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少林拳
0 票數:0 #武術#
少林拳是中國經典傳統拳種之一,得名于少林寺,是在中國古代健身術的基礎上,吸收各種武藝之長而形成的拳種。少林拳作為一個最有影響力的古老流派之一,以其剛健有力、樸實無華和利于技擊而在國內外享有盛名。其在日本尤是,并且還有人成立了日本少林寺拳法聯盟。少林拳起源于北魏,其拳法多樣,主要分為龍、虎、豹、蛇、鶴五種拳法,此外還有花拳、羅漢拳、龍尊拳等。
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少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)河南(nan)(nan)登封縣嵩(song)岳(yue)少(shao)(shao)(shao)室山北(bei)(bei)(bei)麓五乳峰下,北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)孝(xiao)文帝和(he)(he)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(一(yi)說(shuo)太(tai)和(he)(he)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian))興建。關于(yu)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)的源流(liu),1919年(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)版的《中國體育(yu)史》記(ji)載,達(da)(da)(da)摩“所創十(shi)八羅漢手(shou)即(ji)為后(hou)(hou)(hou)世少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)濫觴”,而1930年(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)版的《少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武當(dang)考》,經過若干考證,認為是“附(fu)(fu)益(yi)偽妄之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)”,“不(bu)足(zu)信(xin)也(ye)(ye)”,這(zhe)種爭議久無定(ding)論(lun)。達(da)(da)(da)摩、亦作達(da)(da)(da)磨,全(quan)(quan)名菩(pu)提(ti)(ti)達(da)(da)(da)摩或(huo)菩(pu)提(ti)(ti)達(da)(da)(da)磨,南(nan)(nan)天(tian)竺(zhu)僧(seng)(seng)(seng),或(huo)云波斯(si)人(ren),后(hou)(hou)(hou)世論(lun)述其(qi)生(sheng)平(ping),多(duo)從北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏(wei)楊衍(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)《洛(luo)陽伽(jia)(jia)藍記(ji)》和(he)(he)唐(tang)(tang)釋道宣《續高(gao)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),自宋(song)《景德傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)燈錄(lu)》流(liu)行(xing)后(hou)(hou)(hou),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)頗多(duo)失實(shi),附(fu)(fu)會(hui)日益(yi)增(zeng)多(duo)。近世史家對史籍(ji)(ji)所載達(da)(da)(da)摩“游(you)嵩(song)洛(luo)”、“寓(yu)止(zhi)于(yu)嵩(song)山少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)”以及(ji)“嘗(chang)托茲山”等(deng)(deng)與少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)有(you)(you)關的事跡(ji),論(lun)說(shuo)不(bu)一(yi)。根(gen)據《漢魏(wei)兩晉(jin)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝佛教史》所記(ji)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)略和(he)(he)《中國思想(xiang)通(tong)史》第4卷所作考辨:菩(pu)提(ti)(ti)達(da)(da)(da)摩于(yu)“劉宋(song)時來華”,“初(chu)(chu)達(da)(da)(da)宋(song)境南(nan)(nan)越(yue),末又北(bei)(bei)(bei)度(du)至魏(wei)”,“至洛(luo)陽,曾(ceng)瞻仰修梵(fan),永寧等(deng)(deng)寺(si)(si)(si)。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou),他(ta)的行(xing)蹤不(bu)出(chu)今河南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部,其(qi)卒年(nian)(nian)(nian)當(dang)不(bu)早于(yu)公元(yuan)525年(nian)(nian)(nian)”。達(da)(da)(da)摩在(zai)(zai)中國創“一(yi)乘宗(zong)”教派(pai)或(huo)稱(cheng)“欏(luo)伽(jia)(jia)宗(zong)”。“以唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)(chu)已很衰(shuai)微,......文獻極(ji)少(shao)(shao)(shao)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)......此(ci)宗(zong)思想(xiang)亦不(bu)可深考”。有(you)(you)關達(da)(da)(da)摩創十(shi)八羅漢手(shou)及(ji)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)說(shuo),多(duo)出(chu)自明代(dai)天(tian)啟四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)行(xing)世的《易筋經》,存疑很多(duo),不(bu)可輕(qing)信(xin)。實(shi)事求是的論(lun)斷,尚有(you)(you)賴于(yu)史籍(ji)(ji)資料(liao)的進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)發掘(jue)和(he)(he)考證研(yan)究的進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)深入。嵩(song)山少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)眾傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)習拳(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、發憤武事的記(ji)載,最初(chu)(chu)見于(yu)《舊(jiu)唐(tang)(tang)書(shu)·稠禪師傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》。據《秦王(wang)(wang)告少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)主(zhu)教書(shu)》和(he)(he)唐(tang)(tang)裴《嵩(song)岳(yue)水林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)碑》所記(ji),唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)(chu),少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)曾(ceng)幫助唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗(zong)征王(wang)(wang)世充(chong),寺(si)(si)(si)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)有(you)(you)功者13人(ren),唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗(zong)并賜莊田40頃,擴充(chong)廟宇,建立僧(seng)(seng)(seng)兵,僧(seng)(seng)(seng)眾達(da)(da)(da)5000多(duo)人(ren),少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)從此(ci)進(jin)(jin)入興盛(sheng)時期(qi)(qi),被譽為“天(tian)下第一(yi)名剎”。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)養(yang)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)兵后(hou)(hou)(hou),練(lian)(lian)武就直接與作戰(zhan)相關連(lian),為少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發展提(ti)(ti)供非常有(you)(you)利的條件,為了提(ti)(ti)高(gao)實(shi)戰(zhan)能力,不(bu)僅練(lian)(lian)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、器械、而且也(ye)(ye)練(lian)(lian)馬(ma)戰(zhan)、步(bu)戰(zhan)、輕(qing)功、氣功等(deng)(deng)。寺(si)(si)(si)僧(seng)(seng)(seng)還經常邀(yao)請各(ge)地武術(shu)(shu)(shu)名家指教,各(ge)方武術(shu)(shu)(shu)名人(ren)也(ye)(ye)慕名而至,取經送寶(bao),這(zhe)樣,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)實(shi)際上已成為全(quan)(quan)國會(hui)武之(zhi)(zhi)地,使它有(you)(you)機會(hui)博采眾家之(zhi)(zhi)長,匯集(ji)武藝(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)精華。宋(song)以后(hou)(hou)(hou),少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武術(shu)(shu)(shu)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)匯納了宋(song)太(tai)祖趙匡胤的長拳(quan)(quan)(quan)、韓通(tong)的通(tong)背,馬(ma)籍(ji)(ji)的短(duan)打等(deng)(deng)18家拳(quan)(quan)(quan)法之(zhi)(zhi)長,著拳(quan)(quan)(quan)譜于(yu)寺(si)(si)(si),留傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)世。傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)在(zai)(zai)金元(yuan)時期(qi)(qi),覺遠和(he)(he)尚西出(chu)師,李叟和(he)(he)白玉峰人(ren)入寺(si)(si)(si)授(shou)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)及(ji)氣功。明代(dai)抗倭(wo)名將俞大(da)猷,也(ye)(ye)曾(ceng)訪少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)授(shou)臨互相促進(jin)(jin),經過歷代(dai)研(yan)練(lian)(lian)和(he)(he)總結。逐步(bu)發展成為有(you)(you)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)法,器械等(deng)(deng)多(duo)種內(nei)容(rong)。體系完整、大(da)路精湛的武術(shu)(shu)(shu)流(liu)派(pai)。中國名拳(quan)(quan)(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),歷史悠(you)久,流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)千年(nian)(nian)(nian),功夫過硬。攻防(fang)嚴密(mi),具有(you)(you)健身、防(fang)身作用,有(you)(you)“少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武術(shu)(shu)(shu)甲天(tian)下”之(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)。

歷史發展

發展初期

少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)(wu)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)淵源,只能是(shi)(shi)(shi)北方地(di)區(qu)、特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國民間武(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong),至少(shao)(shao)(shao)在(zai)(zai)兩漢時(shi)(shi)期,中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)術已發(fa)展到相當水平(ping),行氣(qi)導引之(zhi)術也已積累了比較豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗。此外,據史(shi)料記(ji)載,是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)達摩之(zhi)前,北方一(yi)些寺(si)(si)(si)(si)廟就(jiu)有練(lian)(lian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風氣(qi),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)尚還曾起(qi)兵反抗(kang)過官府。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)尚全(quan)部來自(zi)民間,有些人入(ru)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)前就(jiu)會武(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong),入(ru)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)后又在(zai)(zai)僧(seng)眾之(zhi)間互相切磋傳授。這就(jiu)使(shi)他們能夠廣泛汲取僧(seng)俗兩界的(de)(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)術精華,不斷總結經驗并有所發(fa)展創(chuang)造。據史(shi)料記(ji)載,早在(zai)(zai)北齊(公(gong)元550-577)時(shi)(shi),少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)就(jiu)出(chu)了一(yi)位以武(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)稠禪師,其時(shi)(shi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)才(cai)建寺(si)(si)(si)(si)不久。隋朝末年,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)十三武(wu)(wu)(wu)僧(seng)助唐(tang)王(wang)李世(shi)(shi)民擊敗王(wang)世(shi)(shi)充,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)從此才(cai)漸有名氣(qi)。五代時(shi)(shi),少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)高(gao)僧(seng)福居邀(yao)請十八家武(wu)(wu)(wu)林(lin)(lin)高(gao)手入(ru)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)獻(xian)藝,前后演練(lian)(lian)三年。福居博采眾長(chang),去粗存精,匯成《少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳譜》。金、元之(zhi)際,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)高(gao)僧(seng)覺遠又在(zai)(zai)洛陽與武(wu)(wu)(wu)林(lin)(lin)名師白(bai)玉峰定(ding)交(jiao),二人同歸少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin),新(xin)創(chuang)七(qi)十余(yu)手。從隋、唐(tang)到金、元,是(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)(wu)術迅速發(fa)展,并逐漸走向成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)(si)(si)(si)以武(wu)(wu)(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)名揚(yang)天(tian)下是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)明、清時(shi)(shi)期。

