大(da)盂鼎(ding),清道光年間(公元(yuan)1849年)出(chu)(chu)土于陜西郿縣禮村(cun)(今(jin)寶雞眉(mei)縣常興鎮楊(yang)家(jia)村(cun)一組,即李家(jia)村(cun)),出(chu)(chu)土后便被販賣至文物市場。它(ta)是西周早期青銅禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)重器(qi)(qi)(qi),因作器(qi)(qi)(qi)者是康王(wang)時大(da)臣(chen)名盂者而得名,與之(zhi)同出(chu)(chu)的(de)小(xiao)盂鼎(ding)已(yi)佚。
清朝道光(guang)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)岐山(shan)(shan)首(shou)富宋(song)(song)金鑒把銅鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)買(mai)下,因(yin)為器形巨大,十分引人矚目(mu),鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)很(hen)快被岐山(shan)(shan)縣令周(zhou)庚盛占有,他(ta)把鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)轉賣到北京的(de)古(gu)董商(shang)人。宋(song)(song)金鑒在考中翰林后(hou)(hou)出價3000兩白銀(yin)(yin)又購得了寶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding),在他(ta)去世后(hou)(hou),后(hou)(hou)代(dai)以700兩白銀(yin)(yin)賣給陜甘總督左(zuo)(zuo)宗(zong)棠的(de)幕僚袁保恒,袁深知左(zuo)(zuo)宗(zong)棠酷愛文玩(wan),得寶鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)后(hou)(hou)不敢專美,旋即將大盂鼎(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)獻給上司以表(biao)孝心。左(zuo)(zuo)宗(zong)棠在發跡前曾為湖(hu)南巡撫駱秉章(zhang)的(de)幕僚,理湘省全部軍務。雖非顯貴,也頗得春風。加之自(zi)視極高(gao),恃才傲物,不免為人所陰嫉。
咸豐(feng)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(公元1859年(nian)(nian)),左宗(zong)棠(tang)被(bei)永州總兵樊燮讒言(yan)所(suo)傷,遭朝廷議罪。幸(xing)得(de)時(shi)任侍讀學士的潘(pan)(pan)祖蔭援手,上奏(zou)咸豐(feng)皇帝力(li)保(bao)宗(zong)棠(tang),且(qie)多方(fang)打點,上下疏通,左才(cai)獲脫免。潘(pan)(pan)乃當時(shi)著名的金石(shi)收藏(zang)大(da)(da)(da)家(jia),左宗(zong)棠(tang)得(de)大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)后遂以相(xiang)贈,以謝當年(nian)(nian)搭救之(zhi)(zhi)恩。此后,大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)為潘(pan)(pan)氏所(suo)珍(zhen)(zhen)藏(zang)。雖(sui)然也時(shi)而有人(ren)(ren)覬覦此鼎(ding),但畢竟(jing)潘(pan)(pan)氏位高(gao)權(quan)重(zhong),足可保(bao)全大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)無虞(yu)。至(zhi)潘(pan)(pan)祖蔭故,其弟潘(pan)(pan)祖年(nian)(nian)將大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)連同(tong)其它珍(zhen)(zhen)玩一(yi)(yi)起(qi),由水路從北京運回(hui)蘇州老家(jia)。大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)作為先人(ren)(ren)故物,睹物思人(ren)(ren),彌(mi)顯(xian)珍(zhen)(zhen)貴,堪為傳家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)寶,不輕示人(ren)(ren)。光(guang)緒(xu)之(zhi)(zhi)末,金石(shi)大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)端(duan)方(fang)任兩江總督。曾一(yi)(yi)度挖(wa)空(kong)心思,想據(ju)大(da)(da)(da)盂(yu)鼎(ding)為己有。均為祖年(nian)(nian)所(suo)拒。但端(duan)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)欲始終為潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)所(suo)患。直(zhi)至(zhi)辛亥年(nian)(nian),革(ge)命(ming)暴發,端(duan)方(fang)被(bei)殺。潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)和(he)大(da)(da)(da)鼎(ding)才(cai)真(zhen)正逃過端(duan)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)難。
民國初年(nian)(nian),曾有美(mei)籍人士專程來華找(zhao)潘氏商談求讓大(da)鼎(ding)(ding),出價(jia)達(da)數百兩黃金之巨。但終為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘家所(suo)回(hui)絕。三十年(nian)(nian)代中葉,國民黨當局在(zai)蘇州新建(jian)一幢(chuang)大(da)樓(lou)。黨國大(da)員忽發奇想,要在(zai)大(da)樓(lou)落成后以紀念為(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)辦(ban)一展(zhan)覽(lan)會,邀(yao)潘家以大(da)鼎(ding)(ding)參展(zhan)。以圖無(wu)限(xian)期占有大(da)鼎(ding)(ding)。然此拙劣伎倆為(wei)(wei)(wei)潘氏識(shi)破,婉言拒絕了參展(zhan)。
