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流傳過程

出土

大盂鼎(ding)，清道光年間（公元1849年）出土于陜(shan)西郿縣禮村（今寶雞眉(mei)縣常(chang)興鎮楊家(jia)村一組，即李家(jia)村），出土后便(bian)被販賣(mai)至文物市場。它是西周早期青銅(tong)禮器(qi)中的重器(qi)，因作器(qi)者是康王(wang)時大臣名盂者而得(de)名，與(yu)之同出的小盂鼎(ding)已佚。

轉輾買賣

清朝(chao)道(dao)光時期的(de)岐(qi)山首富宋(song)金鑒把銅鼎(ding)買(mai)下，因為器形巨大，十(shi)分引人(ren)矚目，鼎(ding)很快被岐(qi)山縣(xian)令周庚盛(sheng)占有(you)，他(ta)把鼎(ding)轉賣(mai)到北京的(de)古董商人(ren)。宋(song)金鑒在(zai)考中翰林(lin)后(hou)出(chu)價3000兩白(bai)銀(yin)又購(gou)得了寶鼎(ding)，在(zai)他(ta)去世后(hou)，后(hou)代以700兩白(bai)銀(yin)賣(mai)給陜甘總督(du)左(zuo)(zuo)宗棠(tang)的(de)幕(mu)僚袁保(bao)恒，袁深知左(zuo)(zuo)宗棠(tang)酷愛文玩(wan)，得寶鼎(ding)后(hou)不敢專美，旋即將(jiang)大盂(yu)鼎(ding)獻給上司以表孝心。左(zuo)(zuo)宗棠(tang)在(zai)發跡前(qian)曾為湖南巡撫駱秉章的(de)幕(mu)僚，理湘省(sheng)全部軍務。雖非顯(xian)貴，也(ye)頗得春風。加之自視極(ji)高，恃才傲物，不免(mian)為人(ren)所陰嫉(ji)。

潘家得寶

咸豐(feng)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（公元1859年(nian)(nian)(nian)），左宗(zong)(zong)(zong)棠被永州(zhou)總兵樊燮(xie)讒言所傷，遭朝廷議罪(zui)。幸得時(shi)(shi)任(ren)(ren)侍讀學士(shi)的潘祖(zu)(zu)(zu)蔭(yin)援手，上奏咸豐(feng)皇帝力保宗(zong)(zong)(zong)棠，且(qie)多(duo)方打點，上下疏通，左才獲(huo)脫免。潘乃當時(shi)(shi)著名的金石收藏大(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)(jia)，左宗(zong)(zong)(zong)棠得大(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)后遂以相贈，以謝當年(nian)(nian)(nian)搭救之恩。此(ci)后，大(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)一直為(wei)潘氏(shi)所珍藏。雖然也時(shi)(shi)而有人覬覦此(ci)鼎(ding)，但(dan)畢竟潘氏(shi)位(wei)高權重(zhong)，足可保全大(da)(da)鼎(ding)無(wu)虞。至(zhi)潘祖(zu)(zu)(zu)蔭(yin)故，其弟潘祖(zu)(zu)(zu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)將大(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)連(lian)同其它珍玩(wan)一起，由水(shui)路從北(bei)京(jing)運(yun)回蘇州(zhou)老家(jia)(jia)(jia)。大(da)(da)鼎(ding)作為(wei)先人故物，睹(du)物思人，彌顯珍貴，堪為(wei)傳家(jia)(jia)(jia)之寶(bao)，不輕示人。光緒之末(mo)，金石大(da)(da)家(jia)(jia)(jia)端(duan)方任(ren)(ren)兩江(jiang)總督。曾一度挖空(kong)心思，想據(ju)大(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)為(wei)己有。均(jun)為(wei)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)所拒。但(dan)端(duan)方之欲始終(zhong)為(wei)潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)所患(huan)。直至(zhi)辛亥年(nian)(nian)(nian)，革命暴(bao)發，端(duan)方被殺。潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)和大(da)(da)鼎(ding)才真(zhen)正逃(tao)過端(duan)方之難。

