春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)仁為姜科植(zhi)物陽春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(Amomum villosum Lour.)的果實。陽春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)為半遮蔭(yin)植(zhi)物。陽春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)簡(jian)稱(cheng)春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha),廣東省陽春市(shi)特產。以(yi)花及(ji)果實入(ru)藥。春砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)仁還可(ke)以(yi)作為菜的佐料,可(ke)以(yi)提高其營(ying)養價值(zhi)。
形態特征
多年生常綠草本,高達1.5m。地上莖直立,無(wu)分枝。葉排(pai)為2列,無(wu)柄, 有(you)特殊氣味;葉片窄長圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)條狀披針形(xing),長14~40cm,寬2~5cm,全緣,羽狀平行脈;葉鞘抱莖,葉端芒尖(jian)。穗狀花(hua)(hua)序成疏松(song)的球形(xing),具(ju)花(hua)(hua)8~12朵;花(hua)(hua)萼(e)筒(tong)狀,先(xian)端3淺裂,花(hua)(hua)冠管細長,先(xian)端3裂,白(bai)色/蒴(shuo)果(guo)(guo)橢圓(yuan)形(xing),成熟時(shi)紅(hong)棕色,有(you)肉刺。種子多數,芳(fang)香(xiang)。花(hua)(hua)期3~6月(yue),果(guo)(guo)期6~9月(yue)。7~8月(yue)間果(guo)(guo)實成熟時(shi)采(cai)收,低溫烘(hong)干。臨用時(shi)取種子搗碎;果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)亦(yi)入藥。
生長環境
春砂仁生于山(shan)谷林下(xia)陰(yin)濕地(di)。選擇土壤(rang)肥沃、有水源的(de)闊葉常綠林地(di)或(huo)排灌方便的(de)山(shan)谷、山(shan)坡、平地(di)種植(zhi)。種前要懇(ken)荒(huang)、整地(di)、起畦,沒有遮蔭樹的(de)地(di)要植(zhi)樹或(huo)搭棚。生于氣候溫暖、潮濕、富(fu)含腐(fu)殖質的(de)山(shan)溝林下(xia)陰(yin)濕處(chu)。
分布范圍
主要分布于中(zhong)國廣(guang)東(dong)陽春(chun)。
加工方法
采回的(de)果(guo)實(shi),可直接曬干,也可用(yong)火(huo)焙(bei)干。火(huo)焙(bei)法是用(yong)磚砌成(cheng)長4尺,寬3尺的(de)爐灶,三面密(mi)封(feng),前面留個火(huo)口,灶內25尺高處橫架木條,上面放(fang)竹席(xi)(xi),每(mei)席(xi)(xi)放(fang)鮮(xian)果(guo)150-200斤(jin),面上用(yong)草席(xi)(xi)蓋好封(feng)閉,用(yong)木炭或谷殼加溫,每(mei)小時(shi)翻動一次(ci),5-7天后取出果(guo)實(shi),放(fang)在木桶或麻袋里壓實(shi),使(shi)果(guo)皮和(he)種子緊貼,再用(yong)文(wen)火(huo)慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)焙(bei)干即成(cheng)。果(guo)實(shi)焙(bei)干率(lv)為20-25%。
正宗產地(di)(di)在陽春市春城(cheng)街道蟠龍村委(wei)會。金(jin)花(hua)坑配(pei)(pei)(pei)蔻仁,宣通三焦氣(qi)(qi)機,芳(fang)香(xiang)化濁,醒(xing)脾(pi)和胃(wei),行氣(qi)(qi)止痛,俱能治(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)濁內蘊(yun),胃(wei)呆納少(shao),氣(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)胸(xiong)悶(men),脘(wan)腹(fu)脹痛,反胃(wei)嘔吐(tu)等(deng)癥(zheng)。配(pei)(pei)(pei)青陳皮,理氣(qi)(qi)止瀉,治(zhi)(zhi)脾(pi)胃(wei)氣(qi)(qi)滯(zhi),胸(xiong)腹(fu)脹滿,消化不(bu)良,濕(shi)阻脾(pi)胃(wei)之泄瀉,痢疾。配(pei)(pei)(pei)佩(pei)蘭(lan),芳(fang)香(xiang)悅(yue)脾(pi),可(ke)用治(zhi)(zhi)濕(shi)阻氣(qi)(qi)郁,惡心嘔吐(tu),食欲不(bu)振,胸(xiong)腹(fu)脹滿,治(zhi)(zhi)胎動不(bu)安等(deng)證。配(pei)(pei)(pei)冬葵,行氣(qi)(qi)下乳,可(ke)治(zhi)(zhi)乳少(shao)氣(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)脹滿疼痛等(deng)證。配(pei)(pei)(pei)熟(shu)地(di)(di),砂仁既免除(chu)熟(shu)地(di)(di)滋膩(ni)礙胃(wei)之弊,又可(ke)引熟(shu)地(di)(di)歸腎。配(pei)(pei)(pei)黃(huang)芩(qin),寒溫相合,氣(qi)(qi)血(xue)配(pei)(pei)(pei)對,用于胎熱(re)上沖(chong)所致的胎動不(bu)安。配(pei)(pei)(pei)木香(xiang),用治(zhi)(zhi)脘(wan)腹(fu)氣(qi)(qi)滯(zhi)脹痛,消化不(bu)良,加強(qiang)行氣(qi)(qi)止痛之功(gong)。
歷史記載
春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)歷史悠久,早在兩千多年的(de)(de)宋(song)代出版的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)學著(zhu)作(zuo)《開寶本草(cao)》中(zhong)(zhong)就首次記(ji)載了春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物功效(xiao),云(yun)其可開胃醒酒(jiu)(jiu)食,安胎(tai)治惡阻,行(xing)氣止痛,和中(zhong)(zhong)止痢。金元(yuan)時期醫家(jia)李東垣稱(cheng)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)為(wei)化酒(jiu)(jiu)食之(zhi)妙劑,因其辛(xin)溫行(xing)氣而使酒(jiu)(jiu)食隨之(zhi)而化。明代萬(wan)歷年間(jian)的(de)(de)《藥(yao)(yao)鑒(jian)》稱(cheng)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)為(wei)安胎(tai)之(zhi)妙品。后世(shi)的(de)(de)各類醫藥(yao)(yao)方書中(zhong)(zhong)均有(you)記(ji)載,把本品作(zuo)為(wei)健胃行(xing)氣,和中(zhong)(zhong)安胎(tai),燥濕止瀉的(de)(de)要藥(yao)(yao)。近(jin)代醫家(jia)焦樹德(de)更發前人所未發,在他的(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)《用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)心得十講》中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)與肉桂有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),指出“引火歸元(yuan)時用(yong)肉桂,引氣歸腎時用(yong)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren),用(yong)來治腎不納氣的(de)(de)咳喘氣促。大大豐(feng)富了春(chun)(chun)(chun)砂(sha)(sha)仁(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)應用(yong)范圍(wei)