1937年日(ri)軍侵(qin)華時(shi)(shi)(shi),蘇州很快(kuai)淪陷(xian)。國(guo)將(jiang)不國(guo),人(ren)(ren)(ren)命難(nan)保。此時(shi)(shi)(shi),潘(pan)祖年已作(zuo)古。潘(pan)家(jia)無當(dang)戶之人(ren)(ren)(ren),皆婦孺。英雄出少年,當(dang)此危難(nan)之時(shi)(shi)(shi),潘(pan)祖蔭的(de)侄孫潘(pan)承厚、潘(pan)景(jing)鄭(zheng)等商定將(jiang)大鼎(ding)及全部(bu)珍(zhen)玩入土(tu)保全。經反復(fu)遴選,決定將(jiang)寶物藏于(yu)二進院落(luo)的(de)堂屋。這是一間久(jiu)無人(ren)(ren)(ren)居的(de)閑房,積塵很厚,不會引(yin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)注目。主意已定,潘(pan)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)苦(ku)干兩天兩夜才將(jiang)全部(bu)寶物入藏地(di)下。又將(jiang)室內恢復(fu)成(cheng)原樣。整個過(guo)程除(chu)潘(pan)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)外另有(you)兩個傭工和一個看門人(ren)(ren)(ren)參與其中,均被反復(fu)叮囑要嚴守秘密。此后不久(jiu),潘(pan)氏(shi)全家(jia)即往上海(hai)避亂。潘(pan)宅一時(shi)(shi)(shi)竟成(cheng)了日(ri)軍搜查(cha)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)點。經過(guo)反復(fu)的(de)搜查(cha)并(bing)挖地(di)三尺均無所(suo)見,日(ri)軍也只得作(zuo)罷(ba)。日(ri)軍占領(ling)期間,潘(pan)家(jia)的(de)看門人(ren)(ren)(ren)曾幾次盜掘了若(ruo)干小件的(de)珍(zhen)藏,賣給洪姓古董商人(ren)(ren)(ren)。但大鼎(ding)過(guo)于(yu)沉重(zhong)(zhong),無法(fa)搬動,得以(yi)幸免。
光陰(yin)荏苒,在(zai)歷經十(shi)余年戰亂之(zhi)后(hou),中國解放了。潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)后(hou)人(ren)見人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)極為重視對文(wen)物的(de)(de)保(bao)護,認為只有這樣的(de)(de)政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)才(cai)可托付先人(ren)的(de)(de)珍藏。全家(jia)(jia)商議(yi)后(hou),由潘(pan)祖(zu)蔭的(de)(de)孫媳(xi)潘(pan)達于(yu)(yu)執筆,于(yu)(yu)1951年7月6日寫信(xin)給華東(dong)文(wen)化(hua)部,希(xi)望將大(da)盂鼎(ding)和大(da)克鼎(ding)捐(juan)獻給國家(jia)(jia)。同時(shi)也希(xi)望將兩件大(da)鼎(ding)放在(zai)上海博物館展出。7月26日,文(wen)管會(hui)派專員(yuan)在(zai)潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)后(hou)人(ren)的(de)(de)陪同下赴(fu)蘇州(zhou),大(da)鼎(ding)得以重見天日。為表彰潘(pan)達于(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)獻寶壯舉,華東(dong)文(wen)化(hua)部于(yu)(yu)10月9日舉行了隆重的(de)(de)頒獎儀式。
1952年(nian)上(shang)海博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)落成,大(da)盂鼎(ding)藏入(ru)此(ci)(ci)館(guan)(guan)。1959年(nian),北京中(zhong)國歷史博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)(現(xian)中(zhong)國國家(jia)博物(wu)館(guan)(guan))開(kai)館(guan)(guan),上(shang)博以大(da)盂鼎(ding)等125件館(guan)(guan)藏珍品支援。從此(ci)(ci)大(da)盂鼎(ding)入(ru)藏中(zhong)國國家(jia)博物(wu)館(guan)(guan)。
文物特征編輯 播報
器(qi)厚立耳(er),折(zhe)沿(yan),斂口,腹(fu)部橫向寬大,壁(bi)斜外張、下垂,近足(zu)(zu)外底處曲率較小,下承三蹄(ti)足(zu)(zu)。器(qi)以(yi)云雷紋為地,頸部飾帶(dai)狀饕餮紋,足(zu)(zu)上(shang)部飾浮雕式(shi)饕餮紋,下部飾兩周凸弦(xian)紋,是(shi)西周早期大型(xing)、中型(xing)鼎的典型(xing)式(shi)樣,雄(xiong)偉(wei)凝重。
器內壁鑄銘文19行291字(zi),記述(shu)了周(zhou)康王二(er)十三年九月冊(ce)命(ming)貴族盂之事。
隹(zhui)(同(tong)唯(wei)(wei),發語(yu)詞(ci))九月,王(wang)(wang)才(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在)宗(zong)周,令(ling)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)命(ming)(ming)(ming),冊命(ming)(ming)(ming)之命(ming)(ming)(ming))盂。