民國(guo)(guo)初年，曾有美(mei)籍人士(shi)專程來華找(zhao)潘(pan)氏商談求(qiu)讓大(da)(da)鼎(ding)，出(chu)價達數百兩(liang)黃金之巨。但(dan)終(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘(pan)家所回絕(jue)。三(san)十年代中葉(xie)，國(guo)(guo)民黨(dang)當局在蘇州新建一幢大(da)(da)樓(lou)。黨(dang)國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)員忽發奇想(xiang)，要(yao)在大(da)(da)樓(lou)落成后(hou)以(yi)紀念為(wei)(wei)(wei)名辦一展(zhan)覽會，邀(yao)潘(pan)家以(yi)大(da)(da)鼎(ding)參展(zhan)。以(yi)圖(tu)無限期(qi)占(zhan)有大(da)(da)鼎(ding)。然此拙劣伎倆為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘(pan)氏識破(po)，婉言拒絕(jue)了(le)參展(zhan)。

復埋地下

1937年日軍(jun)侵華時，蘇(su)州很(hen)快淪(lun)陷。國將不國，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)命難(nan)(nan)保。此(ci)時，潘(pan)(pan)祖年已(yi)作古。潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)無當戶之人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，皆婦孺。英雄(xiong)出少(shao)年，當此(ci)危難(nan)(nan)之時，潘(pan)(pan)祖蔭的(de)(de)侄孫潘(pan)(pan)承厚、潘(pan)(pan)景鄭等商(shang)定將大鼎(ding)及全(quan)部(bu)珍玩入(ru)土保全(quan)。經反(fan)復(fu)遴(lin)選，決定將寶物藏(zang)(zang)于二進院落的(de)(de)堂屋。這是一間久無人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)居的(de)(de)閑房，積塵(chen)很(hen)厚，不會引(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)注目。主意已(yi)定，潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)苦干兩(liang)天兩(liang)夜才(cai)將全(quan)部(bu)寶物入(ru)藏(zang)(zang)地(di)下(xia)。又(you)將室內(nei)恢復(fu)成原(yuan)樣(yang)。整個過(guo)程(cheng)除潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)外另(ling)有兩(liang)個傭工和一個看門(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)參與其中，均(jun)被反(fan)復(fu)叮囑要(yao)嚴(yan)守秘密。此(ci)后不久，潘(pan)(pan)氏全(quan)家(jia)(jia)即往上海避亂。潘(pan)(pan)宅一時竟成了日軍(jun)搜查的(de)(de)重(zhong)點。經過(guo)反(fan)復(fu)的(de)(de)搜查并(bing)挖地(di)三尺(chi)均(jun)無所見(jian)，日軍(jun)也(ye)只得(de)作罷。日軍(jun)占(zhan)領期間，潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)看門(men)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)曾(ceng)幾次盜掘了若干小件(jian)的(de)(de)珍藏(zang)(zang)，賣給洪姓古董商(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。但(dan)大鼎(ding)過(guo)于沉重(zhong)，無法搬動，得(de)以(yi)幸免。

贈寶于國

光陰荏苒，在歷經十余年戰亂(luan)之(zhi)后(hou)，中國解(jie)放(fang)了。潘(pan)(pan)家后(hou)人(ren)(ren)見人(ren)(ren)民政府極為(wei)重視對(dui)文物(wu)的(de)(de)保(bao)護，認為(wei)只有這樣的(de)(de)政府才可托(tuo)付(fu)先人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)珍藏。全家商議后(hou)，由潘(pan)(pan)祖蔭的(de)(de)孫媳潘(pan)(pan)達于(yu)執筆，于(yu)1951年7月(yue)(yue)6日寫信(xin)給(gei)華東(dong)文化(hua)部(bu)，希望將大盂鼎和大克(ke)鼎捐(juan)獻給(gei)國家。同時也希望將兩件大鼎放(fang)在上(shang)海博(bo)物(wu)館展出。7月(yue)(yue)26日，文管會派專員在潘(pan)(pan)家后(hou)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)陪(pei)同下(xia)赴蘇州，大鼎得以重見天日。為(wei)表彰潘(pan)(pan)達于(yu)的(de)(de)獻寶壯(zhuang)舉，華東(dong)文化(hua)部(bu)于(yu)10月(yue)(yue)9日舉行了隆(long)重的(de)(de)頒(ban)獎儀式。