明(ming)朝嘉靖年(nian)間(公元1522-1566),倭寇侵擾東南沿海,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武僧80余人在(zai)月空(kong)等人率領下(xia)勇赴沙場,屢挫(cuo)敵焰(yan),先后有(you)30多人為國捐軀。據《吳淞甲乙倭變志》記載,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武僧“俱持(chi)鐵棍(gun)(gun)(gun),長(chang)七(qi)尺,重三十(shi)斤,運轉(zhuan)便捷如竹杖,驍(xiao)勇雄杰。官兵每臨(lin)陣(zhen),輒用為前鋒”。當(dang)時全國寺(si)院設(she)有(you)僧兵的(de),有(you)五(wu)臺、代牛、少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)三家(jia)(jia),但僅有(you)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)一(yi)家(jia)(jia)慷慨(kai)赴難。嘉靖四(si)十(shi)年(nian)(1561),抗倭名將俞大猷曾親臨(lin)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si),指(zhi)點(dian)拳(quan)術(shu)和棍(gun)(gun)(gun)法(fa)(fa)。俞大猷又(you)從(cong)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺(si)中選出宗(zong)(zong)(zong)擎、普從(cong)二僧,讓他們隨(sui)軍南下(xia),親自傳授武藝(yi),歷時3年(nian)有(you)余。萬歷五(wu)年(nian)(1577),俞大猷在(zai)京(jing)師授給宗(zong)(zong)(zong)擎《劍經》(《劍經》并非論劍之(zhi)(zhi)書,而是講的(de)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)法(fa)(fa))。在(zai)名家(jia)(jia)指(zhi)點(dian)和汲(ji)取(qu)民間精華的(de)基礎上(shang),又(you)經過(guo)實戰的(de)磨練,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)術(shu)在(zai)明(ming)代中晚期有(you)了明(ming)顯的(de)提(ti)高。萬歷四(si)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1616),程(cheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)猷著《少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)法(fa)(fa)闡宗(zong)(zong)(zong)》一(yi)書,把少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)法(fa)(fa)列(lie)為棍(gun)(gun)(gun)家(jia)(jia)“正傳”之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。其后,茅元儀(yi)在(zai)《武備志》中進一(yi)步提(ti)出“諸藝(yi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于棍(gun)(gun)(gun),棍(gun)(gun)(gun)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)”,第一(yi)次將少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)術(shu)列(lie)為諸家(jia)(jia)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)首。至此,少(shao)(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)棍(gun)(gun)(gun)術(shu)已被公認為武術(shu)正宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。

發展后期

少(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)棍術揚名四海(hai)之后,少(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)僧(seng)(seng)又致力于(yu)拳術的(de)(de)提高(gao)。明末,“寺僧(seng)(seng)多(duo)攻(gong)拳”,因少(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳術“猶未(wei)盛行海(hai)內,今專(zhuan)攻(gong)于(yu)拳者,欲使(shi)與(yu)棍同(tong)(tong)登彼(bi)岸也”。與(yu)此同(tong)(tong)時,不少(shao)文人(ren)(ren)感嘆國事日非(fei),內憂外患,遂(sui)自覺習武(wu)(wu),以圖(tu)報國,一時文人(ren)(ren)習武(wu)(wu)之風大盛。在武(wu)(wu)裝抗清失敗(bai)以后,一些志士仁人(ren)(ren)恥(chi)于(yu)蓄(xu)發留辮當新朝臣民,就紛(fen)紛(fen)遁跡(ji)山林(lin)(lin)(lin),剃度(du)為僧(seng)(seng)。他們既有較高(gao)的(de)(de)文化素養,有些人(ren)(ren)又有深厚的(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)術功(gong)底(di)。他們將民間武(wu)(wu)術與(yu)原有的(de)(de)少(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)術交(jiao)流(liu)融匯,使(shi)少(shao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)功(gong)愈臻精(jing)湛。

入(ru)清(qing)之后,中(zhong)原地區習(xi)(xi)武(wu)(wu)(wu)之風依(yi)然(ran)盛行。雍正五(wu)年(1727),清(qing)廷曾下旨嚴禁民(min)(min)間習(xi)(xi)武(wu)(wu)(wu),但少林(lin)寺(si)(si)僧(seng)眾依(yi)然(ran)暗中(zhong)練(lian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)不輟(chuo)。少林(lin)寺(si)(si)的(de)反清(qing)民(min)(min)族意(yi)識曾引起清(qing)廷的(de)注意(yi),少林(lin)武(wu)(wu)(wu)功則通過秘密會社(she)廣泛外傳到(dao)民(min)(min)間。以少林(lin)寺(si)(si)為代表(biao)的(de)寺(si)(si)院武(wu)(wu)(wu)功在這一時(shi)期(qi)得到(dao)迅速發展,成為武(wu)(wu)(wu)術史上一個引人注目的(de)現象。

明末清初之(zhi)際(ji),少(shao)林(lin)武(wu)術(shu)廣泛(fan)吸(xi)收了北方許多拳派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)華,在(zai)本寺武(wu)功的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上加以融匯提煉,形(xing)成了內容(rong)博深、技藝(yi)精(jing)湛的(de)(de)(de)少(shao)林(lin)拳系(xi)(xi),全面取得了武(wu)術(shu)正宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)崇高地位。由(you)于僧俗兩(liang)界武(wu)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)互相交流,也由(you)于少(shao)林(lin)武(wu)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)氣(qi)越(yue)來專(zhuan)項大,北方的(de)(de)(de)某些新派(pai)也托名(ming)少(shao)林(lin)以自重。這樣,少(shao)林(lin)拳系(xi)(xi)實際(ji)上涵蓋(gai)了中國(guo)北方地區的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)乎(hu)所有的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)術(shu)門派(pai),少(shao)林(lin)武(wu)術(shu)也成了中國(guo)北方武(wu)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)稱。

大概在(zai)(zai)(zai)明清時期(qi),少林(lin)(lin)武(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)逐漸南傳(chuan),對南拳拳系、峨眉新系的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)和發展產生(sheng)了重(zhong)要影響(xiang)。少林(lin)(lin)拳術的(de)(de)(de)(de)要旨(zhi)(zhi)是拳禪(chan)合一。少林(lin)(lin)寺是佛教禪(chan)宗的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖庭。禪(chan)宗以(yi)明心見性、頓悟成(cheng)佛為要旨(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)佛門眼中(zhong),參禪(chan)是正(zheng)道,拳勇一類乃是末技,僧眾(zhong)們不過(guo)是借(jie)練(lian)(lian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)習(xi)武(wu)達(da)到(dao)收(shou)心斂性、屏慮入定的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de),同時也可收(shou)到(dao)健身自衛、護寺護法的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。正(zheng)因為禪(chan)宗沒有把武(wu)技看得(de)太重(zhong),而是以(yi)禪(chan)定功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫為根(gen)基,泯滅(mie)爭(zheng)強(qiang)好勝之心,屏棄塵俗紛(fen)擾之念,才使得(de)武(wu)僧們習(xi)慣于(yu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)心靜如水、無患無慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態下練(lian)(lian)功(gong)(gong)(gong),又兼以(yi)寺院武(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統優勢,所以(yi)歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少林(lin)(lin)武(wu)僧往往得(de)以(yi)步(bu)入武(wu)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)高境(jing)界,這不能不在(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)當程(cheng)度上(shang)歸功(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)禪(chan)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

詳細介紹

天下功夫出少(shao)(shao)(shao)林。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是中(zhong)華武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)的(de)一顆(ke)璀(cui)璨明珠,它(ta)發源(yuan)于河(he)南省登(deng)封市(shi)嵩山少(shao)(shao)(shao)林寺(si),并因(yin)而得(de)名(ming),又稱(cheng)少(shao)(shao)(shao)林拳或少(shao)(shao)(shao)林功夫。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)起源(yuan)的(de)年(nian)代可以(yi)追(zhui)溯到北(bei)魏年(nian)間(公(gong)元(yuan)386—534年(nian)),距(ju)今已有1500多(duo)年(nian)的(de)歷(li)史,是中(zhong)國最(zui)早(zao)最(zui)優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)一項體育活動,歷(li)史悠久,影響深遠。少(shao)(shao)(shao)林拳風格獨(du)特、動作剛健(jian)有力(li)、樸實(shi)無華、擅(shan)長技擊,在中(zhong)國武(wu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)界中(zhong)獨(du)樹一幟(zhi),飲(yin)譽天下,聞名(ming)于世,“拳以(yi)寺(si)名(ming),寺(si)以(yi)拳顯”,為中(zhong)華民族(zu)搏得(de)了贊揚和稱(cheng)頌。

少(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)歷史故事(shi)非(fei)常多(duo)。據史載和傳(chuan)說,世人(ren)(ren)皆知的隋末唐初(chu)十三棍僧救唐王等(deng);少(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺僧兵(bing)為(wei)國(guo)立功,最為(wei)人(ren)(ren)樂道的是在明(ming)朝,也是少(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)武(wu)(wu)術(shu)發展鼎(ding)盛時期。嘉靖年(nian)間,倭(wo)寇騷擾中國(guo)東南沿(yan)海,少(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺僧兵(bing)多(duo)次應(ying)詔出征,威猛驍勇,為(wei)國(guo)捐軀。朝廷為(wei)嘉其義烈,在少(shao)(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺山門前立旗旌表,遺(yi)石(shi)尚在,塔(ta)林(lin)(lin)有銘可考(kao)。

