南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)箔又稱金(jin)(jin)陵金(jin)(jin)箔,是中(zhong)國傳統(tong)手工(gong)技藝(yi)之(zhi)一(yi),有“中(zhong)華一(yi)絕”之(zhi)稱,發(fa)源(yuan)于南(nan)京(jing)棲霞龍潭(tan)一(yi)帶,曾(ceng)是明朝制(zhi)作真金(jin)(jin)線的官營作坊。南(nan)京(jing)有2500多年(nian)生(sheng)產(chan)金(jin)(jin)箔歷史(shi),目前集中(zhong)著(zhu)全國70%、世界60%的金(jin)(jin)箔生(sheng)產(chan)量,是中(zhong)國最大(da)的真金(jin)(jin)箔生(sheng)產(chan)基(ji)地、世界五大(da)金(jin)(jin)箔生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)心之(zhi)一(yi)。2006年(nian),“南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)箔鍛制(zhi)技藝(yi)”錄入國家級非物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產(chan)名錄,南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)線金(jin)(jin)箔總廠(chang)為南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)箔鍛制(zhi)技藝(yi)項(xiang)目保護單(dan)位。
當(dang)今(jin)中國(guo)許多(duo)寺(si)廟及古建(jian)筑上(shang)都運(yun)用(yong)了南(nan)(nan)京金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo),除在佛像、建(jian)筑物(wu)、工(gong)藝品(pin)上(shang)貼飾金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)外(wai),歷史(shi)上(shang)將金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)更多(duo)地(di)制成金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)線(xian)用(yong)于皇(huang)家貴族(zu)的服飾上(shang),金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)線(xian)和蠶絲織成綾錦稱為(wei)織金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),即今(jin)南(nan)(nan)京云(yun)錦的一(yi)種。貼金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)技藝是中華民族(zu)民間(jian)傳統工(gong)藝的瑰寶,其(qi)廣泛(fan)用(yong)于皇(huang)宮貴族(zu)或佛像寺(si)廟的貼飾,以表現其(qi)富麗堂皇(huang)或尊貴莊重。
南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)是(shi)將金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)片(pian)捶(chui)打成(cheng)厚度(du)不超(chao)過0.1微米的(de)(de)薄片(pian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作建(jian)筑(zhu)、器(qi)物、佛教塑像裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)及名貴中(zhong)成(cheng)藥的(de)(de)配方。其中(zhong),98純(chun)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)和仿(fang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途最(zui)為廣泛,適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)任(ren)何裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。如:賓(bin)館酒(jiu)店(dian)大廈、寺院(yuan)佛像廟宇、仿(fang)古(gu)園林(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)、現(xian)代豪華(hua)(hua)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修(xiu)、大型雕塑、豪宅家私、牌(pai)匾(bian)楹聯的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)工程貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)以及金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)畫(hua)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)書、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)郵票(piao)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)墻紙、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)面板、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)瓷磚(zhuan)馬賽克、貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)餐具茶具果盤花瓶玻璃盤、貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)工藝(yi)品(pin)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)字招牌(pai)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作等(deng);南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)貼(tie)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)不僅(jin)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)祖國的(de)(de)大江南(nan)北,更遍及世界各地(di)。