1952年上海博(bo)物館(guan)落成，大盂(yu)鼎藏(zang)入此(ci)館(guan)。1959年，北京(jing)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)博(bo)物館(guan)（現中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家博(bo)物館(guan)）開館(guan)，上博(bo)以(yi)大盂(yu)鼎等125件館(guan)藏(zang)珍品(pin)支援(yuan)。從(cong)此(ci)大盂(yu)鼎入藏(zang)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家博(bo)物館(guan)。

文(wen)物特征編輯(ji) 播報

器厚立耳，折(zhe)沿，斂口，腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)橫向寬大，壁斜外(wai)張(zhang)、下垂，近足(zu)外(wai)底處(chu)曲率較小，下承三蹄足(zu)。器以云雷紋(wen)為地，頸部(bu)(bu)飾帶狀饕(tao)餮紋(wen)，足(zu)上部(bu)(bu)飾浮雕(diao)式饕(tao)餮紋(wen)，下部(bu)(bu)飾兩周(zhou)凸(tu)弦紋(wen),是西周(zhou)早(zao)期大型、中型鼎(ding)的(de)典型式樣，雄(xiong)偉凝重。

器內(nei)壁鑄銘文19行(xing)291字(zi)，記(ji)述了周康王(wang)二(er)十三年(nian)九月冊命貴族盂(yu)之(zhi)事(shi)。