少林武(wu)(wu)術因禪武(wu)(wu)合(he)一而博大精深,以禪入武(wu)(wu),習武(wu)(wu)修(xiu)禪,絕非自衛強身(shen)小技;退則(ze)參禪養性修(xiu)道行(xing),進則(ze)護寺報國救眾(zhong)生,故(gu)少林武(wu)(wu)術又稱“武(wu)(wu)術禪”。

少林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)派(pai)是武術(shu)中(zhong)一個約定俗成(cheng)的(de)(de)技術(shu)流派(pai)。因以少林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)傳習拳(quan)技為基(ji)(ji)礎形(xing)(xing)成(cheng),少林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si)建天公元459年,座落在嵩岳少室山。此山位于武術(shu)頗盛的(de)(de)中(zhong)原地區。古代軍旅武術(shu)和民間(jian)武術(shu)不斷(duan)傳入少林(lin)(lin)(lin)寺(si),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了少林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)本成(cheng)分,逐步(bu)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了包括(kuo)功法(fa)、套路和格斗三種運動形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)少林(lin)(lin)(lin)武術(shu)體系。在禪宗文化的(de)(de)影響下,演進成(cheng)明清間(jian)已相對(dui)穩定成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)少林(lin)(lin)(lin)拳(quan)。

少(shao)林拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發展到近現代,運動特點(dian)表(biao)(biao)現為禪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一體(ti)、神形一片,硬打(da)快攻、齊(qi)進齊(qi)退。少(shao)林拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的動作(zuo)整體(ti)表(biao)(biao)現為全身(shen)上下(xia),內外協調(diao)一致(zhi)。內容有(you)(you)(you)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)術、技擊(ji)散(san)打(da)、氣功(gong)和器械等(deng)。少(shao)林拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)術有(you)(you)(you)單練和對練兩種,單練套路有(you)(you)(you)小紅拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、大紅拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、老(lao)紅拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、羅(luo)漢拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、昭陽拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、梅(mei)花拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、炮拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、七(qi)星拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、柔拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)等(deng);對練套路有(you)(you)(you)扳手六(liu)合、咬手六(liu)合、耳把六(liu)合、踢打(da)六(liu)合等(deng)。此外,還有(you)(you)(you)“心意把”等(deng)散(san)招練習法(fa)(fa)技擊(ji)散(san)打(da)有(you)(you)(you)閃(shan)戰移(yi)身(shen)把、心意把、虎(hu)撲把、游龍飛步、丹(dan)鳳朝陽、十(shi)字亂把、老(lao)君抱(bao)葫(hu)蘆、仙人(ren)摘(zhai)茄(qie)桃、腦(nao)后(hou)砍瓜、黑虎(hu)偷心、老(lao)猴搬枝、金絲纏法(fa)(fa)、迎門鐵扇子、拔步炮、小鬼攥槍等(deng)百余種;氣功(gong)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)林易筋(jin)經、小武(wu)功(gong)、混元(yuan)陰陽氣功(gong)等(deng);器械有(you)(you)(you)單練、對練、槍刀劍棍、長短(duan)軟硬十(shi)八般兵器一般都有(you)(you)(you),但以棍術最為著名。少(shao)林拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)套路結(jie)構緊湊,動作(zuo)敏捷,招式(shi)多變。

中華(hua)人民共(gong)和(he)國(guo)成(cheng)立后,在(zai)(zai)少(shao)林寺所在(zai)(zai)的登封(feng)縣(市)建(jian)立了業余武術(shu)(shu)學校,成(cheng)立了少(shao)林拳(quan)研究小組,搜集到(dao)了一些(xie)民間珍藏的拳(quan)譜(pu),挖掘到(dao)一些(xie)瀕于(yu)絕傳的拳(quan)術(shu)(shu)和(he)器械套路,并培養了一批練少(shao)林拳(quan)的骨干和(he)教練員,多次參加全國(guo)武術(shu)(shu)比賽(sai),在(zai)(zai)節日和(he)大型活動中舉辦武術(shu)(shu)表演(yan),當地男(nan)女老少(shao)習武,已經蔚然成(cheng)風(feng)。

當(dang)今,少林(lin)拳(quan)(quan)在國外,特(te)別是在日(ri)本也很盛行,日(ri)本少林(lin)寺(si)拳(quan)(quan)法(fa)聯盟和(he)其他國家(jia)少林(lin)拳(quan)(quan)愛好(hao)者曾頻頻來華訪問少林(lin)拳(quan)(quan)這個古老的拳(quan)(quan)種(zhong),少林(lin)武術正在為(wei)傳播(bo)各國友(you)誼(yi)、增強人民(min)健康而大放異彩(cai)。

拳種分類

作(zuo)為中國武術的一種流派(pai)(pai),得名于少(shao)林寺(si),相傳為北魏時僧人達摩在(zai)河南嵩山(shan)少(shao)林寺(si)時所創。少(shao)林原分五大流派(pai)(pai),有河南(嵩山(shan))少(shao)林、福建少(shao)林、廣東少(shao)林、峨嵋少(shao)林和武當少(shao)林,每派(pai)(pai)中又分許多小派(pai)(pai)和門別(bie),派(pai)(pai)別(bie)繁多。從地域(yu)上又分為北少(shao)林和南少(shao)林兩大派(pai)(pai),南派(pai)(pai)重拳,北派(pai)(pai)重腿。

少(shao)林拳少(shao)林派拳術(shu)剛健有(you)(you)力、剛中(zhong)有(you)(you)柔、樸(pu)實(shi)(shi)無華、攻(gong)防(fang)兼(jian)備,以攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)主。步(bu)(bu)法進退靈(ling)活,眼(yan)法講究以目視目,運(yun)氣(qi)要(yao)(yao)氣(qi)沉丹田(tian)。其動作(zuo)迅(xun)速如電,轉似(si)輪旋,站如釘立,跳似(si)輕飛。該拳套(tao)路較短小(xiao),運(yun)動多(duo)為(wei)(wei)直線往(wang)返。動作(zuo)姿勢要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)頭(tou)端面正(zheng),眼(yan)注一點,兼(jian)顧上(shang)下左(zuo)右。頭(tou)豎不(bu)偏,隨身(shen)(shen)(shen)變轉,開胸(xiong)直腰(yao),不(bu)松塌,裹胯合膝,微扣腳尖(jian)。肩下松,手(shou)臂(bei)擊(ji)(ji)出曲而不(bu)曲、直而不(bu)直,以便曲防(fang)時(shi)含有(you)(you)攻(gong)意,直攻(gong)時(shi)含有(you)(you)守意。身(shen)(shen)(shen)法注重控(kong)制重心,動則輕靈(ling),靜則沉穩。步(bu)(bu)架要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)進步(bu)(bu)低,退步(bu)(bu)高,動作(zuo)整體表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)全身(shen)(shen)(shen)上(shang)下內(nei)外(wai)協(xie)調一致。動作(zuo)時(shi),步(bu)(bu)催(cui)、身(shen)(shen)(shen)催(cui)、手(shou)催(cui),以迅(xun)疾見(jian)功(gong)夫(fu)。少(shao)林拳基(ji)本功(gong)是站樁,樁有(you)(you)馬步(bu)(bu)樁、椅子樁、丁字樁等(deng),同(tong)時(shi)也練視、聽、抓、拉、推(tui)、舉、踢(ti)等(deng)。身(shen)(shen)(shen)法有(you)(you)八要(yao)(yao),即(ji)起、落(luo)、進、退、反、側、收、縱。要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)藏而不(bu)露,內(nei)靜外(wai)猛(meng)。戰術(shu)上(shang)善(shan)于聲東擊(ji)(ji)西(xi),指上(shang)打下,佯攻(gong)而實(shi)(shi)退,似(si)退而實(shi)(shi)進,虛實(shi)(shi)兼(jian)用(yong),剛柔相濟,乘勢飛擊(ji)(ji),出手(shou)無情,擊(ji)(ji)其要(yao)(yao)害。在(zai)動、靜、呼吸、運(yun)氣(qi)、用(yong)氣(qi)方面,如拳訣說:"拳打十(shi)分力,力從氣(qi)中(zhong)出,運(yun)氣(qi)貴(gui)乎緩(huan),用(yong)氣(qi)貴(gui)乎急,緩(huan)急神其術(shu),盡在(zai)一呼吸。"肩與(yu)胯、肘(zhou)與(yu)膝、手(shou)與(yu)足的外(wai)三合和(he)心與(yu)意、意與(yu)氣(qi)、氣(qi)與(yu)力的內(nei)三合。

