行略定秦地1。函谷關有兵守關,不(bu)得入(ru)。又聞沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公已破咸陽(yang),項(xiang)羽大(da)怒,使當陽(yang)君等擊(ji)關。項(xiang)羽遂(sui)入(ru),至于(yu)(yu)戲(xi)西(xi)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公軍(jun)霸上,未得與(yu)項(xiang)羽相見。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公左司馬(ma)曹(cao)無傷使人言于(yu)(yu)項(xiang)羽曰(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公欲(yu)王關中2,使子嬰為(wei)相,珍寶盡有之。”項(xiang)羽大(da)怒,曰(yue):“旦日(ri)饗(xiang)士卒3,為(wei)擊(ji)破沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公軍(jun)!”當是時,項(xiang)羽兵四(si)十(shi)(shi)萬,在(zai)新(xin)豐鴻門;沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公兵十(shi)(shi)萬,在(zai)霸上。范(fan)增說項(xiang)羽曰(yue)4:“沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公居(ju)山東時,貪于(yu)(yu)財貨,好美姬。今(jin)入(ru)關,財物無所(suo)取,婦(fu)女無所(suo)幸(xing)5,此其志(zhi)不(bu)在(zai)小。吾令(ling)人望其氣(qi)6,皆(jie)為(wei)龍虎(hu),成五采,此天子氣(qi)也。急(ji)擊(ji)勿(wu)失!”
楚左尹(yin)項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)者(zhe)7,項(xiang)(xiang)羽季(ji)父(fu)也(ye),素善留侯(hou)張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)8。張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)是時從(cong)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)乃(nai)夜(ye)馳之(zhi)(zhi)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)軍,私(si)見張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),具(ju)告(gao)以(yi)事9,欲呼(hu)張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)俱去,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“毋從(cong)俱死也(ye)10!”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)(chen)為(wei)韓王(wang)送沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)今(jin)事有急(ji)(ji),亡(wang)去不(bu)(bu)(bu)義(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)語。”良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)乃(nai)入(ru)(ru),具(ju)告(gao)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)驚(jing),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)奈(nai)何?”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“誰為(wei)大(da)王(wang)為(wei)此計者(zhe)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“鯫生說(shuo)我曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘距關(guan),毋內諸侯(hou),秦地可(ke)盡王(wang)也(ye)。’故聽之(zhi)(zhi)。”良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“料(liao)大(da)王(wang)士卒(zu)足以(yi)當項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)乎?”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)默然,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“固不(bu)(bu)(bu)如也(ye)!且為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)奈(nai)何?”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“請往(wang)謂(wei)(wei)項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),言沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)背項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)也(ye)。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君安與(yu)(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)有故?”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“秦時與(yu)(yu)臣(chen)(chen)游,項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)殺人,臣(chen)(chen)活之(zhi)(zhi);今(jin)事有急(ji)(ji),故幸來(lai)(lai)告(gao)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“孰與(yu)(yu)君少長?”良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“長于(yu)臣(chen)(chen)。”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君為(wei)我呼(hu)入(ru)(ru),吾(wu)得兄事之(zhi)(zhi)。”張(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)出(chu),要(yao)項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)即入(ru)(ru)見沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)奉卮酒為(wei)壽,約為(wei)婚(hun)姻,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)入(ru)(ru)關(guan),秋毫不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)有所近,籍吏民(min),封府庫,而(er)待將(jiang)軍。所以(yi)遣將(jiang)守關(guan)者(zhe),備(bei)他盜之(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)入(ru)(ru)與(yu)(yu)非(fei)常也(ye)。日夜(ye)望將(jiang)軍至,豈(qi)敢(gan)反(fan)乎!