芒果视频下载

人物簡介

甘(gan)(gan)特(te)出生于(yu)(yu)一(yi)個農(nong)民家庭(ting)，南北(bei)戰(zhan)爭使美國(guo)防止了(le)(le)分(fen)裂，卻導致(zhi)了(le)(le)甘(gan)(gan)特(te)家庭(ting)的(de)(de)貧窮。幼年的(de)(de)艱辛，使甘(gan)(gan)特(te)明白(bai)了(le)(le)勤(qin)勉、儉樸、自省、奮斗的(de)(de)意(yi)義所(suo)在(zai)。1880年，當他(ta)(ta)在(zai)霍普金斯(si)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)以優異成(cheng)績畢(bi)業時，他(ta)(ta)明白(bai)，大學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習所(suo)得還遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)不夠。于(yu)(yu)是，他(ta)(ta)一(yi)邊(bian)在(zai)自己原來的(de)(de)母校麥克多(duo)納預備學(xue)(xue)(xue)校任教(jiao)，一(yi)邊(bian)在(zai)斯(si)蒂文斯(si)理工學(xue)(xue)(xue)院繼續(xu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習，到1884年，他(ta)(ta)成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)名機(ji)械(xie)工程師(shi)。在(zai)麥克多(duo)納從事自然科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)機(ji)械(xie)技術教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)經歷，對他(ta)(ta)日后(hou)的(de)(de)職業生涯有著重大影響。1887年，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)來到米德(de)維爾鋼(gang)鐵廠(chang)任助理工程師(shi)，在(zai)這里，他(ta)(ta)結(jie)識了(le)(le)泰羅(luo)(luo)，并在(zai)后(hou)來和(he)泰羅(luo)(luo)一(yi)起去了(le)(le)西蒙德(de)公(gong)司(si)和(he)伯利(li)恒(heng)公(gong)司(si)。此(ci)后(hou)，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)同泰羅(luo)(luo)密切合(he)作(zuo)，共(gong)同研(yan)究科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)管(guan)理問題(ti)，直到離開伯利(li)恒(heng)為(wei)止。1902年以后(hou)，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)離開了(le)(le)泰羅(luo)(luo)，獨(du)立開業當咨詢工程師(shi)，并先后(hou)在(zai)哥(ge)倫比亞、哈佛、耶魯等大學(xue)(xue)(xue)任教(jiao)。第一(yi)次(ci)世界大戰(zhan)期間，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)放棄了(le)(le)賺錢的(de)(de)企(qi)業咨詢，為(wei)政府(fu)和(he)軍隊充(chong)當顧問，對造船廠(chang)、兵工廠(chang)的(de)(de)管(guan)理進行了(le)(le)深入的(de)(de)研(yan)究。因(yin)為(wei)甘(gan)(gan)特(te)在(zai)戰(zhan)爭期間的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)，他(ta)(ta)獲得了(le)(le)美國(guo)聯邦(bang)政府(fu)的(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)優異獎章(zhang)。

