行略定秦地1。函(han)谷關(guan)有兵(bing)守關(guan),不(bu)得入(ru)。又聞(wen)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)已破咸陽,項(xiang)羽大怒,使當(dang)陽君等擊關(guan)。項(xiang)羽遂入(ru),至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)戲西(xi)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)軍(jun)霸上,未得與項(xiang)羽相見。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)左司馬(ma)曹無(wu)(wu)傷使人言(yan)于(yu)(yu)項(xiang)羽曰(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)欲(yu)王關(guan)中2,使子(zi)嬰為相,珍寶(bao)盡有之(zhi)。”項(xiang)羽大怒,曰(yue):“旦日(ri)饗士卒3,為擊破沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)軍(jun)!”當(dang)是時(shi),項(xiang)羽兵(bing)四十(shi)萬,在新豐鴻門;沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)兵(bing)十(shi)萬,在霸上。范增說項(xiang)羽曰(yue)4:“沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)居山東時(shi),貪于(yu)(yu)財貨,好美姬。今入(ru)關(guan),財物無(wu)(wu)所(suo)取,婦女(nv)無(wu)(wu)所(suo)幸(xing)5,此(ci)其(qi)志(zhi)不(bu)在小。吾令人望其(qi)氣(qi)6,皆為龍虎,成五采,此(ci)天子(zi)氣(qi)也。急擊勿(wu)失!”
楚左(zuo)尹項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯者(zhe)(zhe)7,項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽季(ji)父也(ye),素(su)善(shan)留侯(hou)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)8。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)是時(shi)從(cong)沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong),項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯乃夜馳之(zhi)沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)軍(jun),私見(jian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang),具告以(yi)事9,欲呼張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)俱去,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“毋從(cong)俱死也(ye)10!”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)(chen)為(wei)(wei)韓王(wang)送沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong),沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)今(jin)事有(you)急,亡去不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)義(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)語。”良(liang)(liang)(liang)乃入(ru)(ru),具告沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)大驚,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)奈何?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“誰為(wei)(wei)大王(wang)為(wei)(wei)此計(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“鯫生說我(wo)(wo)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘距關(guan),毋內諸(zhu)侯(hou),秦地可(ke)盡王(wang)也(ye)。’故聽之(zhi)。”良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“料大王(wang)士卒足以(yi)當項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)乎(hu)?”沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)默然,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如也(ye)!且為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)奈何?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“請往謂項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯,言(yan)沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)背(bei)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)也(ye)。”沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君(jun)安與(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯有(you)故?”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“秦時(shi)與(yu)臣(chen)(chen)游,項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯殺(sha)人(ren),臣(chen)(chen)活(huo)之(zhi);今(jin)事有(you)急,故幸(xing)來告良(liang)(liang)(liang)。”沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“孰(shu)與(yu)君(jun)少長(chang)?”良(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“長(chang)于臣(chen)(chen)。”沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君(jun)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)呼入(ru)(ru),吾得兄事之(zhi)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)出,要項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯即入(ru)(ru)見(jian)沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)奉卮酒為(wei)(wei)壽,約(yue)為(wei)(wei)婚姻,曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾入(ru)(ru)關(guan),秋毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)有(you)所(suo)近,籍吏民,封府庫,而待將軍(jun)。