王(wang)(wang)若曰:“盂,不(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)丕pī,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大)顯(訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)明)玟王(wang)(wang)受(shou)(shou)天(tian)有(you)(you)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)佑,保(bao)佑)大令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming)),在(載,過去)珷王(wang)(wang)嗣玟乍邦(bang),【外(wai)門內(nei)辟(pi)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)辟(pi),除去)氒(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)厥(jue),代(dai)詞(ci),指(zhi)(zhi)代(dai)殷(yin)商)匿(ni)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)慝,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)惡),匍(pu)有(you)(you)四方,【田(tian)允】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畯,長久)正(zheng)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)政)氒(厥(jue),指(zhi)(zhi)代(dai)四方)民(min),在【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)于(yu))【午卩】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)御(yu),訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong))事,【虘又(you)cuó】(嘆(tan)詞(ci)),酉(you)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酒)無敢(gan)【左(zuo)酉(you)右上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)舌(she)右下(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)酖,樂(le)酒之意(yi)),有(you)(you)【左(zuo)弓(gong)中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)此中(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)火(huo)右弓(gong)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祡(chai),燒柴祭(ji)天(tian)之祀)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)中(zhong)豆下(xia)(xia)(xia)廾】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)蒸,天(tian)子冬(dong)祭(ji))祀無敢(gan)【酉(you)夒】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擾),古(gu)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)故)天(tian)異(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)翼,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu))臨(lin)(訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)看)子,廢(fei)(訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大)保(bao)先王(wang)(wang),?(字(zi)鑄壞(huai),疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)匍(pu))有(you)(you)四方。我聞殷(yin)述(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)墜,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)喪)令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming)),隹(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))殷(yin)邊侯田(tian)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)甸(dian))【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與)殷(yin)正(zheng)百辟(pi),率肄(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)肆(si))于(yu)酉(you)(酒),古(gu)(故)喪師(人(ren)民(min)),巳(疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞(ci))。女(nv)(nv)(nv)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)汝(ru))妹(mei)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)昧)辰(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)晨)又(you)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you))大服(fu)(封官(guan)之意(yi)),余(yu)隹(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))即朕小學,女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))勿(沒有(you)(you))克(ke)克(ke)余(yu)乃辟(pi)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)。今我隹(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))即(訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)就)井(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型,效法)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)宀(mian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)面】于(yu)玟王(wang)(wang)正(zheng)德,若玟王(wang)(wang)令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming))二三正(zheng)。