銅鼓黃(huang)(huang)(huang)精保護區域(yu)地處羅(luo)霄山(shan)脈北(bei)端東(dong)部,屬于(yu)中亞熱(re)帶北(bei)部濕潤氣候,地勢由西南向東(dong)北(bei)傾斜,境(jing)(jing)(jing)內山(shan)丘連綿起伏(fu),森(sen)林覆蓋率(lv)87.4%,負氧離子含(han)量達7萬(wan)個/cm3;土壤為紅壤、山(shan)地黃(huang)(huang)(huang)壤、山(shan)地黃(huang)(huang)(huang)棕壤和山(shan)地草甸土,土層(ceng)深厚,養分豐富,滲透(tou)性(xing)良好,土壤有機質含(han)量2.85%~12.52%,PH值4.9~6.5;境(jing)(jing)(jing)內水資(zi)源豐富,雨量充沛,氣候溫潤,冬無嚴寒,夏少酷暑(shu),四季(ji)分明,光(guang)照充足,年平(ping)(ping)均氣溫16.2℃,平(ping)(ping)均日照1496.8 h,無霜期265d,平(ping)(ping)均降水量1732.8mm。獨特的氣候環境(jing)(jing)(jing)條件,形成(cheng)了銅鼓黃(huang)(huang)(huang)精種植的獨特自(zi)然生(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)(jing)。
銅鼓黃精(jing)保護區域位于江(jiang)西省宜春(chun)市銅鼓縣(xian)(xian),贛西北(bei)山區,修河上(shang)游,東(dong)鄰宜豐(feng)縣(xian)(xian),南接(jie)萬(wan)載(zai)縣(xian)(xian),西界(jie)瀏陽(yang)市、平(ping)江(jiang)縣(xian)(xian),北(bei)連(lian)修水縣(xian)(xian)。銅鼓黃精(jing)地域保護范圍包括(kuo)銅鼓縣(xian)(xian)的港口鄉、棋坪(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、高橋(qiao)鄉、排(pai)埠鎮(zhen)(zhen)、溫泉鎮(zhen)(zhen)、永(yong)寧鎮(zhen)(zhen)、三都鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大(da)塅鎮(zhen)(zhen)、帶溪鄉等9個鄉(鎮(zhen)(zhen));保護范圍位于東(dong)徑114°04′40″~114°43′54″,北(bei)緯(wei)28°22′59″~28°49′46″。保護面積3954公頃(qing),年產量29655噸。
(1)外在感官特征:銅鼓(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精呈長條結(jie)節塊狀(zhuang),常數個塊狀(zhuang)結(jie)節相連,長4~20 cm,直徑1~3 cm。表面(mian)(mian)灰(hui)黃(huang)(huang)色或黃(huang)(huang)褐色,粗糙(cao),結(jie)節上(shang)側有(you)突出(chu)的(de)圓盤(pan)狀(zhuang)莖痕(hen),直徑0.8~1.8cm。質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)硬而韌,不易(yi)折斷,斷面(mian)(mian)角質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),淡黃(huang)(huang)色至黃(huang)(huang)棕色。氣微(wei),味甜,嚼之有(you)黏性(xing)。銅鼓(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精表面(mian)(mian)灰(hui)黃(huang)(huang)色,結(jie)節狀(zhuang),姜(jiang)形,圓盤(pan)狀(zhuang)莖痕(hen),飽滿(man),多糖含(han)量(liang)高。 (2)內在品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指標:水分(fen)(fen)≤17.0%,總灰(hui)分(fen)(fen)≤3.9%,酸不溶性(xing)灰(hui)分(fen)(fen)≤1.5%,黃(huang)(huang)精多糖≥10.0%,浸出(chu)物≥55.0%,蛋白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)≥2.5%。 (3)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全要求:銅鼓(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)符合《中華人民(min)共和國藥典(dian)》的(de)規定。
(1)產(chan)地(di)(di)要求(qiu)(qiu):銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精適宜偏酸性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤,以pH值為4.9~6.5最(zui)為適宜,要求(qiu)(qiu)土(tu)(tu)壤類型為紅壤、山地(di)(di)黃壤、山地(di)(di)黃棕(zong)壤和(he)山地(di)(di)草(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu),選擇(ze)(ze)質地(di)(di)疏(shu)松肥(fei)(fei)沃、陰濕但排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)條(tiao)(tiao)件好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)塊種(zhong)(zhong)植。 (2)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選擇(ze)(ze):本地(di)(di)多花黃精(Polygonatum Cyrtonema Hua)。 (3)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)控(kong)制:為了(le)保(bao)證銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質特色,重點加(jia)(jia)強以下幾個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術控(kong)制: ①種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)繁育(yu):在(zai)(zai)秋(qiu)季種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)轉黑(hei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)選取(qu)成(cheng)熟、飽(bao)滿(man)、無病害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行(xing)(xing)沙藏(種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)1份與砂土(tu)(tu)3份混合均勻(yun))處(chu)理(li)后,存于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)背陰處(chu)30cm深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坑內(nei),保(bao)持濕潤(run),防止(zhi)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)次年播種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)取(qu)出,篩出種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),按行(xing)(xing)距12~15cm均勻(yun)撒(sa)播到畦(qi)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺溝內(nei),蓋土(tu)(tu)約(yue)1.5cm,稍壓后澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),并(bing)(bing)蓋一(yi)層草(cao)(cao)保(bao)濕。