主要作品

甘特(te)的(de)一(yi)生(sheng)著(zhu)作豐富，共達150多種(zhong)，在(zai)管理方面有3本專著(zhu)。

1910年的《工(gong)作(zuo)、工(gong)資(zi)和利潤》

1916年(nian)的《工業領導(dao)》

1916年的(de)《工作的(de)組織》

代(dai)表性的(de)論(lun)文有：

1902年(nian)的《勞動報酬的一(yi)種獎(jiang)金制(zhi)》

1903年的《制(zhi)造業中的一種日平衡(heng)圖示法》

1908年的(de)《培養工(gong)人(ren)的(de)勤奮習慣(guan)和協作精神(shen)》

1915年(nian)的(de)《生產和成本之(zhi)間的(de)關系》

1918年的《效率和民主》等等

貢獻影響

獎勵工資制

在(zai)(zai)企(qi)業管(guan)理(li)(li)方面(mian)，甘特提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)勵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)制有著很大(da)影響，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)一般(ban)稱之(zhi)為“任務(wu)加獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)制”(taskworkwithbonus)。泰羅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別計件工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)制著眼于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，甘特則(ze)(ze)與泰羅不同，著眼于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)體(ti)性(xing)，所提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)加獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)制具有集(ji)體(ti)激勵性(xing)質。甘特認為，泰羅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)促進了管(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作，但不能促進工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)作，而是(shi)促使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)進行(xing)(xing)單干。甘特在(zai)(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《勞動、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)和(he)(he)利潤》中(zhong)，論述(shu)了他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)加獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)制設(she)想。按照(zhao)任務(wu)加獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)想，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內(nei)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)，可以拿(na)到規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)報酬，另加一定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(如50美(mei)(mei)分(fen))。如果(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)內(nei)不能完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)，則(ze)(ze)不能拿(na)到獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。如果(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)少于(yu)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)，則(ze)(ze)按時(shi)(shi)間(jian)比(bi)例另加獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。另外(wai)，每(mei)一個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)達到定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)標準(zhun)(zhun)，其工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)可以拿(na)到一定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)比(bi)例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)；一名工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)領(ling)導下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數越(yue)多，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)比(bi)例就越(yue)高。假如一個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)領(ling)導10名工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，其中(zhong)有5人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)能夠完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)，則(ze)(ze)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)拿(na)0.05×5=0.25美(mei)(mei)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。但如果(guo)有9人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)，則(ze)(ze)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)拿(na)0.1×9=0.9美(mei)(mei)元獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。甘特所設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)種獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)制度(du)，對(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)來(lai)說(shuo)形成(cheng)了基(ji)本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保證，對(dui)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)來(lai)說(shuo)矯(jiao)正了他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)方式。過去(qu)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)處于(yu)對(dui)立(li)狀(zhuang)態，而甘特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)第一次把(ba)管(guan)理(li)(li)者(zhe)培訓工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職責和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益結(jie)合(he)了起來(lai)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)額(e)(e)后(hou)給工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)發獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)由原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)變成(cheng)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老師(shi)和(he)(he)幫助者(zhe)，把(ba)關心(xin)生產轉變成(cheng)關心(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。這(zhe)(zhe)一點使甘特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)想成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類行(xing)(xing)為早(zao)期(qi)研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個標志。按照(zhao)甘特自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)(fa)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)獎(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)“使能力(li)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)達到標準(zhun)(zhun)，并(bing)使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)把(ba)精力(li)放在(zai)(zai)最需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身上”。

對(dui)于(yu)(yu)甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)勵(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)曾給予很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價，他說，甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這一(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)性(xing)質稍微溫和一(yi)些，這就使(shi)它靈(ling)活得(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，在差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)適(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)數情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，也能適(shi)用。在科學(xue)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推行過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，從(cong)舊有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)日(ri)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩慢(man)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)，過(guo)(guo)渡(du)到(dao)科學(xue)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速(su)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，肯定會(hui)有(you)一(yi)段(duan)困難而微妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變(bian)。甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)在這里特(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)有(you)用，它可以(yi)使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人們從(cong)原來(lai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)日(ri)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緩慢(man)步伐，平穩(wen)地逐漸加(jia)速(su)過(guo)(guo)渡(du)到(dao)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)之中(zhong)。因(yin)此，泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)認為，甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)勵(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在舊有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)日(ri)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)搭起(qi)(qi)了(le)一(yi)座橋梁。另外，在某一(yi)崗位工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不(bu)穩(wen)定或(huo)任(ren)務多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)可以(yi)減少工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)壓(ya)力。后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)學(xue)家，對(dui)甘特(te)這一(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價，同泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)有(you)所(suo)不(bu)同。筆者(zhe)認為，泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)理(li)性(xing)化(hua)，在現(xian)實(shi)(shi)中(zhong)操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)起(qi)(qi)來(lai)有(you)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)(jian)約束。而甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)更多(duo)(duo)(duo)地考慮到(dao)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)因(yin)素，可操作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)更強。尤其是(shi)甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人未(wei)完(wan)成(cheng)定額的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，不(bu)存(cun)在降低計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弊端，所(suo)以(yi)，甘特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務加(jia)獎(jiang)金制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在現(xian)實(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用范圍，要遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大(da)于(yu)(yu)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。讀者(zhe)如(ru)果對(dui)照閱(yue)讀泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)關于(yu)(yu)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)計(ji)(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)，就可以(yi)體(ti)會(hui)到(dao)二人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)。也許，甘特(te)與(yu)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爭論，正(zheng)是(shi)這種(zhong)(zhong)差(cha)別(bie)(bie)(bie)引起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。正(zheng)是(shi)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)羅(luo)(luo)(luo)那(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)完(wan)全理(li)性(xing)追求盡善(shan)盡美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力，使(shi)科學(xue)管(guan)理(li)占據了(le)理(li)論上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)點(dian)；而正(zheng)是(shi)甘特(te)那(nei)種(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應現(xian)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力，使(shi)科學(xue)管(guan)理(li)具有(you)了(le)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可行性(xing)。二者(zhe)相得(de)益彰。