所(suo)以(yi)遣將守關(guan)者(zhe)(zhe),備(bei)他盜(dao)之(zhi)出入(ru)(ru)與(yu)非常也(ye)。日(ri)夜望將軍(jun)至,豈(qi)敢(gan)反乎(hu)!愿伯具言(yan)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)倍德也(ye)。”項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯許諾,謂沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“旦日(ri)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)蚤自來謝(xie)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)!”沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“諾。”于是項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯復夜去,至軍(jun)中,具以(yi)沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)言(yan)報項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang),因(yin)(yin)言(yan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先破關(guan)中,公(gong)(gong)(gong)豈(qi)敢(gan)入(ru)(ru)乎(hu)?今(jin)人(ren)有(you)大功而擊之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)義(yi)也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如因(yin)(yin)善(shan)遇之(zhi)。”項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)許諾。
沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)旦日從百余騎(qi)來見項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang),至(zhi)鴻(hong)門,謝曰(yue)(yue):“臣與(yu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)戮力而(er)攻秦(qin),將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)戰(zhan)河(he)北,臣戰(zhan)河(he)南(nan),然(ran)不(bu)自意能(neng)先入關破秦(qin),得復見將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)于此。今(jin)者(zhe)有小人(ren)之言(yan)(yan),令將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)與(yu)臣有郤。”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“此沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)左司馬曹無(wu)(wu)傷(shang)言(yan)(yan)之,不(bu)然(ran),籍何以至(zhi)此?”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)即日因(yin)留沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)與(yu)飲(yin)。項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)、項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)東向坐;亞父南(nan)向坐—亞父者(zhe),范(fan)(fan)增(zeng)也;沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)北向坐,張良(liang)西向侍。范(fan)(fan)增(zeng)數目項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang),舉所佩玉玦以示之者(zhe)三,項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)默然(ran)不(bu)應。范(fan)(fan)增(zeng)起,出,召項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang),謂曰(yue)(yue):“君王(wang)(wang)為人(ren)不(bu)忍。若(ruo)(ruo)入前為壽,壽畢(bi),請以劍(jian)舞(wu),因(yin)擊(ji)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)于坐,殺之。不(bu)者(zhe),若(ruo)(ruo)屬皆且為所虜!”莊(zhuang)則(ze)入為壽。壽畢(bi),曰(yue)(yue):“君王(wang)(wang)與(yu)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)飲(yin),軍(jun)中無(wu)(wu)以為樂(le),請以劍(jian)舞(wu)。”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“諾(nuo)。”項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang)拔劍(jian)起舞(wu),項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)亦拔劍(jian)起舞(wu),常(chang)以身翼蔽沛(pei)(pei)公(gong),莊(zhuang)不(bu)得擊(ji)。
于是(shi)張(zhang)良至軍門見樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)。樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“今日之(zhi)(zhi)事何如(ru)?”良曰(yue)(yue):“甚(shen)急!今者項(xiang)莊拔(ba)劍(jian)(jian)舞,其意常在沛(pei)公也。”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“此迫矣!臣(chen)請入,與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)同命!”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)即帶(dai)劍(jian)(jian)擁(yong)盾(dun)入軍門。交戟之(zhi)(zhi)衛士欲止不(bu)內,樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)側其盾(dun)以(yi)撞,衛士仆地(di),噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)遂入,披帷西(xi)向立(li),瞋(chen)目(mu)視項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),頭發上指,目(mu)眥(zi)盡(jin)裂。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)按劍(jian)(jian)而(er)跽曰(yue)(yue):“客(ke)何為者?”