廣東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)市清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣特(te)產烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e),其肉質鮮美,體(ti)質結(jie)實,體(ti)形適(shi)中,骨骼小(xiao),肉嫩而(er)多汁。清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)特(te)產的純種烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)被列為廣東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)四大(da)名優鵝(e)(e)(e)種之一。清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)又(you)稱(cheng)黑鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e),屬小(xiao)型鵝(e)(e)(e)種,因其頸(jing)至背(bei)鬃(zong)毛有一明顯黑色羽毛帶,故稱(cheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e);是珠(zhu)三(san)角及港(gang)澳地區烹飪燒鵝(e)(e)(e)的上乘原料,故深受歡迎并(bing)久負盛名。早在20世紀(ji)50年(nian)代前,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)就(jiu)享譽海內外,是出口港(gang)澳和東(dong)(dong)南亞的主要鵝(e)(e)(e)種。
生長環境
清遠(yuan)河(he)流眾(zhong)(zhong)多,水資源豐富,水草繁(fan)茂,土地肥沃,適宜養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)業,故當地農民有養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)的(de)習慣。據《清遠(yuan)縣志(zhi)》記載(zai),自宋(song)代起(qi)烏鬃鵝(e)就為當地群眾(zhong)(zhong)飼養(yang)(yang),鵝(e)在清遠(yuan)人(ren)生活中占(zhan)有極(ji)其重要(yao)的(de)位(wei)置,特(te)別是(shi)逢年(nian)過(guo)節,喜慶筵席必備鵝(e),使養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)、吃鵝(e)的(de)傳統得(de)以(yi)代代相傳。
清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠氣候溫和,日照長(chang)(chang)而強烈。由于(yu)氣候的(de)(de)(de)炎熱,使得清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)多在(zai)水(shui)面(mian)活動,多吃(chi)水(shui)草(cao),長(chang)(chang)肉緩(huan)慢,體(ti)型(xing)偏小。宜在(zai)地(di)(di)勢高(gao)燥、背風向(xiang)陽的(de)(de)(de)平坦(tan)或(huo)緩(huan)坡地(di)(di)帶飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)。土質則(ze)以(yi)透水(shui)性好的(de)(de)(de)沙(sha)壤為宜。在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)新縣,當地(di)(di)群眾采用放(fang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)及投喂(wei)以(yi)當地(di)(di)苦(ku)麥菜為主的(de)(de)(de)青粗料飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan),同時,烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)喜(xi)歡(huan)吃(chi)當地(di)(di)河堤遍布的(de)(de)(de)連根草(cao),造就清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)耐粗飼(si)(si)(si),具有充分利用草(cao)中營(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)能力,在(zai)不用精飼(si)(si)(si)料情(qing)況下,鵝(e)(e)(e)也(ye)可以(yi)在(zai)100天內達到(dao)上(shang)市體(ti)重(zhong)。清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)在(zai)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)過程(cheng)中離不開水(shui),清(qing)(qing)(qing)新縣內河涌、水(shui)塘密布,水(shui)質清(qing)(qing)(qing)澈,水(shui)草(cao)肥(fei)嫩,自然成(cheng)為烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)生長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)最優(you)(you)環(huan)境。有數據顯示,北(bei)江水(shui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)新縣河段水(shui)質優(you)(you)于(yu)國家一(yi)級水(shui)標準。烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)對自然環(huan)境要(yao)(yao)求較(jiao)高(gao),清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng),首先得益于(yu)上(shang)述(shu)優(you)(you)越的(de)(de)(de)自然條(tiao)件。反過來也(ye)形(xing)成(cheng)其對生長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境要(yao)(yao)求比較(jiao)高(gao),要(yao)(yao)在(zai)沒有污染而且有青草(cao)、水(shui)源干(gan)凈(jing)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方才能健康成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)。否則(ze)其成(cheng)活率較(jiao)低,飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本偏高(gao),且也(ye)難保持原有的(de)(de)(de)肉質風味。
產地范圍
清遠烏鬃(zong)鵝屬小型品種。因頸背部有一(yi)條由大(da)漸小的深褐色鬃(zong)狀羽毛而得(de)名(ming),也稱墨(mo)鬃(zong)鵝。原產(chan)于(yu)廣東省(sheng)清遠市。主產(chan)于(yu)廣東省(sheng)北(bei)江大(da)河(he)兩(liang)岸和縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)附近。此外,廣州、番禺、佛(fo)山、南海、順德(de)(de)、三水、從化(hua)、花縣(xian)(xian)、高鶴、四會(hui)、佛(fo)岡(gang)、高要、斗(dou)門、肇慶、英德(de)(de)等地也有分布。廣東省(sheng)清遠縣(xian)(xian)建有保種場。