今余(yu)隹(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming))女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))盂,【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)①】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)召,輔佐(zuo))【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)炏下(xia)(xia)(xia)乂(yi)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)榮,周王(wang)(wang)室內(nei)地位很高的一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)),【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)勹(bao)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)敬,認可、尊奉)【左(zuo)隹(zhui)右上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)夂右下(xia)(xia)(xia)呂(lv)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)護(hu)(hu),維護(hu)(hu))德(美德)巠(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)經,準則),敏(min)(min)朝夕(xi)入讕(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)諫(jian)),享(xiang)奔(ben)走,畏(wei)天(tian)畏(wei)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)威)。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)二下(xia)(xia)(xia)巛】(此字(zi)不識,疑為(wei)(wei)(wei)嘆(tan)詞(ci))!令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming))女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))盂井(型)乃嗣且(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)祖(zu)(zu))南(nan)(nan)公(gong)(gong)。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“盂,廼(nai)【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)①】(召)夾死(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)尸,訓(xun)(xun)(xun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主)【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)②】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)司,管理(li))戎,敏(min)(min)誎(su)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)勅,治理(li))罰(fa)訟,夙夕(xi)召我一(yi)(yi)人(ren)【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)米(mi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)豆】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)烝)四方,【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)雨(yu)(yu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與)我其(qi)(將要(yao))遹(巡狩)省先王(wang)(wang)受(shou)(shou)民(min)受(shou)(shou)疆土。易(yi)(賞賜)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))鬯(chang)(chàng)一(yi)(yi)卣(yǒu),冂(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)裳),衣(yi),舄(xì),車馬。易(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))且(祖(zu)(zu))南(nan)(nan)公(gong)(gong)旂(一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)旗子),用(yong)【辶(chuo)單】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戰)。易(yi)女(nv)(nv)(nv)(汝(ru))邦(bang)【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)②】(司)四白(bai)(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)伯)人(ren)鬲(li),自馭(yu)至于(yu)庶人(ren),六(liu)百又(you)五十(shi)又(you)九夫(fu),易(yi)夷【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)②】(司)王(wang)(wang)臣十(shi)又(you)三白(bai)(伯)人(ren)鬲(li),千(qian)又(you)五十(shi)夫(fu)。【辶(chuo)亟】【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)③】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)畢)【超(chao)復雜(za)字(zi)④】(通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)遷(qian))自氒(厥(jue))土。”王(wang)(wang)曰:“盂,若【上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)卄(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)勹(bao)】(敬)乃正(zheng)(長官(guan)),勿廢(fei)朕令(ling)(命(ming)(ming)(ming))。”盂用(yong)對王(wang)(wang)休,用(yong)乍且(祖(zu)(zu))南(nan)(nan)公(gong)(gong)寶鼎(ding)。隹(zhui)(唯(wei)(wei))王(wang)(wang)廿又(you)三祀。