銘文

原文

隹(zhui)（同唯(wei)，發(fa)語(yu)詞）九月，王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)才(cai)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在）宗周，令(ling)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)命(ming)(ming)，冊命(ming)(ming)之命(ming)(ming)）盂(yu)(yu)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)若曰(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)，不（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)丕pī，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)大）顯（訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)明）玟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)受(shou)天(tian)(tian)有(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)佑(you)，保(bao)(bao)佑(you)）大令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)），在（載，過(guo)去）珷王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)嗣玟乍邦(bang)，【外(wai)門內(nei)(nei)辟(pi)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)辟(pi)，除去）氒（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)厥(jue)，代詞，指(zhi)代殷商）匿（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)慝，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)惡），匍有(you)四(si)(si)方，【田允】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畯，長久）正(zheng)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政）氒（厥(jue)，指(zhi)代四(si)(si)方）民，在【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu)(yu)）【午卩】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)御，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)用(yong)）事，【虘又(you)(you)(you)cuó】（嘆(tan)詞），酉(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酒(jiu)）無敢【左酉(you)右(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)舌右(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酖，樂酒(jiu)之意(yi)），有(you)【左弓(gong)中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)此中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)右(you)弓(gong)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祡，燒柴祭(ji)天(tian)(tian)之祀）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)中(zhong)豆下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)廾】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蒸(zheng)，天(tian)(tian)子冬祭(ji)）祀無敢【酉(you)夒】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擾），古（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故）天(tian)(tian)異(yi)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)翼，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)護）臨（訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)看）子，廢(fei)（訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)大）保(bao)(bao)先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，？（字(zi)(zi)鑄(zhu)壞，疑(yi)為(wei)匍）有(you)四(si)(si)方。我(wo)聞殷述（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)墜，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)喪(sang)）令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)），隹(zhui)（唯(wei)）殷邊(bian)侯田（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甸）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）殷正(zheng)百(bai)(bai)辟(pi)，率肄(yi)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)肆）于(yu)(yu)酉(you)（酒(jiu)），古（故）喪(sang)師（人(ren)民），巳（疑(yi)為(wei)嘆(tan)詞）。女（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汝(ru)(ru)）妹(mei)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)昧）辰（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)晨(chen)）又(you)(you)(you)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)）大服（封官之意(yi)），余(yu)隹(zhui)（唯(wei)）即朕小(xiao)學，女（汝(ru)(ru)）勿（沒(mei)有(you)）克(ke)克(ke)余(yu)乃(nai)(nai)辟(pi)一(yi)人(ren)。今我(wo)隹(zhui)（唯(wei)）即（訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)就）井(jing)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型，效法(fa)）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)宀(mian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)面】于(yu)(yu)玟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)正(zheng)德(de)，若玟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)）二(er)三正(zheng)。今余(yu)隹(zhui)（唯(wei)）令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)）女（汝(ru)(ru)）盂(yu)(yu)，【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)①】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)召，輔(fu)佐(zuo)）【上(shang)(shang)(shang)炏(kai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)乂】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)榮(rong)，周王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)室內(nei)(nei)地位很高的一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)），【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)敬，認可、尊奉）【左隹(zhui)右(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)夂(zhi)右(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)呂】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)護，維(wei)護）德(de)（美(mei)德(de)）巠（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經(jing)，準(zhun)則），敏朝(chao)夕入讕(lan)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)諫(jian)），享奔走，畏(wei)天(tian)(tian)畏(wei)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)威）。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)：“【上(shang)(shang)(shang)二(er)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)巛】（此字(zi)(zi)不識(shi)，疑(yi)為(wei)嘆(tan)詞）！令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)）女（汝(ru)(ru)）盂(yu)(yu)井(jing)（型）乃(nai)(nai)嗣且(qie)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖(zu)）南公(gong)。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)，廼【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)①】（召）夾(jia)死（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尸，訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)主）【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)②】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)司，管(guan)理）戎，敏誎（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勅，治(zhi)理）罰訟，夙(su)夕召我(wo)一(yi)人(ren)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)豆】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)烝）四(si)(si)方，【上(shang)(shang)(shang)雨下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)(yu)】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與）我(wo)其（將要）遹（巡狩）省先王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)受(shou)民受(shou)疆土。易（賞賜）女（汝(ru)(ru)）鬯（chàng）一(yi)卣(you)（yǒu），冂（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裳(shang)），衣(yi)，舄(xi)（xì），車馬。易女（汝(ru)(ru)）且(qie)（祖(zu)）南公(gong)旂（一(yi)種旗子），用(yong)【辶(chuo)(chuo)單】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戰）。易女（汝(ru)(ru)）邦(bang)【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)②】（司）四(si)(si)白(bai)（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伯(bo)）人(ren)鬲，自馭(yu)至于(yu)(yu)庶(shu)人(ren)，六百(bai)(bai)又(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)十又(you)(you)(you)九夫(fu)，易夷【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)②】（司）王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)臣十又(you)(you)(you)三白(bai)（伯(bo)）人(ren)鬲，千又(you)(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)十夫(fu)。【辶(chuo)(chuo)亟】【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)③】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畢）【超(chao)(chao)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)字(zi)(zi)④】（通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遷）自氒（厥(jue)）土。”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰(yue)：“盂(yu)(yu)，若【上(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)勹】（敬）乃(nai)(nai)正(zheng)（長官），勿廢(fei)朕令(ling)（命(ming)(ming)）。”盂(yu)(yu)用(yong)對王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)休(xiu)，用(yong)乍且(qie)（祖(zu)）南公(gong)寶鼎。隹(zhui)（唯(wei)）王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)廿又(you)(you)(you)三祀。

