潮(chao)州柑是潮(chao)汕地區著名水果(guo)品種之(zhi)一(yi),也是潮(chao)州菜常用的烹(peng)調(diao)原料。
潮(chao)州(zhou)柑在潮(chao)汕(shan)地區栽培歷史悠久潮(chao)州(zhou)柑至今已(yi)有(you)一(yi)千三百(bai)多年的歷史。明代(dai)郭青螺《潮(chao)中雜記》中就提及:“潮(chao)果以(yi)柑為(wei)(wei)第一(yi)品,味甘而(er)(er)淡香,肉(rou)肥而(er)(er)少核,皮厚而(er)(er)味美,有(you)二種,皮厚者尤為(wei)(wei)佳。”
潮(chao)州(zhou)柑(gan)的皮、絡、核(he)(he)可(ke)入藥,皮稱陳(chen)皮,性(xing)溫味(wei)(wei)苦辛,中醫認為有理氣(qi)健(jian)胃,祛痰鎮咳、通經的功(gong)效,可(ke)用于高血壓(ya)、咳嗽(sou)、胸肋疼痛(tong)等(deng)癥;柑(gan)核(he)(he),性(xing)溫味(wei)(wei)苦,功(gong)能(neng)理氣(qi),散(san)結、止痛(tong),適(shi)用于小腸疝氣(qi)、睪(gao)丸腫(zhong)痛(tong)、乳腺發炎等(deng)。
潮州柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)有(you)三個品(pin)種(zhong),包括蕉柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)、碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)和雪柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)為著名,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)桔類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)果(guo)(guo)實最(zui)大、品(pin)質最(zui)優的品(pin)種(zhong),日本柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)桔專家田中(zhong)(zhong)長三郎譽(yu)碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)為“遠東柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)桔之極品(pin)”。但碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)枝梢較(jiao)長而直立,若(ruo)管理(li)措施(shi)不當,樹勢易(yi)過旺而延遲(chi)結果(guo)(guo),冬季易(yi)落葉,果(guo)(guo)實易(yi)受吸果(guo)(guo)夜(ye)蛾(e)等(deng)危害。 在碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong),較(jiao)著名的品(pin)種(zhong)是(shi)碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)和陽二號,其(qi)果(guo)(guo)實扁圓形(xing),平蒡,果(guo)(guo)皮橙紅色(se),美觀,富含(han)營養(yang),肉(rou)質脆(cui)嫩化渣,甜(tian)酸適中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)蜜味(wei),成熟期為11月下旬至12月中(zhong)(zhong)旬。 潮州柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)潮州菜拼盤、菜肴圍邊常(chang)用(yong)原料,潮州菜中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一道著名的點心“金錢酥柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)”,便是(shi)以潮州碰(peng)桶(tong)柑(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)為主要原料。
要(yao)求(qiu)土(tu)壤土(tu)層深(shen)厚(60㎝)、肥沃(wo);土(tu)壤ph值在(zai)5.5-7.0;果園(yuan)地(di)勢坡度低于(yu)25度。園(yuan)地(di)規(gui)劃時,應有必要(yao)的道路、排灌、蓄(xu)水(shui)和(he)附屬建筑(zhu)設施。在(zai)具(ju)體規(gui)劃時,盡(jin)可能做(zuo)到(dao)集中成片,在(zai)交通、水(shui)源(yuan)條件好的地(di)方建園(yuan)。
1、時間。一般在9-11月(yue)秋(qiu)梢老熟后或(huo)2-3月(yue)春梢萌芽(ya)前(qian)栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。2、密度(du)。采用株距3m×行距4m的密度(du)進行栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),畝植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)55-60株。3、栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術。土(tu)挖栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue):拉線(xian)定(ding)距,挖定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue),穴(xue)(xue)深(shen)、寬各80cm,然后壓綠肥50cm深(shen),回填(tian)土(tu)40cm高(gao)栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);田起壟(long)栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):8米帶溝(gou)(溝(gou)寬60-80㎝,深(shen)40-60cm)開廂(xiang)(xiang),每廂(xiang)(xiang)起2壟(long)(壟(long)寬1.5m,壟(long)中心距4m,壟(long)高(gao)20-30cm)。栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時將(jiang)苗木(mu)的根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)適度(du)修(xiu)剪后放(fang)入定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)中央,舒(shu)展(zhan)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi),扶正,邊(bian)填(tian)土(tu)邊(bian)輕(qing)輕(qing)向上提苗、踏實,使(shi)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)與(yu)土(tu)壤密接。澆足(zu)定(ding)根(gen)(gen)水,在樹苗周圍做1m的樹盤,用糠殼覆蓋。
應搞(gao)好深翻(fan)擴穴、熟化土壤(rang),禁止在園內種植玉米、小麥等高桿植物,搞(gao)好果園合理間作和中耕除草等工作。
(1)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原則:應充分(fen)滿(man)足血橙(cheng)對各種營養元(yuan)素(su)的需要,提倡多施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、合理施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)無(wu)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)配方肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料。并(bing)根據葉(xie)片分(fen)析結果(guo)(guo)(guo)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)園土(tu)壤分(fen)析結果(guo)(guo)(guo)、血橙(cheng)物候期等指導施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。(2)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方法:以土(tu)壤施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,配合葉(xie)面施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。采用(yong)環狀溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、條溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、穴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)土(tu)面撒肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等方法。(3)幼(you)樹(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):勤施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)薄施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,配合施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)磷、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),春、夏(xia)、秋梢抽發期施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)5-6次(ci),(3、5、6、7、9、12月,每(mei)次(ci)每(mei)株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碳銨0.4斤(jin)(jin)(jin)或尿素(su)0.2斤(jin)(jin)(jin)。1-3年幼(you)樹(shu)單株年施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)純氮100-400g,氮、磷、鉀比例以1.0:(0.4-0.5):1.0為宜。