全(quan)區(qu)耕地(di)(di)24萬(wan)畝,林業(ye)用地(di)(di)146.7萬(wan)畝,森林覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da)到58.3%,土地(di)(di)肥沃、植被良(liang)好(hao)、水(shui)(shui)源條件好(hao)。朝(chao)天扯(che)篼子(zi)花生主(zhu)要集中于朝(chao)天區(qu)中子(zi)鎮(zhen)、轉斗鄉、宣河鄉一帶,此片(pian)地(di)(di)區(qu)多(duo)為(wei)山地(di)(di)、丘(qiu)陵,花生產地(di)(di)多(duo)分布于山坡緩麓地(di)(di)帶,海(hai)拔500-800米(mi)之間,獨(du)特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)理(li)環(huan)境(jing)讓朝(chao)天扯(che)篼子(zi)花生在生長過(guo)呈中光照(zhao)充分、旱(han)能澇、澇能排且遠離工(gong)礦區(qu)和工(gong)業(ye)城市污染源,灌溉水(shui)(shui)源也(ye)取自山上的(de)(de)山泉水(shui)(shui),生態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)十分優良(liang)。
(二)與(yu)氣(qi)候的(de)關聯性(xing)。花生(sheng)是(shi)喜溫作物,氣(qi)候溫暖,雨量適中地區種植(zhi)花生(sheng)最好。朝天(tian)區屬(shu)于(yu)典型是(shi)我溫帶(dai)大(da)陸(lu)性(xing)季(ji)風性(xing)氣(qi)候,一(yi)年(nian)四(si)季(ji)氣(qi)候分明,春暖、夏熱、秋涼、冬(dong)寒(han),夏秋季(ji)多雨而冬(dong)春季(ji)多風,年(nian)均氣(qi)溫14.7℃--16.1℃,年(nian)極(ji)端高溫 38℃--39℃,年(nian)平均降雨量980毫米,中子鎮(zhen)、轉斗鄉一(yi)帶(dai)1000-1200毫米之間,降雨多集中在5月--9月,這種夏季(ji)高溫多雨,雨熱同期的(de)氣(qi)候極(ji)適于(yu)花生(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)長。
朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼子(zi)花生(sheng)(sheng)三月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)到(dao)四(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬(xun)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),適宜(yi)發芽(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)是12℃—15℃,需吸收本身(shen)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)50%左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)分(fen)后開(kai)始出苗(miao)(miao)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)時朝(chao)天(tian)氣候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)潤,春雨(yu)(yu)滋(zi)潤種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽(ya)(ya)。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)長出幼(you)苗(miao)(miao),幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)適宜(yi)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為20-27℃,幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較耐旱(han),土壤含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為田間(jian)持(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)50-60%較適宜(yi)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)時朝(chao)天(tian)區(qu)由春季過渡到(dao)夏季,氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和降雨(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)上升,滿(man)足(zu)了幼(you)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)為開(kai)花下針(zhen)期(qi)(qi)(qi):此(ci)(ci)(ci)期(qi)(qi)(qi)花生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)莖、葉迅速生(sheng)(sheng)長,同(tong)(tong)時大量(liang)(liang)開(kai)花、下針(zhen)。開(kai)花、 下針(zhen)數目的(de)(de)(de)多少與氣象條件關系很密(mi)切,適溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為23-28℃,開(kai)花下針(zhen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)內需要大量(liang)(liang)水(shui)分(fen),以土壤含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為田間(jian)持(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)60-70%為適宜(yi)。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)到(dao)八月(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)為莢果發育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi),此(ci)(ci)(ci)期(qi)(qi)(qi)需土壤濕(shi)潤,土壤含水(shui)量(liang)(liang)為田間(jian)持(chi)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)60%較適宜(yi)。