少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)包括(kuo)有(you)單(dan)練(lian)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)小(xiao)洪(hong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、大(da)洪(hong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、羅漢拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、老(lao)洪(hong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、炮拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、梅花拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、昭陽拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、通(tong)背拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、長(chang)護心意(yi)門(men)、七(qi)星拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、關(guan)東拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、青(qing)龍出海(hai)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、擴(kuo)身流星拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、龍拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、虎(hu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、豹拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、蛇拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、鶴拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、柔拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、少(shao)林(lin)(lin)五(wu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、五(wu)戰拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、連環拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、功(gong)(gong)力拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、潭腿(tui)、柔拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、圓功(gong)(gong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、內功(gong)(gong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、太祖長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、炮拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、地躺拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、觀潮拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、金剛拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、練(lian)步拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、醉八(ba)(ba)仙、猴(hou)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、心意(yi)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、長(chang)錘拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、五(wu)虎(hu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、伏虎(hu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、黑(hei)虎(hu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、大(da)通(tong)臂、翻(fan)子(zi)(zi)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、鷹爪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、護身流拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)等(deng)(deng),對(dui)練(lian)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)有(you)三合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、咬手六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、開手六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、耳把(ba)(ba)六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、踢打六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、走馬六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、十(shi)五(wu)里外橫炮、二十(shi)四炮、少(shao)林(lin)(lin)對(dui)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、一百零八(ba)(ba)對(dui)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、華拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)對(dui)練(lian)、接潭腿(tui)等(deng)(deng)。散打有(you)單(dan)練(lian)、閃戰移身把(ba)(ba)、心意(yi)把(ba)(ba)、虎(hu)撲(pu)把(ba)(ba)、游(you)龍飛步、丹鳳朝陽、字亂把(ba)(ba)、老(lao)君抱葫蘆、仙人摘茄(qie)、葉(xie)底偷桃、腦后砍瓜、黑(hei)虎(hu)偷心、老(lao)猴(hou)搬(ban)枝、金絲纏法、迎門(men)鐵扇子(zi)(zi)、拔步炮、小(xiao)鬼攥槍(qiang)等(deng)(deng)。氣(qi)功(gong)(gong)有(you)少(shao)林(lin)(lin)易筋經、小(xiao)武功(gong)(gong)、混元一氣(qi)功(gong)(gong)、陰陽氣(qi)功(gong)(gong)、八(ba)(ba)段錦(jin)等(deng)(deng)。器械有(you)單(dan)練(lian)、對(dui)練(lian)、槍(qiang)、刀、劍、棍(gun)、長(chang)短軟硬十(shi)八(ba)(ba)般兵器等(deng)(deng)。

流行于北(bei)方地(di)區的多數拳(quan)(quan)種(zhong),如梅花、炮拳(quan)(quan)、洪(紅)拳(quan)(quan)、功(弓)力、劈(pi)掛、通臂、短打、燕青(秘(mi)蹤)、攔手、螳(tang)螂、七星、朝(昭)陽(yang)、關(guan)東(dong)、八極(ji)、戳腳、鷹爪,以及長拳(quan)(quan)、猴拳(quan)(quan)、萇(chang)家拳(quan)(quan)、岳氏連拳(quan)(quan)等(deng)等(deng),都被(bei)認為(wei)屬于少(shao)林(lin)拳(quan)(quan)系。上述每(mei)一拳(quan)(quan)種(zhong)都又分別擁有(you)(you)若干(gan)拳(quan)(quan)械(xie)(xie)套(tao)路(lu)和功法。據(ju)少(shao)林(lin)寺弟子(zi)講,僅(jin)少(shao)林(lin)寺內秘(mi)傳的拳(quan)(quan)路(lu)就有(you)(you)234種(zhong),器(qi)械(xie)(xie)套(tao)路(lu)137種(zhong),合計371種(zhong),另外還有(you)(you)許多功法,可謂集中原(yuan)武功之大全了。

拳術十法

少林(lin)寺(si)武術將“三節、四梢、五(wu)行、身(shen)(shen)份、步(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、手足之法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、上法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、顧法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(開法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、截法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、追(zhui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa))、三性調養法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、內勁法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”叫(jiao)做十法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),它是(shi)綜合手、眼(yan)、身(shen)(shen)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、步(bu)、精神、氣、力、功(gong)、功(gong)防、內外、勁法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、三性調養等方面(mian)總結出來的理論。練(lian)習少林(lin)武術必須明了(le)十法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),才(cai)能不出偏差,收效迅速。

三節

人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全身(shen)(shen)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie):手肘為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、腰腹(fu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、足腿為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)。再進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步(bu)(bu)說,三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),又各分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)。如(ru)手為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie),肘為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie),肩(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie);胸(xiong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie);腳(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie),膝(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie),胯為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要訣(jue)是“梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)起(qi)(qi)(qi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)、根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)追(zhui)(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”即(ji)“起(qi)(qi)(qi)、隨(sui)(sui)(sui)、追(zhui)(zhui)”三(san)(san)字。例(li)如(ru)沖拳(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作,拳(quan)(quan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie),拳(quan)(quan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)后肘(中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie))隨(sui)(sui)(sui)肩(jian)(根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie))追(zhui)(zhui),只有(you)這(zhe)樣才(cai)能(neng)發(fa)力(li)順達(da)。向前(qian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)時腳(jiao)(jiao)起(qi)(qi)(qi)、膝(xi)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)、胯追(zhui)(zhui)。這(zhe)樣才(cai)能(neng)重(zhong)心前(qian)移,十(shi)(shi)趾抓(zhua)地(di)穩如(ru)泰山(shan)。少(shao)(shao)林(lin)寺拳(quan)(quan)譜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說:“梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)恐(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)七十(shi)(shi)二把擒拿,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)遍身(shen)(shen)是空(kong),根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)恐(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盤跌,故三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)貴(gui)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)也。”明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)梢(shao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)是指(zhi)兩(liang)手互換,身(shen)(shen)心相隨(sui)(sui)(sui),互為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)救護的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)是指(zhi)手不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)離(li)心、肘不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)離(li)肋(lei),高(gao)挑低(di)壓(ya)左(zuo)右攔裹的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。如(ru)“手起(qi)(qi)(qi)撩陰,肘發(fa)護心”,身(shen)(shen)應(ying)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)手而動(dong)(dong)(dong)。要知遠近(jin)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)老嫩,手到(dao)身(shen)(shen)到(dao),步(bu)(bu)變身(shen)(shen)轉,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)給對方進(jin)(jin)(jin)擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)隙,明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie)指(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)低(di)退(tui)步(bu)(bu)高(gao)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu)低(di),可避免被對方勾(gou)、掛(gua)、挑、避搬腿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患;退(tui)步(bu)(bu)高(gao),可避免對方勾(gou)絆,利于進(jin)(jin)(jin)退(tui)。“起(qi)(qi)(qi)、隨(sui)(sui)(sui)、追(zhui)(zhui)”三(san)(san)字十(shi)(shi)分精(jing)確、恰當(dang)。三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)貫成一氣,進(jin)(jin)(jin)退(tui)得法(fa)。如(ru)根(gen)(gen)節(jie)(jie)(jie),退(tui)步(bu)(bu)時,膝(xi)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)胯追(zhui)(zhui),身(shen)(shen)體重(zhong)心后移,十(shi)(shi)分協調。否則(ze),步(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)身(shen)(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin),步(bu)(bu)退(tui)身(shen)(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)退(tui),手法(fa)再熟也運用無力(li)。因此(ci),對三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)必(bi)(bi)須明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,就是手腳(jiao)(jiao)身(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)密配合。在(zai)擊打時心勇而進(jin)(jin)(jin)拳(quan)(quan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)身(shen)(shen)進(jin)(jin)(jin)步(bu)(bu),全身(shen)(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)集于拳(quan)(quan)面,就會迅速。羅漢拳(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作都(dou)是全身(shen)(shen)三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)(手、身(shen)(shen)、腳(jiao)(jiao)),配合行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong),進(jin)(jin)(jin)退(tui)擊打之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時皆帶身(shen)(shen)法(fa),身(shen)(shen)手腳(jiao)(jiao)步(bu)(bu)內見(jian)溶為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一體,此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)練(lian)習之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要訣(jue)。少(shao)(shao)林(lin)寺拳(quan)(quan)譜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說:“上(shang)法(fa)須知先上(shang)身(shen)(shen),腳(jiao)(jiao)手齊到(dao)斯為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)真(zhen),拳(quan)(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)搓誰能(neng)解,明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了其意(yi)妙(miao)如(ru)神。”此(ci)意(yi)即(ji)手、身(shen)(shen)、腳(jiao)(jiao)齊到(dao),三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)貫一。少(shao)(shao)林(lin)寺拳(quan)(quan)譜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi):“手到(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)身(shen)(shen)到(dao),身(shen)(shen)到(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)心到(dao),先到(dao)以(yi)心,后到(dao)以(yi)身(shen)(shen)。”猶如(ru)寫字,意(yi)在(zai)筆前(qian),出必(bi)(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de),心一動(dong)(dong)(dong)而百體從(cong)令。三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)則(ze)內外合,克人(ren)就無有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利。三(san)(san)節(jie)(jie)(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理論,初(chu)看簡單,細(xi)察則(ze)玄而又玄,如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)研(yan)琢,細(xi)細(xi)體察,是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易(yi)達(da)到(dao)高(gao)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