九月王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)宗周(zhou)冊(ce)命盂。王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)這(zhe)樣說:"偉大(da)英明的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)承受了上(shang)天佑助的(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)使命。到了武王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),繼(ji)(ji)承文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)建立(li)了周(zhou)國。排(pai)除(chu)了那個奸(jian)惡,普(pu)遍地(di)(di)保(bao)有(you)了四(si)方(fang)土地(di)(di),長久地(di)(di)治理著百(bai)姓。辦事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)在(zai)舉行(xing)飲酒禮的(de)(de)(de)(de)儀式上(shang),沒人(ren)敢喝醉(zui),在(zai)舉行(xing)柴、烝一類的(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀上(shang)也不敢醉(zui)酒。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)天帝以(yi)慈愛之心給以(yi)庇護,大(da)力(li)保(bao)佑先(xian)(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),廣有(you)天下。我(wo)(wo)(wo)聽說殷(yin)(yin)朝喪失(shi)了上(shang)天所(suo)(suo)賜(si)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)命,是因為殷(yin)(yin)朝從遠方(fang)諸侯到朝廷(ting)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)官(guan)員(yuan),都經常酗酒,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)喪失(shi)了天下。你(ni)年幼(you)時(shi)就繼(ji)(ji)承了先(xian)(xian)輩(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顯要(yao)(yao)職(zhi)位,我(wo)(wo)(wo)曾(ceng)讓你(ni)就讀(du)于我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)胄(zhou)小(xiao)學(xue),你(ni)不能背(bei)離我(wo)(wo)(wo),而要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)佐我(wo)(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)要(yao)(yao)效法(fa)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政令和德行(xing),猶如文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一樣任(ren)命兩三(san)個執政大(da)臣來任(ren)命你(ni),你(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭(gong)(gong)敬地(di)(di)協(xie)調綱紀,勤(qin)勉地(di)(di)早(zao)晚入(ru)諫,進行(xing)祭祀,奔走于王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi),敬畏上(shang)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)威嚴。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說:"命你(ni)盂,一定要(yao)(yao)效法(fa)你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公,"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說:"盂,你(ni)要(yao)(yao)輔(fu)助我(wo)(wo)(wo)主管軍隊,勤(qin)勉而及時(shi)地(di)(di)處理賞罰獄訟案件,從早(zao)到晚都應輔(fu)佐我(wo)(wo)(wo)治理四(si)方(fang),協(xie)助我(wo)(wo)(wo)遵行(xing)先(xian)(xian)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度治民(min)治疆土。賞賜(si)給你(ni)一卣香酒、頭巾、蔽膝、木底鞋、車、馬;賜(si)給你(ni)先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公的(de)(de)(de)(de)旗幟(zhi),用以(yi)巡狩,賜(si)給你(ni)邦國的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員(yuan)四(si)名(ming),人(ren)眾自馭手至庶人(ren)六百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)九人(ren);"賜(si)給你(ni)異(yi)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)臣十(shi)(shi)三(san)名(ming),夷眾一千零五十(shi)(shi)人(ren),要(yao)(yao)盡量讓這(zhe)些(xie)人(ren)在(zai)他們所(suo)(suo)耕(geng)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)上(shang)努力(li)勞動。"