成年樹(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)好四次(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)即萌芽(ya)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、采果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量一(yi)般(ban)萌芽(ya)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)2-3斤(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),一(yi)擔(dan)糞水;保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1-2斤(jin)(jin)(jin)磷鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)+1斤(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);壯果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1-2斤(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)+1-2斤(jin)(jin)(jin)磷鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);采果(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei))以有機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)50-100斤(jin)(jin)(jin)有機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)+1-2斤(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。(4)水分(fen):土(tu)壤干旱(han)時(shi)灌水,積水時(shi)排水。
1、原則。因(yin)地制宜,因(yin)樹修(xiu)剪(jian),促抑得當,通風(feng)透光,立體(ti)結果(guo)。2、整形(xing)(自然開心形(xing))。干(gan)(gan)(gan)高20-40cm,主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(3-4個枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))在主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)上分布(bu)錯落(luo)(luo)有(you)致,主(zhu)(zhu)桿分枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角30°-50°,各主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上留副主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)2-3個。一般(ban)在第三(san)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)成后(hou),即將(jiang)類中(zhong)央干(gan)(gan)(gan)剪(jian)除(chu)扭向(xiang)(xiang)一邊作(zuo)結果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)。3、修(xiu)剪(jian)。(1)幼樹:輕(qing)剪(jian)為主(zhu)(zhu)。選定(ding)類中(zhong)央的延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)各主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、副主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),對(dui)其進行中(zhong)度甚(shen)至(zhi)重度短(duan)截,并以短(duan)截程(cheng)度和(he)剪(jian)口(kou)芽方向(xiang)(xiang)調(diao)節各主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間生長(chang)(chang)的平(ping)衡。除(chu)對(dui)過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)群作(zuo)適(shi)當疏刪外,內膛枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)樹冠中(zhong)下(xia)部較弱的枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢一般(ban)應(ying)保留。(2)初結果(guo)期(qi):繼續(xu)選擇短(duan)截處理各級骨干(gan)(gan)(gan)延(yan)(yan)長(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),抹(mo)除(chu)夏梢,促發健(jian)壯秋(qiu)梢。秋(qiu)季對(dui)旺(wang)長(chang)(chang)樹采用環割、斷根、控水等促花措施。(3)盛果(guo)期(qi):及時回縮結果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu),落(luo)(luo)花結果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)和(he)衰退枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)、剪(jian)除(chu)擋光枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、枯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
柑在(zai)潮(chao)(chao)州(zhou)又是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種象征吉(ji)(ji)祥的(de)(de)(de)(de)果子,體現了(le)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)(chao)汕民俗(su)(su)(su)文化(hua)。潮(chao)(chao)州(zhou)柑因(yin)(yin)比桔(jie)大(da),故俗(su)(su)(su)稱“大(da)桔(jie)”,而(er)桔(jie)與吉(ji)(ji)同音(yin),用諧音(yin)會(hui)意(yi)法(fa),就成了(le)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”。新春佳節(jie),潮(chao)(chao)州(zhou)人(ren)都有(you)拜(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗(su)(su)(su)。人(ren)們(men)(men)帶著“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”(必為(wei)偶數(shu)(shu)),帶著新年的(de)(de)(de)(de)吉(ji)(ji)祥,走親訪友,互換(huan)(huan)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,互換(huan)(huan)祝福,愿彼(bi)此(ci)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)大(da)利”。各家(jia)(jia)各戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)茶(cha)幾上(shang)也(ye)常擺(bai)(bai)放(fang)一(yi)盤紅綠相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“檳榔”(現用橄欖代替)和(he)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”,迎賓敬(jing)客,表示“賓臨大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”。婚(hun)嫁習俗(su)(su)(su)中(zhong),聘(pin)禮的(de)(de)(de)(de)實物除(chu)包括白糖、面條、金銀(yin)首飾、布料、餅食等外(wai),還(huan)必需有(you)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”(務必偶數(shu)(shu)),否則一(yi)門(men)原本(ben)美滿的(de)(de)(de)(de)婚(hun)姻有(you)可(ke)能(neng)因(yin)(yin)此(ci)而(er)取消。“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”也(ye)是(shi)(shi)祭(ji)(ji)拜(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佳果,不論是(shi)(shi)在(zai)宮廟祭(ji)(ji)神或是(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)拜(bai)地主爺,祭(ji)(ji)品除(chu)雞、鵝、鴨、糖果、米果品、花(hua)燭等外(wai),也(ye)必須有(you)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”。每(mei)年元宵節(jie),人(ren)們(men)(men)還(huan)把神壇前擺(bai)(bai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)吉(ji)(ji)”等祭(ji)(ji)品當作神物。參拜(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)男(nan)女紛紛卜取祭(ji)(ji)品,取回(hui)家(jia)(jia)中(zhong),俗(su)(su)(su)稱“求喜物”。人(ren)們(men)(men)認為(wei)用了(le)這些神物后,就可(ke)以讓家(jia)(jia)門(men)平(ping)安、添財(cai)添丁(ding)。
在(zai)正(zheng)月初一時(shi),一般(ban)會用潮州柑與(yu)親戚(qi)朋友互換,以表示雙方(fang)來(lai)年(nian)都(dou)能大吉大利(li)。