四梢

四梢(shao)指(zhi)血梢(shao)、骨(gu)梢(shao)、肉(rou)梢(shao)、筋梢(shao)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)為血梢(shao),牙(ya)(ya)為骨(gu)梢(shao),舌(she)為肉(rou)梢(shao),,甲(jia)(jia)(指(zhi)甲(jia)(jia))為筋梢(shao)。四梢(shao)齊,指(zhi)齊而(er)(er)發(fa)(fa)(fa)力(li)(li)(li)(li),是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)欲沖(chong)冠,牙(ya)(ya)欲斷(duan)金(jin),舌(she)欲摧齒(chi),甲(jia)(jia)欲透(tou)(tou)骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。少林寺拳譜中(zhong)說:“明了(le)四梢(shao)加(jia)一力(li)(li)(li)(li)。四梢(shao)齊則(ze)內(nei)勁出矣。”其要點在(zai)于:意(yi)(yi)識引(yin)導氣血達到這(zhe)些部位,從而(er)(er)凝神(shen)(shen)聚氣,使(shi)身(shen)體各系(xi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出更(geng)大(da)能(neng)量。心里想(xiang)著(zhu)四梢(shao)用勁,使(shi)身(shen)體各部位有(you)所(suo)應答,再經(jing)過神(shen)(shen)經(jing)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)饋作(zuo)用,傳到大(da)腦,以(yi)對(dui)動作(zuo)進行調節,故能(neng)齊力(li)(li)(li)(li)。因(yin)此“發(fa)(fa)(fa)欲沖(chong)冠”之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),頭必(bi)有(you)意(yi)(yi)識上頂(ding)。這(zhe)樣(yang),不僅避免了(le)低頭探腰的(de)(de)(de)毛病,而(er)(er)且因(yin)氣貫(guan)行發(fa)(fa)(fa),加(jia)速(su)毛細(xi)血管網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)代謝(xie),增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)肌(ji)(ji)肉(rou)作(zuo)功的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量。所(suo)謂明了(le)四梢(shao)多一力(li)(li)(li)(li),就是(shi)這(zhe)個(ge)意(yi)(yi)思。又(you)加(jia)“牙(ya)(ya)欲斷(duan)金(jin)”,指(zhi)使(shi)面部肌(ji)(ji)肉(rou)緊張收縮狀態,增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)有(you)關(guan)股群的(de)(de)(de)收縮力(li)(li)(li)(li),緊扣牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)以(yi)集元神(shen)(shen)。“甲(jia)(jia)欲透(tou)(tou)骨(gu)”意(yi)(yi)識上把力(li)(li)(li)(li)貫(guan)在(zai)指(zhi)梢(shao)抵(di)指(zhi)甲(jia)(jia)上,使(shi)氣血充致指(zhi)端,以(yi)利(li)(li)于勁力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮。從攻防角度上分(fen)析,勁發(fa)(fa)(fa)四梢(shao)也是(shi)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)。如“牙(ya)(ya)欲斷(duan)金(jin)”時(shi)(shi)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)緊扣,而(er)(er)“舌(she)欲摧齒(chi)”時(shi)(shi)舌(she)在(zai)齒(chi)內(nei),在(zai)對(dui)抗時(shi)(shi)即(ji)使(shi)下頦受(shou)到擊打(da),也不會(hui)磕牙(ya)(ya)用咬(yao)自己的(de)(de)(de)舌(she)頭。舌(she)頂(ding)上腭(e),利(li)(li)于唾液的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)泌(mi)及全身(shen)力(li)(li)(li)(li)量的(de)(de)(de)貫(guan)注(zhu)。設想(xiang)四梢(shao)用力(li)(li)(li)(li)時(shi)(shi),由于意(yi)(yi)識引(yin)導相關(guan)部位緊張,該處毛細(xi)血管代謝(xie)交換過程一定加(jia)強(qiang),其協(xie)同肌(ji)(ji)和對(dui)抗肌(ji)(ji)了(le)也必(bi)然(ran)配合工作(zuo),因(yin)而(er)(er)使(shi)代謝(xie)加(jia)強(qiang),內(nei)分(fen)泌(mi)增(zeng)加(jia),心肺等(deng)系(xi)統加(jia)強(qiang)作(zuo)功,產生超(chao)出一般的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量。所(suo)以(yi),齊四梢(shao)后(hou),感(gan)覺擊打(da)額外有(you)力(li)(li)(li)(li)。試將四梢(shao)所(suo)集之(zhi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)放松,就會(hui)明顯地感(gan)到松勁。此與“易筋經(jing)”之(zhi)靜力(li)(li)(li)(li)性肌(ji)(ji)肉(rou)用力(li)(li)(li)(li)收縮有(you)相同之(zhi)義,和氣功有(you)內(nei)在(zai)之(zhi)聯系(xi)。

少林寺老(lao)前(qian)輩當(dang)時顯然(ran)不(bu)可能有先(xian)進儀器測試四(si)梢齊(qi)(qi)所(suo)引起的(de)血(xue)液、生(sheng)物電、呼吸、代(dai)謝等方面的(de)變化(hua),但他們根據自身豐(feng)富的(de)初中經(jing)驗,總(zong)結出科學(xue)的(de)四(si)梢齊(qi)(qi)發力方法(fa),以增強鍛煉身體的(de)效果。這的(de)確如下:“四(si)梢齊(qi)(qi)則(ze)內勁(jing)出矣(yi)。齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)之(zhi)法(fa),必其發欲沖冠,甲欲骨,牙欲斷金,舌欲摧齒。心一(yi)(yi)戰而(er)四(si)者皆至。蓋氣從丹而(er)生(sheng),如虎之(zhi)恨(hen),如龍(long)之(zhi)驚,氣發而(er)為聲,聲隨手(shou)落(luo),手(shou)隨聲發。故一(yi)(yi)技(ji)動而(er)百技(ji)動,則(ze)四(si)梢齊(qi)(qi),勁(jing)力無有不(bu)出矣(yi)。”

五行

五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)指金(jin)(jin)、木(mu)、水、火(huo)、土(tu)。古代一種(zhong)學(xue)說(shuo)認為(wei),自然界和人體都(dou)能用(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)克(ke)化(hua)(hua)的(de)學(xue)說(shuo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)解釋(shi)。武術(shu)界也(ye)應用(yong)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)說(shuo)解釋(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官、五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臟(zang)、及醫(yi)(yi)防變化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)構的(de)方法。少林武術(shu)講五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)克(ke),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)合,。五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)外應以之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官,內應人之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臟(zang)。如(ru)“心(xin)(xin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火(huo),心(xin)(xin)動(dong)通力生(sheng);肝屬(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu),肝動(dong)火(huo)烙沖;肺(fei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金(jin)(jin),肺(fei)動(dong)沉雷聲;腎(shen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)水,腎(shen)動(dong)快如(ru)風;脾屬(shu)(shu)(shu)土(tu),脾動(dong)大力醫(yi)(yi)。此五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于內也(ye)。”又如(ru)“肝屬(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu),在五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官上(shang)開(kai)(kai)竊于目;肺(fei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金(jin)(jin),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官上(shang)開(kai)(kai)竅于鼻;腎(shen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)水,五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官上(shang)開(kai)(kai)竅于耳(er);心(xin)(xin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火(huo),五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)官上(shang)開(kai)(kai)然于人中。而最宜知者,手心(xin)(xin)通心(xin)(xin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火(huo),鼻尖通肺(fei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金(jin)(jin)尤不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)知。火(huo)到(dao)(dao)金(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua),自然之(zhi)(zhi)理。余可類推”。火(huo)到(dao)(dao)金(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)指手打(da)鼻疼,火(huo)能構金(jin)(jin)。少林武術(shu)講合自己之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)以克(ke)敵(di)之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。

身法

身法(fa)有(you)八要:起、落(luo)、進(jin)、退、反、側、收(shou)、縱。吞吐、折疊兇手在八要之中。少林拳術要求身法(fa)靈(ling)活。

常見拳法

少林五拳

少(shao)林(lin)五拳(quan)包含龍(long)、虎、豹、蛇、鶴五種拳(quan)法(fa),是泉州武(wu)術的(de)一門絕學。

少林五拳(quan)特點為(wei)(wei)“以(yi)形為(wei)(wei)拳(quan),以(yi)意為(wei)(wei)神,樸素明(ming)朗,拳(quan)勢激烈”,富于陽剛之(zhi)美。其精義為(wei)(wei):“注意不注氣(qi)(qi),注氣(qi)(qi)不注力(li)(li),見力(li)(li)生力(li)(li),見力(li)(li)化力(li)(li),見力(li)(li)得力(li)(li),見力(li)(li)蕘力(li)(li)”

史載,金·哀宗正大年間(jian),嵩山少林(lin)寺白玉峰(feng)(法號秋月)始創(chuang)少林(lin)五拳,后傳(chuan)給(gei)覺遠(yuan)和尚,二(er)人撰寫了《少林(lin)五拳精(jing)要》,系(xi)統闡述了龍、虎、豹、蛇、鶴五拳的特點和手、足、身(shen)、眼、步法以及五拳結(jie)合的練法。

明·嘉(jia)靖年間(jian),倭寇經常侵犯中國東(dong)南沿海一帶,朝廷(ting)多次降旨詔(zhao)嵩(song)山少林寺武(wu)(wu)僧(seng)(seng)平(ping)寇。那時,許多武(wu)(wu)僧(seng)(seng)便就地(di)建(jian)殿參禪,授(shou)(shou)徒傳功。進(jin)入清代,少林凈仁(ren)、凈林二僧(seng)(seng)南遷,先后在福(fu)建(jian)、廣東(dong)等南方地(di)區(qu)將(jiang)少林五(wu)(wu)拳(quan)深(shen)度傳授(shou)(shou)。久而久之,北派五(wu)(wu)拳(quan)吸收了南派拳(quan)法,形(xing)成(cheng)了南派少林五(wu)(wu)拳(quan)。

少(shao)林五(wu)拳屬于象形拳類(lei),為仿(fang)生之武(wu)學。鳥獸(shou)行(xing)動和神態,在拳法(fa)中栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生地(di)表現(xian)。龍吟、虎嘯、豹(bao)竄、蛇(she)纏(chan)、鶴立,無一不顯示出(chu)鳥獸(shou)之行(xing)與天地(di)之合(he)。

學習五拳(quan),要內(nei)(nei)外兼修,以(yi)長拳(quan)、南拳(quan)作為基本功,同時配以(yi)內(nei)(nei)功氣(qi)息(xi)調節(jie),做到“內(nei)(nei)外三合”,即腳、腰、肩(jian)力催三關,精、氣(qi)、神渾然合一,以(yi)形(xing)為拳(quan),以(yi)意為神,以(yi)氣(qi)催力,以(yi)關發氣(qi)。

少林花拳

花(hua)拳(quan)是少林(lin)古(gu)拳(quan)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong)的稀(xi)有拳(quan)種,屬少林(lin)柔拳(quan)一派。特點(dian):拳(quan)打臥牛之(zhi)地,出手敏捷,打不露(lu)形(xing),粘衣即打,手到勁發,離身消勁。精義:花(hua)拳(quan)八法(fa)(fa),即“吞、吐(tu)、浮、沉、粘、離、擢(zhuo)、浚”。