發明甘特圖

甘(gan)特為管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)學界所熟知的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是他(ta)(ta)發明的(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)特圖(tu)(tu)(GanttChart)。由于甘(gan)特過去當過教員(yuan)，因(yin)(yin)而(er)他(ta)(ta)注意用(yong)(yong)圖(tu)(tu)表方(fang)法對(dui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)進行(xing)生動地說明。在(zai)早(zao)期，他(ta)(ta)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)線條(tiao)圖(tu)(tu)說明工(gong)(gong)(gong)人完成任(ren)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)(zhan)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)，每(mei)(mei)天把每(mei)(mei)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人是否(fou)達(da)(da)到標(biao)準(zhun)和獲得獎金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)線條(tiao)記(ji)錄(lu)下來，達(da)(da)到標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)黑(hei)色(se)加(jia)(jia)以標(biao)明，未達(da)(da)到標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)紅色(se)加(jia)(jia)以標(biao)明。這種圖(tu)(tu)表對(dui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部門(men)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)人本(ben)人都(dou)有幫助(zhu)，因(yin)(yin)為圖(tu)(tu)表上記(ji)載了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)(zhan)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)人未能(neng)得到獎金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)。管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)部門(men)能(neng)夠根據圖(tu)(tu)表指出(chu)缺點所在(zai)，并把進展(zhan)(zhan)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料告訴工(gong)(gong)(gong)人；而(er)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人則能(neng)直觀地看到自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作成效(xiao)。由于這種繪圖(tu)(tu)辦法提(ti)高了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率，甘(gan)特又進一步擴大(da)了(le)這種圖(tu)(tu)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍，在(zai)圖(tu)(tu)表上增加(jia)(jia)了(le)許(xu)多(duo)內(nei)容，包(bao)括每(mei)(mei)天生產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi)，成本(ben)控(kong)制，每(mei)(mei)臺機器的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)，每(mei)(mei)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人實際完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)及其(qi)(qi)與原先對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)估(gu)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)，閑置機器的(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)(yong)，以及其(qi)(qi)他(ta)(ta)項目(mu)，使這種圖(tu)(tu)表發展(zhan)(zhan)為一種實用(yong)(yong)價值較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具。

甘特圖的應用價(jia)值

在第一次世界(jie)(jie)大戰期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，甘特利用(yong)圖(tu)表(biao)管理的方法獲(huo)得了(le)重大突(tu)破。當時(shi)，他(ta)在陸軍部(bu)擔任(ren)顧問(wen)，對如何掌(zhang)握包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)各個部(bu)門在內的龐雜工作(zuo)問(wen)題進行(xing)了(le)反復(fu)思(si)考。對陸軍部(bu)來(lai)說，時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的安排(pai)(pai)十分重要，然而那(nei)里的管理部(bu)門卻(que)缺乏控(kong)制和(he)協調(diao)私人(ren)承包(bao)(bao)商與政府機構(gou)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的工作(zuo)的必要資料(liao)。甘特提(ti)出：工作(zuo)控(kong)制中(zhong)的關鍵因素是(shi)(shi)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)當是(shi)(shi)制定任(ren)何計劃的基礎(chu)。解決時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)安排(pai)(pai)問(wen)題的辦法，是(shi)(shi)繪出一張(zhang)標明計劃和(he)控(kong)制工作(zuo)的線(xian)條圖(tu)。這(zhe)種圖(tu)表(biao)，就是(shi)(shi)在管理學界(jie)(jie)享有盛譽的甘特圖(tu)表(biao)。