王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)說:"盂,你(ni)要(yao)(yao)恭(gong)(gong)謹地(di)(di)對待(dai)你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)事(shi),不得(de)違抗(kang)我(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命令。"盂頌揚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美德,制作(zuo)了紀念先(xian)(xian)祖(zu)南公的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶鼎,時(shi)在(zai)康王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)位第(di)二十(shi)(shi)三(san)年。
銘文中,周(zhou)(zhou)康王向盂(yu)講述文王、武王的立國經驗,告誡盂(yu)要效法其祖先,忠(zhong)心輔佐(zuo)王室,并(bing)賞賜(si)盂(yu)鬯、命(ming)(ming)服(fu)、車(che)馬、邦司、人鬲、庶人等。銘文中語句(ju)“丕顯文王受(shou)天有大命(ming)(ming)”體現了(le)周(zhou)(zhou)人的天命(ming)(ming)觀,而另(ling)一語句(ju)“我聞殷墜命(ming)(ming),唯殷邊侯甸與殷正百辟,率肆于酒,故喪師矣(yi)”,則是(shi)周(zhou)(zhou)康王告誡盂(yu),商內、外臣僚(liao)沉湎于酒,以致于亡國,透露出周(zhou)(zhou)人對(dui)于商人嗜酒誤(wu)國這一前車(che)之鑒的警(jing)示。
銘文(wen)中“有(you)”、“厥(jue)”、“又”等(deng)字波磔(zhe)分明,得于(yu)用筆過程中自覺的(de)提、按意識。通篇文(wen)字布局規整,書風凝重。
銘(ming)文的內容大致可分(fen)為三(san)段:
第一部(bu)分用較多文字說明商(shang)人縱(zong)酒是周興起和(he)商(shang)滅亡的(de)原因(yin),贊揚(yang)了(le)周代文武二王的(de)盛德。表示(shi)康王(武王的(de)孫子)自己要(yao)以文王為(wei)典范(fan),告誡盂也要(yao)以祖父南公作榜(bang)樣。
第二部分主要是(shi)康(kang)王(wang)命(ming)(ming)盂幫助他掌(zhang)管軍事和統治人(ren)民,并(bing)且賞(shang)賜給盂香酒、禮服、車馬、儀仗(zhang)和奴隸1726個,并(bing)叮囑盂要恭(gong)敬辦政(zheng),莫(mo)違王(wang)命(ming)(ming)。
第三部分說明盂作此寶鼎以(yi)祭(ji)祀其祖父南公 。
銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)載康王(wang)(wang)向盂敘(xu)述(shu)周(zhou)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)、周(zhou)武(wu)王(wang)(wang)的立(li)(li)國(guo)經驗。認為文(wen)(wen)王(wang)(wang)、武(wu)王(wang)(wang)得以卓越的業績(ji)立(li)(li)國(guo),主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)(yu)其臣屬從(cong)不酗酒,每逢祭祀,認真(zhen)、恭(gong)敬,而商王(wang)(wang)的亡國(guo)教訓就在于(yu)(yu)(yu)沉(chen)迷(mi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)酒。由此(ci)告誡盂要(yao)(yao)效法祖先,忠心輔(fu)佐王(wang)(wang)室,并賜盂命服、車馬、酒與(yu)邦司(si)、人鬲(li)等。盂在銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)中說明(ming)作此(ci)鼎也是(shi)(shi)為了祭祀其祖父南公。大(da)盂鼎銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)是(shi)(shi)史家(jia)研究(jiu)周(zhou)代分封制(zhi)和(he)周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)與(yu)臣屬關系的重要(yao)(yao)史料,一向為史學家(jia)所重視。
大盂鼎(ding)(ding)造(zao)型雄(xiong)渾,工(gong)藝精湛(zhan)。其(qi)內(nei)壁鑄有(you)銘文19行,為研究西周奴隸制度的(de)重(zhong)要史料。大盂鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)壁有(you)銘文二百九十(shi)一字,其(qi)內(nei)容為:周王(wang)(wang)告誡盂(人(ren)名),殷代(dai)(dai)以酗(xu)酒而亡(wang),周代(dai)(dai)則(ze)忌酒而興(xing),命盂一定要盡力地(di)輔(fu)佐他,敬承(cheng)文王(wang)(wang),武王(wang)(wang)的(de)德(de)政。其(qi)書(shu)法體勢(shi)嚴謹,字形,布局都十(shi)分質樸平實(shi),用筆方圓(yuan)兼備,具有(you)端(duan)嚴凝重(zhong)的(de)藝術效果。開《張遷碑》、《龍門(men)造(zao)像》之先河。以書(shu)法成就而言(yan),大盂鼎(ding)(ding)在成康時代(dai)(dai)當據首位,是西周早期金文書(shu)法的(de)代(dai)(dai)表作。
大(da)盂鼎(ding)銘文(wen)(wen)雖(sui)屬(shu)西周早(zao)期金(jin)文(wen)(wen),但書法體勢(shi)嚴謹,結字、章法都十(shi)分質樸(pu)平(ping)實,用筆方(fang)圓兼(jian)備、端(duan)(duan)嚴凝重,雄(xiong)壯而(er)不失(shi)秀美,布(bu)局整飭中(zhong)又見靈(ling)動,并達(da)到了十(shi)分精美的程度(du),是西周前期金(jin)文(wen)(wen)的代表作,加之(zhi)器形巨大(da),造(zao)型端(duan)(duan)莊(zhuang)堂皇、渾厚雄(xiong)偉,故作品(pin)更呈現(xian)出一種磅礴氣(qi)勢(shi)和恢(hui)弘的格局,從而(er)為(wei)世人(ren)所(suo)矚(zhu)目。
2021年9月,“禮(li)和萬方--商周青銅(tong)鼎特展(zhan)”。