少林花拳走(zou)的是輕(qing)柔飄逸一路,左(zuo)盤(pan)右扭(niu)猶如(ru)迎風(feng)擺旗,技手攻(gong)守恰似風(feng)吹柳絮,起落(luo)(luo)進退宛若行(xing)云流水,張弛急緩好像海潮起落(luo)(luo)。花拳拳法的奧(ao)妙主要不在招式,更(geng)在勁(jing)(jing)力的處理之(zhi)上。“出手敏捷,打(da)不露形(xing),粘衣即打(da),手到勁(jing)(jing)發,離身消勁(jing)(jing)。”

花拳(quan)短(duan)小(xiao)精悍,斗(dou)室之(zhi)中尺棍兵(bing)器都能操練自如,充分體(ti)現“拳(quan)打(da)臥牛(niu)之(zhi)地”的(de)特點(dian),明·名士(shi)金圣嘆曾就此概括為(wei):“花拳(quan)為(wei)一路(lu)短(duan)打(da)。”

燕子(zi)鐺(dang)為少林(lin)花拳獨門兵(bing)(bing)器。燕子(zi)鐺(dang)為雙手短(duan)兵(bing)(bing)刃(ren),外形酷似燕子(zi)身(shen)(shen)形而得名(ming)。平地時騰挪閃跳輕盈異常,躍起后凌空(kong)飛渡技(ji)擊長(chang)空(kong)。身(shen)(shen)段美妙,柔中帶剛,掩飾不(bu)了(le)內(nei)中絲絲入扣(kou)的(de)殺(sha)機。

泉州(zhou)(zhou)花拳(quan)(quan)最早(zao)見于(yu)清(qing)末(mo)民初(chu)。當時泉州(zhou)(zhou)學府(fu)路(lu)兩位私塾(shu)老師(shi)——周(zhou)蒼(cang)玉(yu)、周(zhou)潤玉(yu)兄弟,便是(shi)泉州(zhou)(zhou)花拳(quan)(quan)的開山祖師(shi)。二人(ren)將此拳(quan)(quan)傳(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)林(lin)朝(chao)泰,林(lin)又傳(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)鄭(zheng)連來(lai),鄭(zheng)連來(lai)又傳(chuan)(chuan)于(yu)其(qi)子鄭(zheng)昆淵。

少林羅漢拳

特點:“拳路(lu)清晰簡明,短捷緊湊(cou),靈活多變。”精義:“出手(shou)似箭,收手(shou)如綿,一招得手(shou),連(lian)環進擊。”

羅漢(han)拳拳理滲(shen)透(tou)“相生相克、此(ci)消彼長、物極必反”的中國傳統哲學觀點。其手形(xing)變化體現陰陽五行之說。羅漢(han)拳手形(xing)按“五行”分(fen)為五枝:“仰掌為水(shui)(shui),立掌為木,撲掌為火,握拳為土,鉤(gou)手為金。”同時(shi),各種(zhong)手形(xing)又(you)有(you)不(bu)同的運動要求:“水(shui)(shui)枝如行云(yun)流(liu)水(shui)(shui),木枝穿插如動箭,火枝如炎沖(chong)云(yun)天,木枝下沉(chen)重如鐵,金枝變形(xing)如鉤(gou)。”變化多端的“三掌一拳一鉤(gou)”造(zao)就(jiu)了羅漢(han)拳的靈活,往(wang)往(wang)在實(shi)戰中能出奇制(zhi)勝(sheng)。

羅(luo)漢(han)拳不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)招式上(shang)有(you)(you)獨到之(zhi)處,而(er)(er)且在(zai)(zai)武(wu)學之(zhi)道的(de)研究上(shang)也(ye)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)俗(su)的(de)見解。“練武(wu)者可分為(wei)(wei)三種境(jing)界:以(yi)力行,偏(pian)剛偏(pian)柔(rou),剛而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)柔(rou),柔(rou)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)剛,為(wei)(wei)下乘(cheng)(cheng);以(yi)氣(qi)行,能剛,能柔(rou),剛柔(rou)相(xiang)濟,氣(qi)達全(quan)身,為(wei)(wei)中乘(cheng)(cheng);以(yi)神(shen)運,虛實互補,剛柔(rou)俱化(hua),勁(jing)透體外為(wei)(wei)上(shang)乘(cheng)(cheng)。”習武(wu)之(zhi)人有(you)(you)層次(ci)上(shang)的(de)差別,武(wu)學之(zhi)道不(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)于行而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)于神(shen),舞形易而(er)(er)入神(shen)難,需要練習者的(de)悟(wu)性,更(geng)需要長久的(de)揣摩(mo)與(yu)研習。其招式有(you)(you)“和尚捧經(jing)、醉臥羅(luo)漢(han)、童子摘蔥、連(lian)環(huan)進擊……”

“一字馬一片身”是羅漢(han)拳獨特的攻(gong)守方法。無論進攻(gong)還(huan)是防(fang)守,羅漢(han)拳以(yi)(yi)自己的側身對(dui)準對(dui)手的正中,前手似弓,隨(sui)(sui)機應變以(yi)(yi)寸(cun)勁或防(fang)或攻(gong);后手相隨(sui)(sui),或上或下,守中護肋(lei)。這種技擊(ji)觀念和現今的格斗技術異曲同工!

俗說“南拳北腿(tui)(tui)”。一般認為(wei)腿(tui)(tui)功(gong)不(bu)是南派武學所長,但(dan)羅漢拳的(de)腿(tui)(tui)上(shang)功(gong)夫(fu)卻(que)不(bu)容忽視。與(yu)“北腿(tui)(tui)”的(de)高起飛踢(ti)不(bu)同,羅漢拳為(wei)低(di)腿(tui)(tui)勁踢(ti),配合多樣化的(de)步伐,隱(yin)蔽性(xing)大,重心頗穩,每每能出其不(bu)意,一招制敵。

羅漢門的(de)傳統(tong)獨門兵(bing)器是(shi)(shi)“瘋(feng)魔禪杖(zhang)”,也叫“魯智深醉打山門杖(zhang)”。長近兩(liang)米,重達5公斤,兩(liang)端分別(bie)為日(ri)(ri)月(yue)雙(shuang)鏟。傳說:此杖(zhang)法(fa)本來為長白(bai)山道悅真人所有。游方高僧藏(zang)玄(xuan)大師與道長交往甚(shen)密,兩(liang)人經(jing)常(chang)對(dui)飲論武,互相學(xue)習(xi)武藝(yi)。高僧學(xue)得瘋(feng)魔杖(zhang)法(fa)之后,云游來到泉州少林寺,將絕藝(yi)傳授給少林僧人,于是(shi)(shi)承傳至今(jin)。瘋(feng)魔杖(zhang)法(fa)“劈、切(qie)、截、戳、挑、撩、掃、掛、刺(ci)”,大開大合,大巧(qiao)若(ruo)拙,既似游龍走鳳般輕盈矯健(jian),又(you)有秋風掃葉般勇猛無情。其招式名稱有“大開山門”、“肩挑日(ri)(ri)月(yue)”、“驚魂靜心”等。

泉州少林寺俗(su)家弟子(zi)(zi)侯君煥是羅(luo)(luo)漢門的一代(dai)宗師。民(min)國時期,莊子(zi)(zi)深拜入(ru)侯君煥門下,學(xue)到至今最為完整的羅(luo)(luo)漢門拳、械套路(lu),包括羅(luo)(luo)漢三戰、少林拳、降龍伏虎(hu)羅(luo)(luo)漢拳、五枝(zhi)生克手(shou)法(fa)、五枝(zhi)靠打對練和達(da)摩棍(gun)法(fa)、伏魔禪杖以(yi)及血(xue)刃刀(dao)。后傳其子(zi)(zi)輩。

少林龍尊拳

又稱龍拳。特點:“吞吐(tu)浮沉,身技腰馬,門戶眼(yan)節,動靜(jing)神(shen)氣。”精(jing)義:“有橋(qiao)(qiao)斷橋(qiao)(qiao),無(wu)橋(qiao)(qiao)生(sheng)橋(qiao)(qiao),注重(zhong)練神(shen)。”其不僅集合雙手互搏術的守內、游外之(zhi)功,同(tong)時還具備二次防御(yu)之(zhi)功。

龍尊拳一共有17套拳法,剛健有力、剛中有柔、樸實無華(hua)、利(li)于實戰,招(zhao)招(zhao)非打即防(fang),沒有花架子,但(dan)每一手頃刻(ke)間的變化都(dou)能(neng)起到“擋(dang)、防(fang)、攻”三(san)種功效。“吞,如金貓捕(bu)鼠;吐,如餓虎出林;浮,大鵬展(zhan)翅;沉(chen),如老翁持(chi)拐”。看似以防(fang)為主,卻能(neng)誘(you)敵(di)深入(ru),出奇(qi)制勝。

如(ru)龍尊(zun)拳(quan)中(zhong)的(de)“三(san)獅拳(quan)”套(tao)路(lu):雙拳(quan)奔出,氣勢磅(bang)礴,中(zhong)指突(tu)起(qi)寸(cun)許,有如(ru)龍首。左右變換(huan)之時(shi)(shi),動作迅速,富有整體感,驗證了古人“神(shen)龍無首”的(de)變化莫測(ce)。動時(shi)(shi),似黃龍滾(gun)水,浪(lang)里推舟;靜時(shi)(shi),養神(shen)安逸,出手有山岳(yue)之威(wei)。時(shi)(shi)而原(yuan)地踏步,時(shi)(shi)而突(tu)然(ran)快速游走。這套(tao)拳(quan)法移動范(fan)圍以及拳(quan)法收縮幅度雖然(ran)不大,卻能在(zai)搖身轉胛間(jian)起(qi)到“擋(dang)、防、攻(gong)(gong)”的(de)效(xiao)力:一拳(quan)迅速抵擋(dang)敵(di)人的(de)第一次(ci)進攻(gong)(gong),另一拳(quan)防好敵(di)人的(de)二(er)次(ci)進攻(gong)(gong),緊接著利(li)用與敵(di)人的(de)近身迅速進攻(gong)(gong),即“有橋(qiao)斷橋(qiao),無橋(qiao)生(sheng)橋(qiao)”。

