分布于山西(xi)、河南北(bei)(bei)部、河北(bei)(bei)、內(nei)蒙(meng)古東部、遼寧和吉(ji)林(lin)的西(xi)部。生(sheng)海拔(ba)1000-2200米山地草坡或疏林(lin)下。模式標本采自山西(xi)。
植株全體無(wu)毛。須根長(chang)(chang)達7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。莖高30-70厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),不(bu)分(fen)枝,疏生(sheng)(sheng)(2-)3-4葉(xie)。基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)1-4個(ge),長(chang)(chang)16-36厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),有長(chang)(chang)柄(bing)(bing);葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)五角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)3.8-6.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)6.8-12.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),三(san)(san)全裂(lie)(lie)(lie),全裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)分(fen)開(kai),中(zhong)央全裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)菱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)端急尖,三(san)(san)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)達中(zhong)部(bu)或(huo)稍超過中(zhong)部(bu),邊緣密生(sheng)(sheng)稍不(bu)相等的(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)銳鋸(ju)齒(chi),側全裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)斜(xie)扇形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),二深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)近(jin)基(ji)部(bu),上面深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)與中(zhong)全裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)相似,下面深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)較小(xiao),斜(xie)菱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);葉(xie)柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)(chang)12-30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)部(bu)具(ju)狹鞘。莖生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)似基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie),下部(bu)的(de)(de)具(ju)長(chang)(chang)柄(bing)(bing),上部(bu)的(de)(de)較小(xiao),具(ju)短(duan)柄(bing)(bing)或(huo)無(wu)柄(bing)(bing)。花(hua)(hua)單獨頂(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)2-3朵組(zu)成(cheng)稀(xi)疏的(de)(de)聚傘花(hua)(hua)序,直徑3.8-5.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),通常(chang)在4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右;花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)5-9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)三(san)(san)裂(lie)(lie)(lie);萼片(pian)(pian)(6-)10-15(-19)片(pian)(pian),金黃(huang)色,干時不(bu)變綠色,外層的(de)(de)橢圓狀卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)端疏生(sheng)(sheng)三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)牙(ya)齒(chi),間或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)3個(ge)小(xiao)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian),其他(ta)的(de)(de)橢圓狀倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)端圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)明顯的(de)(de)小(xiao)牙(ya)齒(chi),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)0.7-1.6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)瓣18-21個(ge),稍長(chang)(chang)于(yu)萼片(pian)(pian)或(huo)與萼片(pian)(pian)近(jin)等長(chang)(chang),稀(xi)比(bi)萼片(pian)(pian)稍短(duan),狹線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)(ding)端漸狹,長(chang)(chang)1.8-2.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)1.2-1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);雄(xiong)蕊長(chang)(chang)0.5-1.1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)3-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);心皮20-30。蓇葖長(chang)(chang)1-1.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)稍明顯的(de)(de)脈網,喙長(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)1毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);種子近(jin)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)(luan)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)1.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),黑色,光滑,具(ju)4-5棱角。6-7月(yue)開(kai)花(hua)(hua),8-9月(yue)結果。
在內蒙(meng)古(gu)東(dong)部的一些居群,萼(e)片數(shu)目(mu)減少到6-8個,可看作是金(jin)蓮(lian)花(hua)與(yu)(yu)短(duan)瓣(ban)(ban)金(jin)蓮(lian)花(hua)T.ledebouri之間的過渡類(lei)型,這時,可從花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)的長度(du)加以區(qu)別(bie),在金(jin)蓮(lian)花(hua),花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)與(yu)(yu)萼(e)片近等長,在短(duan)瓣(ban)(ban)金(jin)蓮(lian)花(hua),花(hua)瓣(ban)(ban)比雄蕊稍長,而比萼(e)片短(duan)。
(1)金(jin)蓮花(hua)花(hua)皺縮,展平后直徑2-5.2cm;萼片(pian)8-19片(pian),金(jin)黃色,倒卵形或橢(tuo)圓狀卵形,外層先端疏生三角形齒;花(hua)瓣13-22棕色,線形,約與萼片(pian)等長;雄蕊多數;子(zi)房20多個聚合,花(hua)柱芒尖狀。氣微,味苦。
(2)寬瓣金蓮花(hua)花(hua)皺縮,濕(shi)潤展平后,直徑2.5-4.8cm;萼(e)片10-20,橙黃色(se),寬橢圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)倒卵(luan)形(xing),長1-2.2cm,寬0.6-1.7cm,全(quan)緣或(huo)先端有不(bu)整(zheng)齊小齒;花(hua)瓣18-22棕色(se),匙(chi)狀線形(xing),與萼(e)片等(deng)長或(huo)稍短;雄(xiong)蕊多數(shu);于房多數(shu),聚合,花(hua)柱(zhu)短尖。氣微(wei),味(wei)苦(ku)。
(3)矮(ai)金(jin)蓮花花單生,花梗長;萼片5,黃(huang)色,寬倒卵(luan)形;花瓣匙狀線形,棕(zong)色;雄蕊多數。氣微,味苦。
(4)短瓣金蓮花(hua)花(hua)皺縮,濕潤展平,直徑3.3-5.5cm;萼(e)片(pian)5-8,黃色,外層橢圓狀卵形(xing),其他倒卵形(xing),長(chang)1.2-2.8cm,寬1-1.5cm,先端有少(shao)數不明顯小齒;花(hua)瓣10-22,棕色,線形(xing),長(chang)1.3-1.5cm;雄蕊多數;子房約(yue)22個(ge)聚(ju)會,花(hua)柱短尖,棕黃色。氣微(wei)香,味苦(ku)。
喜冷涼濕(shi)潤(run)環境(jing),多生長在海拔(ba)1800米以上的(de)高山草(cao)甸或疏林地帶(dai)。習性:金蓮花耐寒(han),常(chang)年生存在2-15攝(she)氏度。
其味(wei)(wei)辛(xin)(xin)辣,嫩(nen)梢(shao)、花(hua)蕾、新鮮(xian)種子可(ke)作為食(shi)品調味(wei)(wei)料(liao)。綠色種莢可(ke)腌(a)制(zhi)泡菜,脆嫩(nen)可(ke)口,微(wei)辣甘甜。干花(hua)可(ke)制(zhi)成金蓮(lian)花(hua)茶供飲用。花(hua)和(he)(he)鮮(xian)嫩(nen)葉可(ke)入色拉(la)萊生食(shi),葉子多少有(you)點異味(wei)(wei),但(dan)煮后味(wei)(wei)道(dao)很好。未熟的(de)葉有(you)辛(xin)(xin)辣味(wei)(wei),作香(xiang)辛(xin)(xin)料(liao)使用或用于(yu)泡菜。莖(jing)、葉、果實均(jun)含(han)有(you)精油,葉中(zhong)富含(han)維生素和(he)(he)鐵,味(wei)(wei)微(wei)辛(xin)(xin)能(neng)健胃,還(huan)對胃潰(kui)瘍和(he)(he)壞血病有(you)效(xiao)。