譯文

九月王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)宗周冊(ce)命(ming)(ming)盂(yu)(yu)。王(wang)(wang)這樣說(shuo)(shuo)："偉大(da)英明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)文王(wang)(wang)承(cheng)受了(le)上天(tian)佑助的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)使命(ming)(ming)。到(dao)了(le)武王(wang)(wang)，繼(ji)承(cheng)文王(wang)(wang)建立了(le)周國(guo)。排除了(le)那個奸惡，普遍地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)保有(you)了(le)四方土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，長久地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)治理著百姓。辦事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)舉(ju)(ju)行飲酒(jiu)禮的(de)(de)(de)儀式上，沒(mei)人(ren)敢喝醉，在(zai)(zai)舉(ju)(ju)行柴、烝一(yi)(yi)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)祭祀上也(ye)不敢醉酒(jiu)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)帝以(yi)(yi)(yi)慈愛之心給(gei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)庇護(hu)，大(da)力保佑先(xian)王(wang)(wang)，廣有(you)天(tian)下(xia)。我(wo)聽說(shuo)(shuo)殷朝喪失了(le)上天(tian)所(suo)賜(si)予的(de)(de)(de)大(da)命(ming)(ming)，是因為殷朝從遠方諸(zhu)侯到(dao)朝廷內的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小官員，都經常酗酒(jiu)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)喪失了(le)天(tian)下(xia)。你年幼(you)時(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)繼(ji)承(cheng)了(le)先(xian)輩的(de)(de)(de)顯要(yao)職位，我(wo)曾讓(rang)你就(jiu)(jiu)讀于我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)胄小學，你不能背(bei)離(li)我(wo)，而(er)要(yao)輔佐(zuo)我(wo)。我(wo)要(yao)效法(fa)文王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)政令和德行，猶如文王(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)樣任命(ming)(ming)兩三(san)個執政大(da)臣來任命(ming)(ming)你，你要(yao)恭敬地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)協調綱(gang)紀，勤勉地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)早晚(wan)入諫，進行祭祀，奔(ben)走于王(wang)(wang)事(shi)，敬畏上天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)威嚴。"王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)："命(ming)(ming)你盂(yu)(yu)，一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)效法(fa)你的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)祖南(nan)(nan)公(gong)，"王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)："盂(yu)(yu)，你要(yao)輔助我(wo)主(zhu)管軍隊，勤勉而(er)及時(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)理賞(shang)罰獄訟案件，從早到(dao)晚(wan)都應輔佐(zuo)我(wo)治理四方，協助我(wo)遵行先(xian)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度治民治疆土。賞(shang)賜(si)給(gei)你一(yi)(yi)卣香酒(jiu)、頭巾(jin)、蔽膝、木底(di)鞋、車、馬；賜(si)給(gei)你先(xian)祖南(nan)(nan)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)旗幟，用以(yi)(yi)(yi)巡狩，賜(si)給(gei)你邦國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)官員四名，人(ren)眾自(zi)馭(yu)手至庶人(ren)六百五(wu)十(shi)(shi)九人(ren)；"賜(si)給(gei)你異(yi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)臣十(shi)(shi)三(san)名，夷眾一(yi)(yi)千零五(wu)十(shi)(shi)人(ren)，要(yao)盡量讓(rang)這些人(ren)在(zai)(zai)他們所(suo)耕作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上努力勞動。"王(wang)(wang)說(shuo)(shuo)："盂(yu)(yu)，你要(yao)恭謹地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)對待你的(de)(de)(de)職事(shi)，不得違(wei)抗我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)命(ming)(ming)令。"盂(yu)(yu)頌揚(yang)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)美德，制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)紀念(nian)先(xian)祖南(nan)(nan)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)寶鼎，時(shi)在(zai)(zai)康王(wang)(wang)在(zai)(zai)位第二十(shi)(shi)三(san)年。

要義

銘(ming)文(wen)中，周康王向盂(yu)講述文(wen)王、武(wu)王的(de)立(li)國(guo)經驗，告誡(jie)盂(yu)要效(xiao)法(fa)其祖先，忠心(xin)輔佐王室，并賞賜盂(yu)鬯(chang)、命(ming)服、車馬、邦司(si)、人鬲、庶人等。銘(ming)文(wen)中語(yu)句(ju)“丕顯文(wen)王受天有(you)大命(ming)”體(ti)現(xian)了(le)周人的(de)天命(ming)觀，而另一語(yu)句(ju)“我聞殷(yin)(yin)墜命(ming)，唯殷(yin)(yin)邊侯(hou)甸與(yu)殷(yin)(yin)正(zheng)百辟，率肆于酒，故喪師(shi)矣”，則是周康王告誡(jie)盂(yu)，商(shang)內、外臣僚沉湎于酒，以(yi)致于亡國(guo)，透(tou)露出(chu)周人對(dui)于商(shang)人嗜酒誤國(guo)這(zhe)一前車之鑒的(de)警示。

銘文中“有”、“厥”、“又”等字波磔分(fen)明，得于(yu)用筆過(guo)程中自覺(jue)的提、按意(yi)識。通篇文字布局規整(zheng)，書風凝重。