龍尊拳(quan)(quan)不受場地限制,有“拳(quan)(quan)打臥牛之(zhi)地”之(zhi)說,可(ke)一手(shou)端茶,一手(shou)出(chu)招,喝茶對陣即能比出(chu)高低。龍尊拳(quan)(quan)的秘訣即“練神”,根(gen)基為“三戰”,運(yun)氣要氣沉(chen)丹田,眼法(fa)講究以目(mu)視目(mu),步法(fa)要求穩(wen)固而靈(ling)活,拳(quan)(quan)法(fa)則(ze)講究“門(men)戶”。“出(chu)拳(quan)(quan)時,肘距(ju)離(li)肋骨不能超過一拳(quan)(quan)頭的距(ju)離(li),拳(quan)(quan)高則(ze)不能超過肩膀(bang)”,手(shou)法(fa)“曲(qu)而不曲(qu),直(zhi)而不直(zhi),進(jin)退(tui)出(chu)入,一切自如”,以保證防守(shou)和進(jin)攻的力(li)度,并起到(dao)借力(li)用力(li)的作(zuo)用。其最高境界,則(ze)為“六斗”。

流傳(chuan)于泉州(zhou)的龍(long)尊(zun)拳(quan),系少林(lin)寺龍(long)尊(zun)拳(quan)正法。此法出自河南嵩山少林(lin)寺,清·雍正年(nian)間,鐵珠長老來福建,路經(jing)興化(hua)仙游縣,收朱山為(wei)徒,遂將(jiang)龍(long)尊(zun)拳(quan)傳(chuan)之。三年(nian)后朱山學成,傳(chuan)給門人吳申天,即俗家(jia)第(di)一代(dai)。朱山傳(chuan)古田彭(peng)(peng)德(de)成(俗家(jia)第(di)二代(dai)),德(de)成再傳(chuan)俗家(jia)第(di)三代(dai)彭(peng)(peng)金(jin)山。1945年(nian)傳(chuan)到泉州(zhou)市區西街的一池大(da)師(黃承懋),已是(shi)俗家(jia)第(di)十代(dai)。

龍(long)尊(zun)拳法(fa)(fa)分為兩個流派,一(yi)派為“直(zhi)上(shang)清溪”,即(ji)一(yi)路龍(long)法(fa)(fa);另一(yi)派為“太(tai)子游龍(long)門”,即(ji)二路龍(long)法(fa)(fa)。泉州流傳(chuan)的(de)是二路龍(long)法(fa)(fa)。

龍尊拳為福(fu)建七(qi)大拳之一,在福(fu)州(zhou)猶為盛行,而日本(ben)人對此拳也很感興趣(qu)。早在1993年2月,日本(ben)沖繩(sheng)剛柔流(liu)泊手空手道協會就到福(fu)州(zhou)與古田縣武術隊進(jin)行交流(liu)表演。

北派少林拳

北派少林拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)大致可分為(wei)‘長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)’和(he)‘短打’兩個系統。長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)類以遠距離攻握的技(ji)法為(wei)主,具有(you)代表性的套路有(you)少林長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、少林大戰拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)等(deng);與長(chang)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同類型的有(you)北派太祖拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、梅花(hua)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、北派羅漢拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、六(liu)合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)螳(tang)螂拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)中的小虎燕(yan);此外與查拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)大、小洪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)等(deng)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)種也有(you)不少相同之處。其動作大體上(shang)是(shi)在(zai)一條橫線上(shang)往復演練,還包含有(you)二(er)起腳、旋(xuan)風腳、掃膛腿等(deng)動作。

短(duan)(duan)打類以近戰技(ji)法(fa)為主,用(yong)肘、膝、肩(jian)從(cong)近距離進(jin)行攻擊的(de)(de)技(ji)法(fa)多(duo),具有(you)代表性的(de)(de)套路(lu)有(you)文短(duan)(duan)打、少(shao)林(lin)短(duan)(duan)戰拳,同(tong)類型(xing)的(de)(de)有(you)練彈腿的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)多(duo)習練的(de)(de)六路(lu)短(duan)(duan)拳和六通短(duan)(duan)打等(deng),一(yi)般人(ren)(ren)們都是長拳、短(duan)(duan)打兼練。

無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)(shi)長拳(quan),還是(shi)(shi)(shi)短打,行拳(quan)的基本姿(zi)勢(shi)(shi)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)共同(tong)(tong)的,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)用弓(gong)箭式(shi)、騎(qi)馬式(shi)、虛式(shi)、四六式(shi)、獨立式(shi)、坐盤(pan)式(shi)、仆腿式(shi)等姿(zi)勢(shi)(shi)構成拳(quan)路(lu),這些原(yuan)則(ze)與大架太極(ji)(ji)拳(quan)也完全(quan)相同(tong)(tong)。世上(shang)有不(bu)少人認(ren)為(wei)少林拳(quan)和太極(ji)(ji)拳(quan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種完全(quan)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的拳(quan)法(fa),實(shi)際上(shang)兩者不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的地(di)方只是(shi)(shi)(shi)練(lian)法(fa)和應敵(di)法(fa)不(bu)同(tong)(tong),基本姿(zi)勢(shi)(shi)和擊(ji)技都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相同(tong)(tong)的。

南派少林拳

從福建(jian)少林寺(si)發展出來的門派有下(xia)列幾種:

洪家拳

此(ci)派(pai)是南派(pai)最大(da)的(de)一(yi)個門(men)派(pai),相傳是福建(jian)省茶商(shang)洪熙(xi)官從少林寺至善禪師(shi)和尼僧方永春學來后創始的(de)。

劉家拳

相傳系廣東省劉三(san)眼從少林(lin)和(he)尚學(xue)來后創始的。劉三(san)眼還擅(shan)長棍法。

蔡家拳

相傳系(xi)蔡九(jiu)儀從少林寺一貫(guan)禪(chan)師學來后而創始的。

莫家拳

相傳系廣東莫清嬌從(cong)蔡九儀學(xue)來后經過瑞(rui)意(yi)加工而自立的一派。此派尤(you)精腿法。

以(yi)上述四個門派(pai),加上從東江潮汕(shan)傳出的李(li)家(jia)拳,統稱為(wei)以(yi)廣東為(wei)中心(xin)的南(nan)派(pai)五(wu)大(da)門

李家拳

相傳是二百多(duo)年前廣東新會人李(li)友(you)山改良自五形拳而成的。

詠春拳

相傳詠(yong)春年滿15時,有當(dang)地土(tu)豪垂(chui)涎其姿(zi)色,前來逼婚。大涼山(shan)(shan)白(bai)鶴(he)觀(guan)有河南嵩山(shan)(shan)少林(lin)寺武僧出身的五枚法師攜詠(yong)春返(fan)山(shan)(shan),授以武藝(yi)。

白鶴拳

相傳(chuan)系(xi)由福建人方(fang)慧石(shi)把少林(lin)拳遺(yi)法傳(chuan)給(gei)其女兒方(fang)七娘,以后(hou)又仿效鶴的動作而(er)創編的。

南派螳螂拳

相傳系(xi)福建人周亞南在少林寺修行后,參照螳螂的動(dong)作而創編的。

佛家拳

相傳(chuan)系(xi)少林寺(si)清草和尚‘有一說(shuo)是杏隱禪師’傳(chuan)給廣東陳亨所創的。

譚家三展拳

相(xiang)傳系由廣東(dong)譚義均從少林寺至善禪師(shi)‘有一說是感法禪師(shi)’學(xue)來后而創編的。

以(yi)上述各(ge)門(men)派(pai)(pai)(pai)拳(quan)法至今在香港、臺灣仍有許(xu)多人傳(chuan)習(xi),其中幾個門(men)派(pai)(pai)(pai)互相(xiang)融合又形成(cheng)了洪佛派(pai)(pai)(pai)、蔡李佛派(pai)(pai)(pai)、洪頭(tou)蔡尾派(pai)(pai)(pai)以(yi)及五祖派(pai)(pai)(pai)等拳(quan)派(pai)(pai)(pai)。

綜合少林拳

鐵扇(shan)封門童子拜佛 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劈(pi)(pi)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 虛(xu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)推(tui)掌(zhang)(zhang) 插步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)擺掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)貫(guan)耳 纏腕側踹(chuai) 虛(xu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)挑拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)頂肘 上步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拍腳(jiao) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)架(jia)打 丁(ding)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)砍掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 虛(xu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)頂肘 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)推(tui)掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)左(zuo)拔 回身推(tui)掌(zhang)(zhang) 躍步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劈(pi)(pi)掌(zhang)(zhang) 彈腿拍腳(jiao) 上步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)三(san)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 撤(che)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下劈(pi)(pi) 上步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)貫(guan)耳 丁(ding)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劈(pi)(pi)掌(zhang)(zhang) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勾手(shou) 提(ti)膝抄掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 虛(xu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)左(zuo)推(tui)右拔掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)劈(pi)(pi)掌(zhang)(zhang) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)架(jia)插掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)砍掌(zhang)(zhang) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)攔掌(zhang)(zhang) 蹬腳(jiao)推(tui)掌(zhang)(zhang) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)架(jia)打 歇步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)蓋打 撤(che)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 虛(xu)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 彈腿插掌(zhang)(zhang) 上步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)旋(xuan)風腳(jiao) 馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)架(jia)打 騰空(kong)飛腳(jiao) 摟膝沖(chong)(chong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)馬步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勾手(shou) 提(ti)膝插拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 歇步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亮掌(zhang)(zhang) 弓(gong)(gong)(gong)步(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)栽(zai)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan) 穿(chuan)掌(zhang)(zhang)扣(kou)腳(jiao) 童子拜佛 收式