最(zui)適溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為25-33℃,此(ci)(ci)(ci)時莢果發育(yu)快, 增重(zhong)高。較長日照(zhao)有利于(yu)營養生(sheng)(sheng)長。此(ci)(ci)(ci)時朝(chao)天(tian)正迎來夏季的(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)(yu)熱同(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi),溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)、水(shui)分(fen)和光照(zhao)都完全滿(man)足(zu)了花生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長需求。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)到(dao)九月(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)收獲。
(三)與土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)聯(lian)性。朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)(dou)子花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)對土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求不太嚴格,除過(guo)于(yu)黏(nian)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)外,一般(ban)質(zhi)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)都(dou)可以(yi)。適宜微偏酸(suan)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),pH以(yi)6.0至(zhi)6.5為好(hao)。朝(chao)天(tian)區(qu)(qu)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)農業土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)21.8萬畝,多(duo)為山地(di)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)多(duo)為山地(di)黃壤(rang)(rang)和山地(di)暗(an)紫泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),呈(cheng)微酸(suan)性,ph值為5.5-6.8,全(quan)區(qu)(qu)大部分地(di)區(qu)(qu)都(dou)分布有(you)(you)山地(di)沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。用于(yu)種(zhong)植朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)(dou)子花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山地(di)沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層厚度≥15cm,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)疏松、肥力較(jiao)高、礦物營養豐(feng)富(fu)(fu),富(fu)(fu)含(han)磷、鉀、鈣、鎂(mei)、鐵、銅等微量元素,有(you)(you)機質(zhi)含(han)量≥1%。這種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)空(kong)氣通透性好(hao),有(you)(you)上沙下壤(rang)(rang)、上松下實的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,、利于(yu)花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根系生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長和莢果的(de)(de)(de)(de)發育,為朝(chao)天(tian)扯篼(dou)(dou)子花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植提(ti)供(gong)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境。
(四)與本地(di)品(pin)種的關聯性。根據《廣(guang)元(yuan)縣志》(民國(guo)本)記(ji)載:“落花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng),亦名番豆,為豆科一(yi)年生(sheng)(sheng)蔓草,……其粒(li)有(you)(you)大小(xiao)(xiao)二種,粒(li)大者稱洋花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng),為小(xiao)(xiao)粒(li)種現(xian)已罕見,殆有(you)(you)絕跡之(zhi)勢(shi)焉,……。”《廣(guang)元(yuan)縣志》(修(xiu)訂版)第(di)355頁農業卷中記(ji)載:“本地(di)品(pin)種有(you)(you)大花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)、小(xiao)(xiao)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)、扯(che)篼(dou)(dou)子三種。”朝(chao)天(tian)(tian)扯(che)篼(dou)(dou)子花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)在朝(chao)天(tian)(tian)區種植歷史悠久,是彌足珍貴的地(di)方(fang)花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)品(pin)種,具有(you)(you)粒(li)形(xing)飽滿,果形(xing)小(xiao)(xiao),口(kou)感(gan)潤澤(ze)、質地(di)細膩、香味醇厚(hou)濃郁等(deng)特(te)點,蛋白質、脂肪含量高(gao),維生(sheng)(sheng)素E、C及微量元(yuan)素硒(xi)的含量豐富(fu)。朝(chao)天(tian)(tian)區政(zheng)府將朝(chao)天(tian)(tian)扯(che)篼(dou)(dou)子花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)列為名優特(te)產之(zhi)一(yi),出臺了相(xiang)關扶持政(zheng)策,加大品(pin)牌建設力(li)度。截止2014年全區種植面積達到(dao)2萬畝(mu),畝(mu)產150公斤,年產值四千余萬元(yuan)。