愿伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)具(ju)言臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢(gan)倍德也(ye)。”項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)許諾,謂(wei)(wei)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“旦日不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)蚤自來(lai)(lai)謝項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)!”沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“諾。”于(yu)是項(xiang)(xiang)伯(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)復夜(ye)去,至軍中,具(ju)以(yi)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)言報項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang),因言曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)先破關(guan)中,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)豈(qi)敢(gan)入(ru)(ru)乎?今(jin)人有大(da)功而(er)擊之(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)義(yi)也(ye)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)如因善遇之(zhi)(zhi)。”項(xiang)(xiang)王(wang)許諾。
沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)旦日從百余騎(qi)來見項(xiang)王(wang),至(zhi)鴻門,謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)與將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)戮(lu)力而攻(gong)秦,將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)戰河北(bei),臣(chen)戰河南(nan),然不(bu)(bu)自意能先入關破秦,得復見將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)于此。今者(zhe)有小(xiao)人(ren)之言,令將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)與臣(chen)有郤。”項(xiang)王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“此沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)左司馬曹無傷言之,不(bu)(bu)然,籍何以至(zhi)此?”項(xiang)王(wang)即日因留(liu)沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)與飲(yin)。項(xiang)王(wang)、項(xiang)伯東向(xiang)(xiang)坐;亞父南(nan)向(xiang)(xiang)坐—亞父者(zhe),范增(zeng)也(ye);沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)坐,張良西向(xiang)(xiang)侍。范增(zeng)數(shu)目(mu)項(xiang)王(wang),舉所佩玉(yu)玦以示之者(zhe)三(san),項(xiang)王(wang)默然不(bu)(bu)應。范增(zeng)起,出(chu),召項(xiang)莊(zhuang),謂曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君王(wang)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)忍。若(ruo)(ruo)入前(qian)為(wei)(wei)壽(shou),壽(shou)畢(bi),請以劍(jian)舞(wu),因擊沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)于坐,殺之。不(bu)(bu)者(zhe),若(ruo)(ruo)屬(shu)皆且(qie)為(wei)(wei)所虜(lu)!”莊(zhuang)則入為(wei)(wei)壽(shou)。壽(shou)畢(bi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“君王(wang)與沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)飲(yin),軍(jun)中無以為(wei)(wei)樂,請以劍(jian)舞(wu)。”項(xiang)王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“諾。”項(xiang)莊(zhuang)拔劍(jian)起舞(wu),項(xiang)伯亦拔劍(jian)起舞(wu),常以身(shen)翼蔽沛(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong),莊(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)得擊。
于是張(zhang)良(liang)至軍門見樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)。樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“今日之(zhi)事何如(ru)?”良(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“甚急!今者(zhe)(zhe)項莊拔(ba)劍舞,其意常(chang)在(zai)沛(pei)公(gong)也(ye)(ye)。”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“此迫矣!臣請入(ru)(ru)(ru),與(yu)之(zhi)同(tong)命(ming)!”噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)即帶劍擁盾入(ru)(ru)(ru)軍門。交戟(ji)之(zhi)衛士欲止不內(nei),樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)側其盾以撞,衛士仆地,噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)遂入(ru)(ru)(ru),披帷(wei)西向(xiang)立(li),瞋(chen)目(mu)視(shi)項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),頭發(fa)上指(zhi),目(mu)眥盡裂。項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)按劍而跽曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“客何為者(zhe)(zhe)?”張(zhang)良(liang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“沛(pei)公(gong)之(zhi)參(can)乘樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。”項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“壯(zhuang)士!賜(si)之(zhi)卮酒!”則與(yu)斗卮酒。噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)拜謝,起,立(li)而飲之(zhi)。項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“賜(si)之(zhi)彘(zhi)肩!”則與(yu)一生(sheng)彘(zhi)肩。樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)覆其盾于地,加彘(zhi)肩上,拔(ba)劍切而啖之(zhi)。項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“壯(zhuang)士!能復飲乎(hu)?”樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣死且不避,卮酒安足辭!夫秦王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)(you)虎狼之(zhi)心,殺人(ren)如(ru)不能舉,刑人(ren)如(ru)恐不勝(sheng),天下皆叛之(zhi)。懷王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)諸將約曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):‘先破秦入(ru)(ru)(ru)咸陽者(zhe)(zhe)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)。’今沛(pei)公(gong)先破秦入(ru)(ru)(ru)咸陽,毫毛不敢有(you)(you)所近,封閉宮室(shi),還軍霸上,以待大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)來。故遣(qian)將守關者(zhe)(zhe),備他盜出(chu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)與(yu)非常(chang)也(ye)(ye)。勞苦而功(gong)高如(ru)此,未有(you)(you)封侯之(zhi)賞(shang),而聽(ting)細說,欲誅(zhu)有(you)(you)功(gong)之(zhi)人(ren)。此亡(wang)秦之(zhi)續耳,竊為大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不取也(ye)(ye)!”項王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)未有(you)(you)以應,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“坐!”樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)從良(liang)坐。坐須臾(yu),沛(pei)公(gong)起如(ru)廁(ce),因招(zhao)樊(fan)(fan)噲(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)出(chu)。
沛(pei)公已出(chu)(chu),項(xiang)王使都尉陳平召沛(pei)公。沛(pei)公曰(yue):“今者出(chu)(chu),未(wei)辭也,為(wei)之奈何(he)?”樊噲曰(yue):“大(da)行不(bu)顧細(xi)謹,大(da)禮不(bu)辭小讓。如今人方為(wei)刀俎(zu),我為(wei)魚肉,何(he)辭為(wei)?”于是(shi)遂去。乃(nai)令(ling)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)留(liu)謝。良(liang)(liang)問曰(yue):“大(da)王來何(he)操?”曰(yue):“我持(chi)白璧一雙(shuang),欲獻(xian)項(xiang)王,玉斗(dou)一雙(shuang),欲與亞父(fu)。會其怒,不(bu)敢獻(xian)。公為(wei)我獻(xian)之。”張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue):“謹諾。”當是(shi)時,項(xiang)王軍(jun)在鴻(hong)門下,沛(pei)公軍(jun)在霸上,相去四十(shi)(shi)里(li)。沛(pei)公則(ze)置(zhi)車騎(qi),脫身(shen)獨(du)騎(qi),與樊噲、夏侯嬰(ying)、靳強、紀信(xin)等四人持(chi)劍(jian)盾步走,從酈(li)山下,道(dao)芷陽間行。沛(pei)公謂張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)曰(yue):“從此道(dao)至(zhi)吾軍(jun),不(bu)過二十(shi)(shi)里(li)耳。度我至(zhi)軍(jun)中,公乃(nai)入。”
沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)已去(qu),間至軍(jun)中。張良入(ru)謝,曰(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)勝桮杓,不(bu)能(neng)辭(ci)。謹(jin)使臣良奉(feng)白(bai)璧一雙(shuang),再拜(bai)獻大(da)王(wang)足下;玉斗一雙(shuang),再拜(bai)奉(feng)大(da)將軍(jun)足下。”項王(wang)曰(yue):“沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)在(zai)?”良曰(yue):“聞大(da)王(wang)有意督(du)過之(zhi),脫身獨去(qu),已至軍(jun)矣(yi)。”項王(wang)則受璧,置(zhi)之(zhi)坐上。亞父受玉斗,置(zhi)之(zhi)地,拔(ba)劍撞而破之(zhi),曰(yue):“唉!豎子不(bu)足與謀!奪(duo)項王(wang)天(tian)下者,必(bi)沛(pei)(pei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)!吾屬今(jin)為之(zhi)虜矣(yi)!”
沛公至(zhi)軍,立誅殺曹無(wu)傷(shang)。
司(si)馬遷在(zai)元封(feng)三(san)(san)年(nian)(前108年(nian))接替其(qi)父擔(dan)任太(tai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)令(ling),從太(tai)初元年(nian)(前104年(nian))開(kai)始創作《太(tai)史(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)書》(后(hou)來稱(cheng)為(wei)《史(shi)(shi)(shi)記》)。后(hou)因向漢武帝為(wei)李陵戰敗投降匈奴之事(shi)辯護(hu)而被(bei)捕入獄并(bing)處以腐刑,在(zai)形體和(he)(he)精神上(shang)遭受巨(ju)大(da)的(de)創傷。出獄后(hou)任中書令(ling),忍辱發(fa)奮繼續完成所著史(shi)(shi)(shi)籍。大(da)約(yue)在(zai)征(zheng)和(he)(he)二年(nian)(前91年(nian)),終于完成了全書的(de)撰寫(xie)和(he)(he)修改工(gong)作。全書共一百三(san)(san)十篇(pian),其(qi)中第七篇(pian)即為(wei)《項羽本紀》。
項(xiang)羽(yu)作(zuo)為(wei)漢朝開(kai)創者劉邦的(de)勁敵(di),曾與劉邦爭奪天下,漢朝歷代君主對(dui)項(xiang)羽(yu)的(de)態度多(duo)(duo)是貶(bian)大于褒。而司(si)(si)馬遷卻(que)不(bu)同。揚雄(xiong)《法(fa)言(yan)》云:“太(tai)史遷,曰(yue)實錄(lu)。”“子長多(duo)(duo)愛,愛奇也(ye)。”正因(yin)(yin)為(wei)司(si)(si)馬遷的(de)“實錄(lu)”精(jing)神和“愛奇”思想,不(bu)以(yi)成(cheng)敗論英雄(xiong),才刻畫出(chu)具有鮮明個性(xing)的(de)項(xiang)羽(yu)形象。而鴻門(men)宴是項(xiang)羽(yu)一生成(cheng)敗的(de)一個重要(yao)節點,因(yin)(yin)此司(si)(si)馬遷濃墨重彩地再現了這一事件。