甘(gan)特圖表(biao)的實(shi)質，是為了(le)表(biao)明如何通(tong)過各種活(huo)動(dong)來恰當安排工作(zuo)的程序(xu)和時(shi)間，以(yi)完成該(gai)項工作(zuo)。管理人員能(neng)夠(gou)從甘(gan)特圖表(biao)所提供的信息中看出哪一項工程或(huo)產(chan)品(pin)落后(hou)于預定的計(ji)劃，然(ran)后(hou)采取行動(dong)加以(yi)糾正，以(yi)便使工程趕上計(ji)劃的安排，或(huo)者將(jiang)貨物延(yan)運的時(shi)間以(yi)及預計(ji)能(neng)夠(gou)完成的日(ri)期(qi)通(tong)知雇主(zhu)。

管(guan)理(li)(li)學界有(you)(you)人(ren)認(ren)為，甘特(te)用圖(tu)表(biao)幫(bang)助管(guan)理(li)(li)進(jin)(jin)行計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)與控(kong)制的(de)作(zuo)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)當時管(guan)理(li)(li)技術(shu)(shu)上(shang)的(de)一次革命。有(you)(you)了(le)(le)它(ta)，管(guan)理(li)(li)部(bu)門就可以從一張事先準(zhun)備好的(de)圖(tu)表(biao)上(shang)，看到(dao)計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)執行的(de)進(jin)(jin)展情(qing)況，并可以采取一切(qie)必要行動使計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)能按時完成，或使計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)在(zai)預(yu)期的(de)許可延(yan)誤(wu)范圍(wei)內得以完成。甘特(te)咨詢公司的(de)一名成員華萊士(shi)·克(ke)拉(la)克(ke)對這種圖(tu)表(biao)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)專門寫了(le)(le)一本(ben)(ben)書(shu)《甘特(te)圖(tu)表(biao)：管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)一個行之有(you)(you)效的(de)工具》。這本(ben)(ben)書(shu)后(hou)來(lai)被(bei)翻譯成多種文(wen)字，并在(zai)全世界產(chan)生了(le)(le)廣泛的(de)影響。后(hou)代(dai)(dai)所有(you)(you)的(de)控(kong)制生產(chan)的(de)圖(tu)表(biao)和表(biao)格幾乎都從甘特(te)最初的(de)工作(zuo)中得到(dao)了(le)(le)啟(qi)發，現代(dai)(dai)網絡技術(shu)(shu)中的(de)關鍵線路法(fa)和計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)評審技術(shu)(shu)，仍然以計(ji)(ji)(ji)劃(hua)和控(kong)制時間與成本(ben)(ben)的(de)原則為基礎，其基本(ben)(ben)思想(xiang)就是(shi)(shi)源于甘特(te)圖(tu)表(biao)。

人際關系理論

人際關(guan)系理論的先驅(qu)者(zhe)

在(zai)科學管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)運動中，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)引人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)注目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)點，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。在(zai)這一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，他(ta)與(yu)泰(tai)羅(luo)有(you)(you)(you)相似之處，同時(shi)又有(you)(you)(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別。其(qi)共同點在(zai)于(yu)(yu)，他(ta)們都重視(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)諧(xie)問(wen)題；其(qi)不同點在(zai)于(yu)(yu)，泰(tai)羅(luo)重視(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)，而(er)甘(gan)(gan)特(te)重視(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。甘(gan)(gan)特(te)強(qiang)(qiang)調，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教育(yu)要(yao)形成一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)”。這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)勤勞與(yu)合(he)(he)作。甘(gan)(gan)特(te)認(ren)為，建(jian)立工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)能使(shi)雇主(zhu)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)同時(shi)受益，雇主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利潤提高，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)增加(jia)，而(er)且(qie)還(huan)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康有(you)(you)(you)益，能提高工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作興(xing)趣(qu)。形成工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)士(shi)氣，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)氣是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)部門和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之間建(jian)立互信和(he)(he)合(he)(he)作氣氛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。企業(ye)(ye)(ye)目標與(yu)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)心理(li)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)關(guan)系到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極(ji)性和(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重要(yao)方(fang)(fang)面。當企業(ye)(ye)(ye)目標與(yu)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需求一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)時(shi)，員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就會在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中積極(ji)主(zhu)動、富有(you)(you)(you)創造性。甘(gan)(gan)特(te)說：“我們做任何事(shi)情都必(bi)須(xu)符合(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性。我們不能強(qiang)(qiang)迫(po)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們干(gan)活(huo)；我們必(bi)須(xu)指(zhi)導(dao)他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。”“過去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總政策(ce)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)迫(po)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壓力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代必(bi)須(xu)讓(rang)位于(yu)(yu)知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代，今(jin)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)將是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教育(yu)和(he)(he)引導(dao)，將有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)切有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。”在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)上(shang)，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)強(qiang)(qiang)調，任何企業(ye)(ye)(ye)取(qu)得成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)條件(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采取(qu)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被領導(dao)者(zhe)愿意接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)領導(dao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)錢刺激只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)影響人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)動機中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)動機，遠遠不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)部，作為管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)除(chu)了要(yao)重視(shi)經濟因(yin)素(su)外，還(huan)要(yao)更多(duo)地關(guan)注其(qi)他(ta)相關(guan)因(yin)素(su)。有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)學家認(ren)為，甘(gan)(gan)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這些(xie)思想，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早期關(guan)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類行(xing)為認(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)里程碑，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)際關(guan)系理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先驅(qu)者(zhe)。