(一)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)處(chu)理:選(xuan)(xuan)擇無(wu)裂果(guo)、無(wu)損傷、無(wu)霉(mei)變、無(wu)蟲眼、子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)飽滿(man)(man)、色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷一致的(de)莢(jia)果(guo)。播種(zhong)前20天,選(xuan)(xuan)擇晴朗天氣,將選(xuan)(xuan)好(hao)的(de)花生莢(jia)果(guo)帶殼(ke)暴曬2-3天后剝殼(ke),然后把剝殼(ke)后的(de)子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)進行再選(xuan)(xuan)擇,去掉癟粒(li)(li)、病粒(li)(li)、不規則粒(li)(li)、損傷子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)、臍眼變色(se)(se)、種(zhong)皮顏(yan)色(se)(se)不一致的(de)子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)。選(xuan)(xuan)擇種(zhong)皮顏(yan)色(se)(se)一致、大小均勻、子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)飽滿(man)(man)、色(se)(se)澤(ze)鮮(xian)艷的(de)子(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)做種(zhong)。
(二)整(zheng)地(di):冬(dong)耕(geng)深翻(fan)冬(dong)炕的(de)(de)基礎上,播種前15天將腐熟的(de)(de)農家肥均勻撒在地(di)里,再(zai)深耕(geng)把農家肥翻(fan)入土(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong),播種前1天用旋耕(geng)機(ji)將土(tu)(tu)壤整(zheng)細(xi)整(zheng)平。同時揀去土(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)的(de)(de)大石塊、殘(can)茬,保持土(tu)(tu)壤平整(zheng),土(tu)(tu)粒細(xi)勻,為播種做(zuo)好(hao)準備。
(三(san))施(shi)肥(fei):每畝用(yong)(yong)腐(fu)熟農家肥(fei)1500-2000公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)作(zuo)底肥(fei),花生專用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)50公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)作(zuo)種肥(fei)。底肥(fei)在(zai)深翻整地時施(shi)用(yong)(yong),種肥(fei)在(zai)播(bo)種時進行穴(xue)施(shi)。苗期4-6葉根(gen)據(ju)苗情長勢,畝用(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)3-5公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),尿(niao)素8-10公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)苗肥(fei),開花期畝用(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)10公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)結莢肥(fei)。,
(四) 播(bo)(bo)種(zhong):1、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)時間:春播(bo)(bo):氣溫穩定通過10℃開始播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),根據我(wo)區扯(che)篼子花(hua)生(sheng)生(sheng)產區域,3月(yue)28日開始播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),4月(yue)15日播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)。夏播(bo)(bo):5月(yue)中旬至5月(yue)底播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)。
2.播(bo)種(zhong)方式:等行(xing)距開窩(wo)點播(bo),行(xing)距45厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),窩(wo)距15厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),每窩(wo)1粒(li),播(bo)種(zhong)深度3厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。播(bo)種(zhong)密(mi)度9000-10000穴/畝,。
