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作品原文

行略定秦地1。函谷關(guan)(guan)有兵(bing)守關(guan)(guan)，不(bu)得(de)入。又聞沛公(gong)(gong)已破咸陽，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽大怒，使(shi)當陽君(jun)等擊關(guan)(guan)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽遂入，至于戲西(xi)。沛公(gong)(gong)軍霸上(shang)，未得(de)與(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)。沛公(gong)(gong)左(zuo)司馬(ma)曹無傷使(shi)人言于項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽曰：“沛公(gong)(gong)欲王關(guan)(guan)中2，使(shi)子(zi)(zi)嬰(ying)為相(xiang)(xiang)，珍(zhen)寶盡有之。”項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽大怒，曰：“旦日饗士卒3，為擊破沛公(gong)(gong)軍！”當是時(shi)，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽兵(bing)四十萬(wan)，在(zai)新(xin)豐鴻(hong)門；沛公(gong)(gong)兵(bing)十萬(wan)，在(zai)霸上(shang)。范(fan)增(zeng)說(shuo)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽曰4：“沛公(gong)(gong)居山(shan)東時(shi)，貪于財貨(huo)，好美姬。今入關(guan)(guan)，財物無所取，婦女無所幸5，此其志不(bu)在(zai)小。吾令人望其氣6，皆為龍(long)虎，成五采，此天子(zi)(zi)氣也。急擊勿失！”

楚左尹項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)者(zhe)(zhe)7，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羽季父也(ye)，素善留侯(hou)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)8。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)是(shi)時從沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)乃(nai)夜馳之(zhi)(zhi)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)軍(jun)，私見張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)，具告(gao)以(yi)事(shi)9，欲呼張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)俱(ju)去，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“毋從俱(ju)死也(ye)10！”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣為(wei)(wei)(wei)韓王(wang)(wang)(wang)送沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)今(jin)(jin)事(shi)有(you)急(ji)，亡去不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)語。”良(liang)(liang)乃(nai)入(ru)(ru)，具告(gao)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大驚，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)奈(nai)(nai)何？”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誰為(wei)(wei)(wei)大王(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)此計者(zhe)(zhe)？”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“鯫生說我曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：‘距關(guan)(guan)，毋內諸侯(hou)，秦地(di)可盡王(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)。’故(gu)聽之(zhi)(zhi)。”良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“料大王(wang)(wang)(wang)士(shi)卒(zu)足以(yi)當項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)乎？”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)默然，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如也(ye)！且為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)奈(nai)(nai)何？”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“請往謂項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)，言(yan)(yan)(yan)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)背(bei)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“君安與(yu)(yu)(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)有(you)故(gu)？”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“秦時與(yu)(yu)(yu)臣游(you)，項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)殺(sha)人，臣活之(zhi)(zhi)；今(jin)(jin)事(shi)有(you)急(ji)，故(gu)幸來告(gao)良(liang)(liang)。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孰(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)君少長？”良(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“長于臣。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“君為(wei)(wei)(wei)我呼入(ru)(ru)，吾得(de)兄(xiong)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)出，要(yao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)即入(ru)(ru)見沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)奉卮酒為(wei)(wei)(wei)壽，約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)婚姻，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾入(ru)(ru)關(guan)(guan)，秋毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)有(you)所近，籍(ji)吏(li)民(min)，封府庫，而待將(jiang)軍(jun)。所以(yi)遣將(jiang)守(shou)關(guan)(guan)者(zhe)(zhe)，備(bei)他盜之(zhi)(zhi)出入(ru)(ru)與(yu)(yu)(yu)非常(chang)也(ye)。日夜望將(jiang)軍(jun)至，豈(qi)敢(gan)(gan)反(fan)乎！愿伯(bo)(bo)(bo)具言(yan)(yan)(yan)臣之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)(gan)倍德也(ye)。”項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)許諾，謂沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“旦(dan)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)蚤自來謝項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)！”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“諾。”于是(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)復(fu)夜去，至軍(jun)中(zhong)，具以(yi)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)言(yan)(yan)(yan)報項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)，因言(yan)(yan)(yan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先破關(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)豈(qi)敢(gan)(gan)入(ru)(ru)乎？今(jin)(jin)人有(you)大功而擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)義也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如因善遇之(zhi)(zhi)。”項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)許諾。

沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)旦日(ri)從(cong)百余(yu)騎來(lai)見項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)，至鴻(hong)門(men)，謝曰(yue)：“臣(chen)(chen)與將軍戮力而攻(gong)秦(qin)，將軍戰河(he)北，臣(chen)(chen)戰河(he)南(nan)，然(ran)不(bu)(bu)自意(yi)能先(xian)入(ru)關破(po)秦(qin)，得復見將軍于(yu)此。今者(zhe)有(you)小人之言，令將軍與臣(chen)(chen)有(you)郤。”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)曰(yue)：“此沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)左司(si)馬曹無(wu)傷言之，不(bu)(bu)然(ran)，籍何(he)以(yi)至此？”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)即日(ri)因留沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)與飲。項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)、項(xiang)(xiang)伯東(dong)向(xiang)(xiang)坐(zuo)；亞父(fu)南(nan)向(xiang)(xiang)坐(zuo)—亞父(fu)者(zhe)，范增(zeng)也；沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)北向(xiang)(xiang)坐(zuo)，張良西向(xiang)(xiang)侍。范增(zeng)數目項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)，舉所(suo)佩(pei)玉玦以(yi)示之者(zhe)三，項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)默(mo)然(ran)不(bu)(bu)應。范增(zeng)起(qi)，出，召(zhao)項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang)，謂曰(yue)：“君王(wang)為(wei)(wei)人不(bu)(bu)忍。若入(ru)前為(wei)(wei)壽，壽畢，請(qing)(qing)以(yi)劍(jian)舞(wu)，因擊沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)于(yu)坐(zuo)，殺(sha)之。不(bu)(bu)者(zhe)，若屬皆且(qie)為(wei)(wei)所(suo)虜(lu)！”莊(zhuang)則入(ru)為(wei)(wei)壽。壽畢，曰(yue)：“君王(wang)與沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)飲，軍中(zhong)無(wu)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)樂(le)，請(qing)(qing)以(yi)劍(jian)舞(wu)。”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)曰(yue)：“諾(nuo)。”項(xiang)(xiang)莊(zhuang)拔(ba)劍(jian)起(qi)舞(wu)，項(xiang)(xiang)伯亦拔(ba)劍(jian)起(qi)舞(wu)，常以(yi)身翼蔽(bi)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)，莊(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)得擊。

于(yu)是(shi)張(zhang)良至軍門(men)見(jian)樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲。樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)何如？”良曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“甚急！今者項莊(zhuang)拔(ba)劍舞，其(qi)意常在沛(pei)(pei)公也(ye)。”噲曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“此迫矣！臣(chen)請(qing)入(ru)，與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)同命！”噲即(ji)帶(dai)劍擁盾入(ru)軍門(men)。交戟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衛(wei)士(shi)(shi)欲止不內，樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲側(ce)其(qi)盾以撞(zhuang)，衛(wei)士(shi)(shi)仆地，噲遂入(ru)，披帷西向立，瞋目(mu)視項王，頭發上指，目(mu)眥(zi)盡裂。項王按劍而(er)跽曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“客何為者？”張(zhang)良曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“沛(pei)(pei)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參乘樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲者也(ye)。”項王曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“壯(zhuang)士(shi)(shi)！賜(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卮(zhi)酒！”則與(yu)(yu)斗卮(zhi)酒。噲拜謝，起，立而(er)飲(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。項王曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“賜(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彘(zhi)肩！”則與(yu)(yu)一生彘(zhi)肩。樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲覆(fu)其(qi)盾于(yu)地，加彘(zhi)肩上，拔(ba)劍切(qie)而(er)啖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。項王曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“壯(zhuang)士(shi)(shi)！能復飲(yin)乎？”樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣(chen)死且不避，卮(zhi)酒安足(zu)辭！夫秦王有(you)(you)(you)虎狼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，殺人(ren)(ren)如不能舉，刑人(ren)(ren)如恐不勝，天下皆(jie)叛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。懷王與(yu)(yu)諸將約曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：‘先(xian)破(po)秦入(ru)咸陽(yang)者王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’今沛(pei)(pei)公先(xian)破(po)秦入(ru)咸陽(yang)，毫毛不敢有(you)(you)(you)所近，封閉宮室，還軍霸上，以待大王來。故(gu)遣將守關者，備他盜出入(ru)與(yu)(yu)非(fei)常也(ye)。勞苦而(er)功(gong)高如此，未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)封侯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賞，而(er)聽(ting)細說(shuo)，欲誅有(you)(you)(you)功(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。此亡秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)續耳，竊為大王不取也(ye)！”項王未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)以應，曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“坐！”樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲從良坐。坐須臾，沛(pei)(pei)公起如廁，因招樊(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)噲出。

沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)已出，項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)使都尉陳平召沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)：“今者出，未辭也，為之奈何(he)？”樊(fan)噲曰(yue)：“大(da)行(xing)不顧細謹，大(da)禮(li)不辭小讓(rang)。如今人方為刀俎，我(wo)為魚肉(rou)，何(he)辭為？”于是(shi)遂去(qu)(qu)。乃(nai)令張良留謝。良問曰(yue)：“大(da)王(wang)(wang)來何(he)操？”曰(yue)：“我(wo)持白璧一雙(shuang)，欲獻項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)，玉斗一雙(shuang)，欲與亞父。會其怒，不敢獻。公(gong)(gong)為我(wo)獻之。”張良曰(yue)：“謹諾。”當是(shi)時，項(xiang)王(wang)(wang)軍在鴻門下(xia)，沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)軍在霸上，相去(qu)(qu)四十(shi)里。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)則置(zhi)車騎(qi)，脫(tuo)身獨騎(qi)，與樊(fan)噲、夏侯(hou)嬰、靳強、紀信等四人持劍盾(dun)步走，從(cong)酈(li)山下(xia)，道(dao)芷陽(yang)間行(xing)。沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)謂張良曰(yue)：“從(cong)此道(dao)至(zhi)吾軍，不過二十(shi)里耳。度我(wo)至(zhi)軍中(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)乃(nai)入。”

沛公已(yi)去，間至軍(jun)中。張良(liang)入謝，曰：“沛公不(bu)勝桮(bei)杓，不(bu)能辭。謹使臣(chen)良(liang)奉白璧一雙(shuang)，再(zai)拜(bai)獻大(da)王(wang)足下(xia)；玉斗(dou)一雙(shuang)，再(zai)拜(bai)奉大(da)將軍(jun)足下(xia)。”項王(wang)曰：“沛公安在？”良(liang)曰：“聞大(da)王(wang)有(you)意(yi)督過之(zhi)，脫(tuo)身獨去，已(yi)至軍(jun)矣。”項王(wang)則(ze)受璧，置之(zhi)坐上(shang)。亞父受玉斗(dou)，置之(zhi)地，拔劍撞(zhuang)而破之(zhi)，曰：“唉(ai)！豎(shu)子不(bu)足與謀！奪項王(wang)天(tian)下(xia)者，必沛公也！吾屬(shu)今為之(zhi)虜矣！”

沛公至(zhi)軍，立誅(zhu)殺曹無傷。

創作背景

司馬(ma)遷(qian)在元封(feng)三年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)108年(nian)(nian)）接替其父擔任太(tai)史(shi)(shi)令，從太(tai)初元年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)104年(nian)(nian)）開始創作《太(tai)史(shi)(shi)公書(shu)》（后來稱為《史(shi)(shi)記》）。后因向漢(han)武帝為李陵(ling)戰敗投降(jiang)匈(xiong)奴之事辯(bian)護而被捕入獄并處以腐刑，在形體和(he)精神上遭受(shou)巨大的(de)(de)創傷(shang)。出獄后任中書(shu)令，忍辱發奮(fen)繼續完(wan)成所著史(shi)(shi)籍(ji)。大約在征和(he)二年(nian)(nian)（前(qian)91年(nian)(nian)），終于(yu)完(wan)成了全書(shu)的(de)(de)撰寫和(he)修改工作。全書(shu)共一(yi)百三十篇，其中第(di)七篇即為《項羽本紀》。

項羽(yu)(yu)作為漢(han)朝開創者(zhe)劉邦的(de)(de)勁敵，曾與劉邦爭(zheng)奪天(tian)下，漢(han)朝歷代君主對項羽(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)態(tai)度多是貶大于褒。而司馬遷卻不同。揚雄《法(fa)言》云：“太(tai)史遷，曰實錄。”“子長多愛(ai)，愛(ai)奇也(ye)。”正因為司馬遷的(de)(de)“實錄”精神和“愛(ai)奇”思想，不以(yi)成(cheng)敗論英雄，才刻畫(hua)出具有鮮明個性的(de)(de)項羽(yu)(yu)形(xing)象。而鴻門(men)宴(yan)是項羽(yu)(yu)一生成(cheng)敗的(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要節點，因此司馬遷濃墨重(zhong)彩地(di)再現了這一事(shi)件。