另(ling)外(wai),食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)(也(ye)叫(jiao)“高(gao)純(chun)度(du)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)”),多用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)藥品(pin)、酒(jiu)類、糕點、咖啡、茶、火鍋、料(liao)理(li)、調味品(pin)、化妝品(pin)、入浴劑等(deng)各種高(gao)檔食(shi)品(pin)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)的(de)(de)添(tian)加(jia)成(cheng)分,可提(ti)高(gao)商品(pin)檔次,增加(jia)喜(xi)慶(qing)氣氛,又能延年益壽(shou),美容駐顏。當(dang)然,高(gao)純(chun)度(du)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)同(tong)樣可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)超(chao)豪華(hua)(hua)或(huo)特需金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)藝(yi)產品(pin)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)(shi)貼(tie)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。
南京金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)鍛(duan)制(zhi)(zhi)技藝獨(du)特,技術要求很(hen)高,保持(chi)了(le)傳統的(de)冶煉、打制(zhi)(zhi)等多種技藝,從古到今,一直(zhi)為(wei)(wei)手工捶(chui)制(zhi)(zhi),是中國(guo)特種傳統工藝。舊時老藝人將金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)業(ye)分為(wei)(wei)五行,為(wei)(wei)拍葉、裝沾(zhan)、打箔(bo)(bo)、出起、切箔(bo)(bo)。經(jing)過前人的(de)總結,當代南京金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)業(ye)將金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)鍛(duan)制(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)歸納為(wei)(wei)十二道工序(xu),將黃金(jin)(jin)經(jing)過化條、拍葉、落(luo)開子、炕炕、做捻子、打箔(bo)(bo)、出具、切箔(bo)(bo)等精細加工,使金(jin)(jin)條捶(chui)打成薄如(ru)蟬(chan)翼的(de)金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo),100張(zhang)金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)堆在一起還不到0.1毫米(mi)高。南京金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo)質量高,因(yin)而享(xiang)譽四方。這(zhe)一過程(cheng)神(shen)奇微妙(miao),使金(jin)(jin)塊變(bian)為(wei)(wei)薄如(ru)蟬(chan)翼的(de)金(jin)(jin)箔(bo)(bo),體現了(le)中國(guo)勞(lao)動(dong)人民的(de)聰明與智慧,是中國(guo)民間工藝的(de)一絕。
南京有2500多(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)產金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)歷史,集(ji)中(zhong)著全(quan)國(guo)70%、世界60%的(de)(de)金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)生(sheng)產量,從事金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)行業(ye)的(de)(de)企業(ye)有180余家,從業(ye)人員6000多(duo)人,年(nian)創工業(ye)總產值15.6億元。經國(guo)務(wu)院授權,中(zhong)國(guo)黃金協會正式命名南京市的(de)(de)江寧區為“中(zhong)國(guo)金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)城(cheng)”,“中(zhong)國(guo)金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)城(cheng)”的(de)(de)榮譽是(shi)對中(zhong)國(guo)最大(da)的(de)(de)真金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)生(sheng)產基地、世界五大(da)金箔(bo)(bo)(bo)生(sheng)產中(zhong)心之一的(de)(de)南京江寧的(de)(de)最佳肯定。
南京是(shi)金(jin)箔的(de)故鄉,自從有了金(jin)箔,貼(tie)金(jin)技藝便應運而生。自古(gu)以(yi)來(lai),金(jin)箔的(de)配方和(he)貼(tie)金(jin)的(de)絕技是(shi)密不示人(ren)的(de),所(suo)以(yi),人(ren)們無法想(xiang)像如(ru)(ru)(ru)何將黃金(jin)打造成薄如(ru)(ru)(ru)蟬(chan)翼的(de)金(jin)箔,又如(ru)(ru)(ru)何將薄如(ru)(ru)(ru)蟬(chan)翼的(de)金(jin)箔貼(tie)飾(shi)在(zai)各種物體上。藝百貼(tie)金(jin)傳(chuan)人(ren)的(de)金(jin)藝技師們經(jing)過多年(nian)的(de)不斷探索(suo)與新技術研發,終于(yu)撩(liao)開(kai)了古(gu)代貼(tie)金(jin)藝人(ren)的(de)神秘面紗。
元朝(chao)時,開始大量生(sheng)產金(jin)箔,到了明(ming)清,更有進出一步(bu)的發展。1975年在太平門(men)外徐達五(wu)世孫徐傅墓(mu)中出土的金(jin)絲補服,即為(wei)400多(duo)年前金(jin)陵金(jin)絲的物證(zheng)。南京市棲霞(xia)區龍潭(tan)街道及江(jiang)寧區花園鄉等(deng)一帶(dai)是金(jin)陵金(jin)箔、金(jin)線生(sheng)產的集散地,農戶均有“打箔”、“制線”的手藝(yi)(yi),且世代相(xiang)傳。金(jin)箔生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)獨特(te),為(wei)手工(gong)(gong)捶制,是中國獨特(te)傳統工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。