(五) 田(tian)間管理(li):1、肥水(shui)(shui)管理(li)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期:春季(ji)降雨(yu)少,春旱較重(zhong),播種出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)后,及(ji)時(shi)查苗(miao)(miao)(miao)補缺,保證苗(miao)(miao)(miao)齊(qi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)壯,待苗(miao)(miao)(miao)長至4-5葉,根(gen)據(ju)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)情長勢,用(yong)清糞水(shui)(shui)兌準(zhun)備(bei)好(hao)的肥料追(zhui)施苗(miao)(miao)(miao)肥,保證苗(miao)(miao)(miao)期水(shui)(shui)肥供(gong)應充足,促進苗(miao)(miao)(miao)架健壯生長。花期:此時(shi)是(shi)花生需水(shui)(shui)需肥量(liang)最(zui)大(da)的時(shi)期,也是(shi)敏感期,如果遇天旱要及(ji)時(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)追(zhui)肥,增加下針數(shu)和莢(jia)果形成數(shu),促進子粒飽(bao)滿提高產量(liang)。
2.中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao)。4-5葉時進(jin)行第(di)一次中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao),此次除(chu)(chu)草(cao)在不損(sun)傷(shang)植株根系(xi)的基(ji)礎上,適(shi)當深耕,鏟(chan)除(chu)(chu)雜草(cao),切斷土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)毛(mao)細管,提高土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)保(bao)水能(neng)力。開花前一周進(jin)行第(di)二次中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao),結合中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao)進(jin)行壘(lei)篼(dou),改善(shan)植株基(ji)部(bu)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)環境,保(bao)持土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)疏松,為下針創造條件,提高下針成莢率。達到(dao)增產的目的。
3.病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi)。物理防治(zhi):對遷飛性、趨色的蚜蟲(chong)采用黃板誘(you)捕(bu)。地老(lao)虎采用人(ren)工捕(bu)殺,或用糖(tang)醋(cu)液(ye)誘(you)捕(bu)。農(nong)業(ye)防治(zhi):對連續種植(zhi)3年的花生地進行輪作(zuo)換(huan)茬,早期(qi)拔除種傳病(bing)苗(miao),清(qing)除田間和周圍雜草,降低病(bing)源傳染基數(shu)。一般情況(kuang)下(xia)不施(shi)農(nong)藥。
(六)采收
1.確定留(liu)種地(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)。選擇植株(zhu)株(zhu)型(xing)一致性好(hao),品(pin)種植株(zhu)特征(zheng)明顯(xian),雜(za)株(zhu)病株(zhu)少的地(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)作為留(liu)種地(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)。早期拔出(chu)病株(zhu),植株(zhu)開始(shi)轉黃(huang)時,注意田間觀察(cha),提前拔出(chu)雜(za)株(zhu)病株(zhu),保持品(pin)種純度(du),保證留(liu)種地(di)塊(kuai)(kuai)植株(zhu)健康,提高(gao)種子質量(liang)。
2.收(shou)獲。當植(zhi)株自(zi)然轉黃達到50-70%時開始收(shou)獲,把扯(che)回連(lian)帶花生莢果的(de)植(zhi)株一(yi)起(qi)放在避(bi)(bi)雨(yu)處,盡量(liang)做到通風(feng)透光(guang),避(bi)(bi)免堆(dui)放,晴天要及時進行晾曬,防止霉變。
“朝(chao)天扯篼子花生”地理標志產(chan)品保護通過形式
近日(ri),國家(jia)質(zhi)檢總(zong)(zong)局(ju)《關于(yu)受(shou)理(li)龍山礦(kuang)泉水等產(chan)品申報(bao)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護的公(gong)告(gao)》(2016年第(di)34號)公(gong)示,朝天區政府組織申報(bao)的“朝天扯(che)篼子花生”地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護通過(guo)了國家(jia)質(zhi)檢總(zong)(zong)局(ju)的形(xing)式審(shen)(shen)查,公(gong)告(gao)時限2個月。公(gong)告(gao)期滿后(hou),國家(jia)質(zhi)檢總(zong)(zong)局(ju)將于(yu)12月底前派專家(jia)開展“朝天扯(che)篼子花生”地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)產(chan)品保護現(xian)場評審(shen)(shen)工作。
朝天(tian)扯(che)篼(dou)(dou)子花生是珍貴的地(di)方(fang)花生品種,種植歷(li)史悠久,品質優異,營養豐富,口感細膩(ni)潤澤,香味醇厚(hou)濃(nong)郁,是朝天(tian)區(qu)名優特(te)(te)產之(zhi)一。下一步,朝天(tian)區(qu)將繼續按照《地(di)理(li)標志產品保護(hu)(hu)規定(ding)》,加(jia)(jia)大對特(te)(te)色(se)資源保護(hu)(hu)力度,并結合全區(qu)品牌發(fa)展戰略(lve)及旅游產業(ye)發(fa)展,加(jia)(jia)強宣傳,打造扯(che)篼(dou)(dou)子花生為文化旅游產品,進一步提高其(qi)知名度和產品附加(jia)(jia)值。