主要內容

少林拳的內容有:

1.拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)──有(you)單(dan)練和(he)對練兩種,單(dan)練有(you)小洪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)2路(lu),大洪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)12路(lu),羅(luo)漢拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)3路(lu),老(lao)洪拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)1路(lu),炮拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)3路(lu),長拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)2路(lu),梅花拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)2路(lu),朝陽拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)1路(lu),通(tong)背4路(lu),長護心意門1路(lu),關東拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)2路(lu),青(qing)龍(long)出海拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)2路(lu),擴身流(liu)星拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)1路(lu),龍(long)虎豹蛇鶴拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)各1路(lu)等幾十路(lu),對練的有(you)六合拳(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)6路(lu)等;

2.技擊散打(da)──單練、散打(da)有閃(shan)戰移身把(ba)(ba)、心(xin)意把(ba)(ba)、慮撲(pu)把(ba)(ba)、游(you)龍(long)飛步、丹(dan)鳳朝陽、十(shi)字(zi)亂把(ba)(ba)、老(lao)群抱(bao)葫蘆,仙人摘茄(qie),葉(xie)底(di)偷桃,腦后砍瓜,黑虎俞(yu)心(xin),老(lao)猴搬枝,金絲纏法、迎門鐵(tie)扇子,拔步炮、小鬼攥槍等百余(yu)種:

3.氣(qi)功──有少林(lin)易(yi)筋經,小武(wu)功,混(hun)元一氣(qi)功,陰陽氣(qi)功等。4、器械──單練(lian)(lian)(lian)、對練(lian)(lian)(lian)、槍刀劍棍,長(chang)短軟(ruan)硬十八般兵器一般都有,但(dan)以棍術(shu)為最著(zhu)名。少林(lin)拳的套路結(jie)構緊(jin)湊,動(dong)作樸實(shi)健壯(zhuang)而敏捷(jie),攻防嚴密,招勢多變,力量的運用靈活(huo)而有彈(dan)性,著(zhu)眼于實(shi)用,不(bu)練(lian)(lian)(lian)花架子,具有很多攻防特色。

練習要求

少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)首(shou)選(xuan)要求練(lian)(lian)(lian)好基本功,即站樁(zhuang)。樁(zhuang)有馬步(bu)、椅子樁(zhuang),丁字樁(zhuang)等,同時(shi)也練(lian)(lian)(lian)視(shi)、聽、抓、拉(la)、推、舉、踢等。“拳(quan)(quan)(quan)打一(yi)(yi)條線”是少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)最鮮明的(de)一(yi)(yi)個特(te)點(dian),法(fa)有八(ba)要,即起、落、進(jin)、退、反(fan)、側、收、縱。套(tao)(tao)路(lu)直(zhi)來(lai)直(zhi)往,動(dong)作樸(pu)實(shi)、幾(ji)種套(tao)(tao)路(lu)演(yan)練(lian)(lian)(lian)均在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)條線上,少(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺千佛殿(dian)上練(lian)(lian)(lian)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)留下(xia)的(de)腳窩就是明證。手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)眼(yan)(yan)身(shen)法(fa)步(bu)的(de)要求是:手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)法(fa)曲(qu)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)曲(qu),直(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)直(zhi),滾(gun)出滾(gun)入運(yun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)自如(ru);眼(yan)(yan)法(fa)以(yi)(yi)目(mu)注目(mu),以(yi)(yi)審敵勢;身(shen)法(fa)起橫落順著重(zhong)掌握重(zhong)心,有失平衡;小法(fa)進(jin)低退高,輕靈(ling)穩固(gu),在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)上,要求藏而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)露。內(nei)靜(jing)外(wai)(wai)(wai)猛。戰術(shu)(shu)上善于聲(sheng)(sheng)東擊(ji)西,指上打下(xia),佯攻而(er)(er)(er)實(shi)退,似退而(er)(er)(er)實(shi)進(jin),虛實(shi)兼用(yong)(yong)(yong),賜柔相(xiang)濟(ji),乘勢飛(fei)擊(ji),出手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)無情,擊(ji)其(qi)要害。所以(yi)(yi)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)諺用(yong)(yong)(yong)“秀如(ru)貓,抖如(ru)虎(hu),行如(ru)龍,動(dong)如(ru)閃,聲(sheng)(sheng)如(ru)雷”來(lai)形容其(qi)變(bian)化多端的(de)戰術(shu)(shu)。在(zai)(zai)動(dong)、靜(jing)、呼(hu)吸(xi)、運(yun)氣、用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣方(fang)(fang)面,也有其(qi)特(te)點(dian)。如(ru)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)訣說“拳(quan)(quan)(quan)打十分力(li),辦從氣中(zhong)出,運(yun)氣貴乎(hu)緩,用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣貴乎(hu)急,緩急神其(qi)術(shu)(shu),盡在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)呼(hu)吸(xi)。”在(zai)(zai)演(yan)練(lian)(lian)(lian)時(shi)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)一(yi)(yi)個套(tao)(tao)路(lu)要一(yi)(yi)氣呵成(cheng),要做到肩與腌(a)、肘與膝、手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)與足(zu)的(de)外(wai)(wai)(wai)三合(he)(he)和(he)心與與意、意與氣、氣與力(li)的(de)內(nei)三俁,形成(cheng)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)鼻呼(hu)吸(xi),集(ji)中(zhong)勁(jing)力(li),必(bi)要時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)嘴(zui)配合(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)出吼聲(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)(yi)威懾對方(fang)(fang),打出迅雷不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)掩(yan)耳的(de)爆(bao)發(fa)(fa)力(li),克(ke)敵制勝。少(shao)年(nian)寺白衣(yi)殿(dian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)山墻上各(ge)有一(yi)(yi)幅寺僧練(lian)(lian)(lian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)壁畫,稱為(wei)“拳(quan)(quan)(quan)譜(pu)”,是清朝(chao)末年(nian)繪制的(de),有六合(he)(he)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)對練(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)各(ge)種器械對練(lian)(lian)(lian),生動(dong)記述了寺僧練(lian)(lian)(lian)武(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)情景(jing),突出了少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)眼(yan)(yan)身(shen)法(fa)步(bu)的(de)特(te)點(dian)和(he)攻防(fang)要領。少(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺和(he)尚(shang)歷代(dai)(dai)苦練(lian)(lian)(lian)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)法(fa),因武(wu)(wu)(wu)藝高強(qiang)(qiang)多次被征參加戰事(shi),明代(dai)(dai)天啟年(nian)間建有少(shao)年(nian)觀武(wu)(wu)(wu)碑,現存(cun)少(shao)林(lin)(lin)寺,上面記載(zai)和(he)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)特(te)點(dian)和(he)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。又(you)據《中(zhong)國體(ti)育史》介紹,“少(shao)林(lin)(lin)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)即俗所稱之外(wai)(wai)(wai)家,其(qi)術(shu)(shu)以(yi)(yi)搏人為(wei)主”,“而(er)(er)(er)外(wai)(wai)(wai)家之中(zhong),流派至雜......不(bu)(bu)(bu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)陰勁(jing)陽勁(jing)二(er)派......或即世俗所言之南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)二(er)派,北(bei)派尚(shang)剛(gang),南(nan)(nan)(nan)派尚(shang)柔......故(gu)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)術(shu)(shu)斯分剛(gang)柔之別(bie)”。南(nan)(nan)(nan)派重(zhong)拳(quan)(quan)(quan),尚(shang)短(duan)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),北(bei)派重(zhong)腿,尚(shang)長手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),即所謂(wei)“南(nan)(nan)(nan)拳(quan)(quan)(quan)北(bei)腿”。

中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)民共和國(guo)(guo)成立后,在(zai)少(shao)林寺所在(zai)的(de)(de)登封縣(xian)建立了(le)業余武術學校,成立了(le)少(shao)林拳研(yan)究小組,搜集到一(yi)些中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民間珍藏的(de)(de)拳譜。挖掘出一(yi)些瀕于絕傳的(de)(de)拳術和器械套(tao)路,并培養了(le)一(yi)批練(lian)少(shao)林拳的(de)(de)骨干(gan)和教(jiao)練(lian)員(yuan),多(duo)次參加全國(guo)(guo)武術比賽,并在(zai)節日舉辦武術表演等。當地群(qun)眾(zhong)男(nan)女(nv)老幼練(lian)武,已經蔚然成風。少(shao)林拳在(zai)國(guo)(guo)外,特別(bie)是在(zai)日本也(ye)很盛行。日本少(shao)林寺拳法聯盟及其他(ta)國(guo)(guo)家少(shao)的(de)(de)愛好者曾頻頻來(lai)華(hua)訪問(wen)少(shao)林寺。少(shao)林拳這(zhe)個古(gu)老的(de)(de)拳種,正在(zai)為傳播各(ge)國(guo)(guo)友誼、增加人(ren)(ren)民健(jian)康而(er)大放異彩(cai)。

少林拳譜

演拳之法

練拳秘鑰

拳打八字說

五合三催說

對習法說

內外六合說

內外五行說

三尖比論

蔽四梢說

手足法旨要

身法旨要

論勁力之別

論勁法

葉秀標金(jin)口訣四(si)章(zhang)

性功羅漢拳訣

(二)打

習搏旨要

嚴察交口法

十二必要

見死反活法

二十四字法

交手論

交手要訣

白猴洗臉法

觀拳三則

八打八不打

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