泰羅去世后，甘(gan)特對科學管(guan)理(li)(li)有著更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入思(si)考(kao)。1914-1915年，他(ta)出任(ren)(ren)美國(guo)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師協(xie)會副主席(xi)，此后，他(ta)從(cong)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會性出發(fa)(fa)，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)乃至社(she)(she)會管(guan)理(li)(li)提(ti)出了(le)一(yi)些新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)解(jie)。在他(ta)眼(yan)里，蓬(peng)勃發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)會和(he)(he)雄心勃勃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)領(ling)袖存在著巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患，專制(zhi)主義和(he)(he)唯利(li)是(shi)(shi)圖嚴重(zhong)影響著工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)向。他(ta)認為(wei)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，必須(xu)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)民(min)主和(he)(he)精英治(zhi)理(li)(li)之間取得平衡。在甘(gan)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想中(zhong)，金融巨(ju)頭(tou)、勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)領(ling)袖都不足以成為(wei)社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)頭(tou)人，真正(zheng)領(ling)導美國(guo)社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應當(dang)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師。1916年，他(ta)成立了(le)一(yi)個名為(wei)“新(xin)機器”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織，集中(zhong)了(le)一(yi)批追求政治(zhi)權(quan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師和(he)(he)改(gai)革者，“新(xin)機器”試(shi)圖影響當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)總統威爾(er)遜，號召把治(zhi)理(li)(li)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力(li)交(jiao)給工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師。這(zhe)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甘(gan)特認為(wei)，商人追求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)利(li)潤，謀求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)壟斷(duan)，而忘記(ji)了(le)對社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)。“我們必須(xu)清除我們經濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du)中(zhong)一(yi)切(qie)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專制(zhi)做法，并且(qie)提(ti)供(gong)能夠恢復服務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)主原則，而這(zhe)種原則是(shi)(shi)民(min)主文明取得驚人發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。”“工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個談論少而了(le)解(jie)事實多(duo)和(he)(he)行動多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人，應該讓他(ta)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)經濟(ji)領(ling)導職務(wu)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)制(zhi)度(du)中(zhong)最(zui)適合于他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。”在這(zhe)方(fang)面，甘(gan)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)考(kao)具有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前性。

獲獎記錄

甘特(te)去(qu)世后，他的(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)價值日益(yi)顯現。1929年，美(mei)國(guo)機械工程(cheng)師協會和(he)美(mei)國(guo)管(guan)理學會決定設立亨利·甘特(te)金質獎章(zhang)(zhang)，授予那(nei)些(xie)“在工業(ye)管(guan)理方(fang)面對(dui)社會做出(chu)優異(yi)成(cheng)績的(de)(de)(de)人”，并把第一枚(mei)金質獎章(zhang)(zhang)授予了已(yi)故的(de)(de)(de)甘特(te)本人，理由(you)是(shi)“由(you)于(yu)他在工業(ye)管(guan)理方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)人道主義影(ying)響以及(ji)甘特(te)圖的(de)(de)(de)發明”。可以說，在科學管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)旗幟上，甘特(te)付出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)心血使它放(fang)出(chu)了異(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)光彩。