出苗(miao)前(qian)去掉蓋草(cao)(cao),苗(miao)高(gao)6~9cm時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),過(guo)密處(chu)可(ke)適當間苗(miao),l年后移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)。 ②移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)定植:選擇(ze)(ze)有(you)蔭蔽條(tiao)(tiao)件和(he)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)條(tiao)(tiao)件,上層透(tou)(tou)光充(chong)足(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)林下開(kai)闊地(di)(di)帶(dai)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)有(you)人工遮蔭條(tiao)(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農田(tian)進行(xing)(xing)栽(zai)(zai)植。林下套種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)般于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)秋(qiu)季先砍伐(fa)清除灌木(mu)雜(za)草(cao)(cao),保(bao)留林木(mu),將地(di)(di)深翻30cm以上整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping);在(zai)(zai)農田(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),茬口選擇(ze)(ze)上最(zui)好(hao)前(qian)茬為水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻、綠肥(fei)(fei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)休閑地(di)(di)塊,深翻30 cm以上,施(shi)足(zu)(zu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)腐(fu)(fu)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei),然(ran)后耙(pa)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)耙(pa)細,作寬100~120cm,高(gao)25~30cm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畦(qi),畦(qi)溝寬50cm,同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)塊四周通(tong)順(shun)溝渠,以利排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)防澇。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)3月上旬(xun)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)10月下旬(xun),在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)好(hao)畦(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)塊上按深10~15cm,行(xing)(xing)距25cm,株距15~20cm挖穴(xue),穴(xue)底(di)挖松整(zheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping),每穴(xue)栽(zai)(zai)植銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精一(yi)株,覆土(tu)(tu)壓緊(jin),澆(jiao)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),再(zai)覆蓋細土(tu)(tu)與畦(qi)床相平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。 ③種(zhong)(zhong)植管(guan)理(li):在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)長前(qian)期(qi)要經常(chang)中耕除草(cao)(cao),每年于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)4、6、9、11月各進行(xing)(xing)1次,宜淺鋤并(bing)(bing)適當培土(tu)(tu),后期(qi)拔草(cao)(cao)即可(ke)。若遇干旱(han)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)種(zhong)(zhong)植在(zai)(zai)較向陽、干旱(han)地(di)(di)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。每年結合中耕除草(cao)(cao)追施(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)腐(fu)(fu)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei),將肥(fei)(fei)料施(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)間開(kai)溝處(chu),后覆土(tu)(tu)蓋肥(fei)(fei)。 ④病蟲草(cao)(cao)害防治(zhi)(zhi):遵循(xun)“以防為主,綜(zong)合防治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則,從整(zheng)個(ge)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精種(zhong)(zhong)植基地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統出發,以農業防治(zhi)(zhi)為基礎(chu),綜(zong)合運(yun)用(yong)物(wu)(wu)理(li)防治(zhi)(zhi)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防治(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi),創造(zao)不利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)病蟲草(cao)(cao)孳(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)而有(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各類天敵繁衍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境條(tiao)(tiao)件,增(zeng)進生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)(xing),保(bao)持種(zhong)(zhong)植基地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)鏈平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)衡,減少各類病蟲草(cao)(cao)害所造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。 ⑤采收(shou)與加(jia)(jia)工: A采收(shou):春、秋(qiu)兩季均可(ke),以秋(qiu)季采收(shou)為佳,栽(zai)(zai)培3~4年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植株莖桿上葉(xie)片枯(ku)萎時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可(ke)采收(shou),挖取(qu)根(gen)(gen)莖,除去地(di)(di)上部(bu)分(fen)及須根(gen)(gen),用(yong)竹刀或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)木(mu)條(tiao)(tiao)刮掉泥土(tu)(tu),避免弄(nong)傷塊根(gen)(gen)。 B加(jia)(jia)工:選擇(ze)(ze)表(biao)面(mian)泛黃、斷面(mian)呈乳白或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)淡棕(zong)色,飽(bao)滿(man)、肥(fei)(fei)厚、彈性(xing)(xing)足(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精置蒸(zheng)籠內(nei)蒸(zheng)至(zhi)透(tou)(tou)心、呈油潤(run)狀(zhuang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),取(qu)出曬(shai)干或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)烘(hong)干,切片,包(bao)裝貯(zhu)藏。 (4)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄:建(jian)立完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄檔(dang)(dang)案,確(que)保(bao)記(ji)錄檔(dang)(dang)案可(ke)追溯(su)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)黃精實際生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)全過(guo)程,檔(dang)(dang)案資料力求(qiu)(qiu)準確(que)、清晰、完整(zheng),并(bing)(bing)妥善保(bao)存3年以上,以備查(cha)閱。
(1)符(fu)合下列條件(jian)的(de)(de)單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),可以向(xiang)登記(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)(shu)持(chi)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)申請使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志: ①生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精產(chan)(chan)(chan)自登記(ji)確定的(de)(de)地(di)(di)域范(fan)(fan)圍; ②已取得銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)資質; ③能夠嚴格按照(zhao)規(gui)定的(de)(de)質量技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)組織開(kai)展生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)活動(dong); ④具有銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)市場開(kai)發經營(ying)能力。 使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志,應當(dang)按照(zhao)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)年度與登記(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)(shu)持(chi)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽訂使(shi)用(yong)(yong)協議,在(zai)協議中載明使(shi)用(yong)(yong)數量、范(fan)(fan)圍和相(xiang)關(guan)責任(ren)義務。 (2)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)享有以下權利: ①可以在(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)及(ji)包裝上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志(銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精名稱和公共(gong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)識圖案組合標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)注(zhu)等(deng)); ②可以使(shi)用(yong)(yong)登記(ji)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志,進行(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)宣傳和參加展覽(lan)、展示(shi)及(ji)展銷。 (3)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)應當(dang)履行(xing)(xing)以下義務: ①自覺接(jie)受登記(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)(shu)持(chi)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)監督檢查; ②保證(zheng)(zheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質和信(xin)譽(yu); ③正確規(gui)范(fan)(fan)地(di)(di)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志。 (4)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)者應當(dang)建立(li)質量控制追溯體系(xi),農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志持(chi)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志使(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)質量和信(xin)譽(yu)負責; (5)任(ren)何單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不準偽造、冒(mao)用(yong)(yong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志和登記(ji)證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)(shu); (6)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)勵(li)單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)黃(huang)(huang)精地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)志進行(xing)(xing)社會監督