張(zhang)良曰(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)公之(zhi)(zhi)參乘樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)者也。”項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“壯士!賜之(zhi)(zhi)卮酒!”則與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)斗卮酒。噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)拜謝,起(qi),立(li)而(er)飲(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“賜之(zhi)(zhi)彘肩!”則與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一生彘肩。樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)覆其盾(dun)于地(di),加彘肩上,拔(ba)劍(jian)(jian)切而(er)啖之(zhi)(zhi)。項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“壯士!能復(fu)飲(yin)乎?”樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)死且不(bu)避,卮酒安足辭!夫秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)虎狼之(zhi)(zhi)心,殺人如(ru)不(bu)能舉,刑人如(ru)恐不(bu)勝,天下皆(jie)叛之(zhi)(zhi)。懷王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)諸將約曰(yue)(yue):‘先破(po)(po)秦入咸(xian)陽(yang)者王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)。’今沛(pei)公先破(po)(po)秦入咸(xian)陽(yang),毫毛(mao)不(bu)敢有(you)所近,封(feng)閉宮室,還軍霸上,以(yi)待大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)來(lai)。故遣將守關者,備他盜(dao)出入與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非常也。勞苦而(er)功高如(ru)此,未有(you)封(feng)侯之(zhi)(zhi)賞,而(er)聽細說(shuo),欲誅有(you)功之(zhi)(zhi)人。此亡秦之(zhi)(zhi)續耳,竊(qie)為大(da)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)取(qu)也!”項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)未有(you)以(yi)應,曰(yue)(yue):“坐(zuo)!”樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)從良坐(zuo)。坐(zuo)須臾,沛(pei)公起(qi)如(ru)廁,因招樊(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)出。
沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)已出,項(xiang)王(wang)使都(dou)尉陳平召沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue):“今者(zhe)出,未辭(ci)(ci)也,為(wei)(wei)之奈何?”樊噲(kuai)曰(yue):“大行(xing)不顧(gu)細謹,大禮(li)不辭(ci)(ci)小讓。如今人方為(wei)(wei)刀俎,我(wo)為(wei)(wei)魚肉,何辭(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)?”于是(shi)遂去(qu)。乃令張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)留謝。良(liang)問曰(yue):“大王(wang)來何操?”曰(yue):“我(wo)持(chi)白璧一(yi)雙(shuang),欲(yu)獻項(xiang)王(wang),玉(yu)斗一(yi)雙(shuang),欲(yu)與(yu)亞父。會其(qi)怒,不敢(gan)獻。公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)獻之。”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)曰(yue):“謹諾。”當是(shi)時,項(xiang)王(wang)軍在鴻門下,沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)軍在霸上,相去(qu)四十里(li)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)則置車騎(qi),脫身(shen)獨騎(qi),與(yu)樊噲(kuai)、夏侯嬰、靳強、紀信等四人持(chi)劍(jian)盾步(bu)走,從(cong)酈山下,道芷陽間行(xing)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)謂張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)曰(yue):“從(cong)此道至吾軍,不過二十里(li)耳(er)。度我(wo)至軍中,公(gong)(gong)乃入。”
沛公已去,間至軍(jun)中(zhong)。張良入謝,曰(yue):“沛公不勝桮杓,不能辭。謹使臣良奉白璧一雙,再(zai)拜(bai)獻大王足(zu)(zu)下(xia);玉斗(dou)一雙,再(zai)拜(bai)奉大將軍(jun)足(zu)(zu)下(xia)。”項王曰(yue):“沛公安(an)在(zai)?”良曰(yue):“聞大王有意督過之,脫身(shen)獨去,已至軍(jun)矣。”項王則受璧,置(zhi)之坐上。亞(ya)父受玉斗(dou),置(zhi)之地(di),拔劍撞而破之,曰(yue):“唉!豎子不足(zu)(zu)與謀!奪項王天(tian)下(xia)者,必沛公也!吾屬(shu)今為之虜(lu)矣!”
沛公至軍,立誅(zhu)殺(sha)曹(cao)無傷。
司(si)馬遷在元封三年(前(qian)108年)接替其父擔任(ren)太史(shi)令,從太初元年(前(qian)104年)開始創作(zuo)《太史(shi)公(gong)書》(后來稱(cheng)為《史(shi)記》)。后因(yin)向漢(han)武帝(di)為李陵戰敗投(tou)降匈奴之事(shi)辯護而被(bei)捕入獄(yu)并處以腐刑,在形體和(he)(he)精神上遭受巨大(da)(da)的創傷(shang)。出(chu)獄(yu)后任(ren)中書令,忍辱發奮繼續完成(cheng)所著史(shi)籍。大(da)(da)約在征和(he)(he)二年(前(qian)91年),終于完成(cheng)了全書的撰寫和(he)(he)修改工(gong)作(zuo)。全書共一百(bai)三十篇(pian),其中第七篇(pian)即為《項羽(yu)本紀》。
項(xiang)(xiang)羽作為(wei)漢(han)朝(chao)開(kai)創者劉邦(bang)的(de)勁敵,曾與劉邦(bang)爭奪天下,漢(han)朝(chao)歷(li)代君主對項(xiang)(xiang)羽的(de)態度多是貶大(da)于褒。而司(si)馬遷卻不(bu)同。揚雄《法言》云:“太史遷,曰(yue)實(shi)錄(lu)。”“子長多愛(ai),愛(ai)奇也(ye)。”正因(yin)為(wei)司(si)馬遷的(de)“實(shi)錄(lu)”精神和“愛(ai)奇”思想,不(bu)以成敗論英雄,才刻畫(hua)出具有鮮明個性的(de)項(xiang)(xiang)羽形象。而鴻(hong)門宴是項(xiang)(xiang)羽一生成敗的(de)一個重(zhong)要(yao)節點,因(yin)此司(si)馬遷濃墨重(zhong)彩地再現了這一事件。