銘文的內(nei)容(rong)大致可分為(wei)三(san)段(duan)：

第一部分用較多文字說(shuo)明商人縱酒是周(zhou)興起和商滅亡的(de)原因(yin)，贊揚了(le)周(zhou)代文武二王(wang)(wang)的(de)盛德。表示康王(wang)(wang)（武王(wang)(wang)的(de)孫子）自己要以文王(wang)(wang)為典范(fan)，告誡盂也要以祖(zu)父南公作榜樣。

第二部分(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)是康王命盂幫助他掌管軍事和統治人(ren)民，并且賞賜給(gei)盂香酒、禮服、車馬、儀仗(zhang)和奴隸1726個(ge)，并叮(ding)囑盂要(yao)恭(gong)敬辦政，莫違王命。

第三(san)部(bu)分說明盂(yu)作(zuo)此寶鼎以祭(ji)祀其祖父南公 。

文物意義

珍貴史料

銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)載(zai)康王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)向(xiang)盂(yu)(yu)敘述周(zhou)文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、周(zhou)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的立國(guo)(guo)經驗。認(ren)為文(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)得(de)以卓越的業績立國(guo)(guo)，主(zhu)要是由于其臣屬從不酗酒(jiu)，每逢祭(ji)祀，認(ren)真(zhen)、恭敬(jing)，而商王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的亡國(guo)(guo)教訓就在于沉迷于酒(jiu)。由此(ci)告誡盂(yu)(yu)要效法(fa)祖先，忠(zhong)心(xin)輔佐王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)室(shi)，并賜盂(yu)(yu)命服、車馬、酒(jiu)與邦司、人鬲等。盂(yu)(yu)在銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)中說明作此(ci)鼎(ding)也(ye)是為了祭(ji)祀其祖父南公(gong)。大盂(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)是史(shi)家研究周(zhou)代分封制和(he)周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與臣屬關系的重要史(shi)料，一向(xiang)為史(shi)學家所重視(shi)。

大(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎造型(xing)雄渾，工藝精湛。其(qi)(qi)內壁鑄(zhu)有(you)(you)銘文19行，為研(yan)究西周(zhou)奴隸制(zhi)度(du)的(de)重要史料。大(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎內壁有(you)(you)銘文二百九十一字(zi)，其(qi)(qi)內容為：周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)告誡盂(yu)(yu)(yu)（人名），殷代(dai)(dai)以酗酒而亡，周(zhou)代(dai)(dai)則忌酒而興，命盂(yu)(yu)(yu)一定(ding)要盡力地輔(fu)佐他，敬承文王(wang)(wang)，武王(wang)(wang)的(de)德政。其(qi)(qi)書(shu)法體勢嚴(yan)(yan)謹，字(zi)形，布局都十分質樸平實，用(yong)筆方圓兼(jian)備，具有(you)(you)端(duan)嚴(yan)(yan)凝重的(de)藝術效果。開《張(zhang)遷碑》、《龍門造像》之先河。以書(shu)法成就而言，大(da)盂(yu)(yu)(yu)鼎在成康時代(dai)(dai)當(dang)據首(shou)位，是西周(zhou)早期(qi)金文書(shu)法的(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)作。

金文書法

大(da)盂鼎銘文雖屬(shu)西周(zhou)(zhou)早期金(jin)文，但書法(fa)體勢嚴(yan)謹，結(jie)字(zi)、章法(fa)都十分質樸平實，用筆方(fang)圓(yuan)兼備(bei)、端嚴(yan)凝重(zhong)，雄壯而(er)不失秀(xiu)美，布局整飭中(zhong)又見靈動，并(bing)達到了(le)十分精美的(de)程度，是西周(zhou)(zhou)前期金(jin)文的(de)代表作，加之(zhi)器形巨大(da)，造(zao)型端莊堂(tang)皇、渾(hun)厚雄偉，故作品更(geng)呈現(xian)出一(yi)種磅礴氣勢和恢弘(hong)的(de)格(ge)局，從而(er)為(wei)世(shi)人所矚目。

重要展覽

2021年9月(yue)，“禮和(he)萬方--商周(zhou)青銅鼎(ding)特展”。