生物特性
該品種(zhong)鵝(e)體(ti)緊(jin)湊寬短,頭(tou)小(xiao),頸(jing)細,腿(tui)矮。公鵝(e)體(ti)型較大,呈(cheng)欖核形(xing),母鵝(e)呈(cheng)楔形(xing)。羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)大部分(fen)(fen)呈(cheng)烏棕(zong)色(se),從頭(tou)頂部到最后頸(jing)椎有一條鬃狀(zhuang)黑(hei)褐色(se)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶。頸(jing)部兩側的(de)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)為(wei)白(bai)(bai)色(se),翼羽(yu)(yu)、肩羽(yu)(yu)、背(bei)羽(yu)(yu)和尾(wei)羽(yu)(yu)為(wei)黑(hei)色(se),羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)末(mo)端有明顯的(de)棕(zong)褐色(se)鑲邊。胸(xiong)羽(yu)(yu)灰白(bai)(bai)色(se)或(huo)(huo)灰色(se),腹羽(yu)(yu)灰白(bai)(bai)色(se)或(huo)(huo)白(bai)(bai)色(se)。在背(bei)部兩邊有一條起(qi)自肩部直至尾(wei)根的(de)2厘米寬的(de)白(bai)(bai)色(se)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶,在尾(wei)翼間未被覆(fu)蓋部分(fen)(fen)呈(cheng)現白(bai)(bai)色(se)圈帶。青年鵝(e)的(de)各部位羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)顏色(se)比成年鵝(e)較深。虹彩棕(zong)色(se)。喙、肉瘤、脛、蹼均為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)。
清遠烏鬃鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)初生重95克(ke)(ke); 90日齡(ling) 3170克(ke)(ke);成年公鵝(e)3420克(ke)(ke),母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)2860克(ke)(ke)。成年公鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)半(ban)凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率87.4%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)87.5%;成年公鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)全凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率77.4%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)78.1%。母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)開(kai)產(chan)日齡(ling)130天(tian)。平(ping)(ping)均(jun)年產(chan)蛋(dan)29枚(mei),平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)重147克(ke)(ke)。平(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)形指數1.48。蛋(dan)殼白(bai)色。公鵝(e)在80~90天(tian)有(you)性行為,母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)就(jiu)巢性很強,每產(chan)完一窩蛋(dan)后(hou)就(jiu)巢1次,年就(jiu)巢4次。
飼養管理
飼養期為90~120天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。出(chu)(chu)殼后的雛鵝,頭5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)小鵝料(liao)拌米飯(fan),6~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)小鵝料(liao)拌開(kai)口谷(gu),15~35天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)大鵝料(liao)拌谷(gu),36天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后至(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)欄前(qian)(qian)喂(wei)(wei)稻谷(gu)。烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝的育(yu)雛期天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)熱時為7天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)冷時為10~20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),從雛鵝離開(kai)育(yu)雛室開(kai)始放牧至(zhi)(zhi)圈養育(yu)肥前(qian)(qian),實行天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放牧,約60天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。鵝苗(miao)(miao)出(chu)(chu)殼后至(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)口前(qian)(qian)要注(zhu)射小鵝瘟疫苗(miao)(miao),10~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要注(zhu)射禽流感疫苗(miao)(miao);每(mei)隔20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)用清熱解毒的中草藥水浸(jin)谷(gu)喂(wei)(wei)鵝一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),欄舍每(mei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)應清洗一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),每(mei)月消毒一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。
每(mei)(mei)(mei)年4月要對(dui)留養的種鵝實(shi)行(xing)拔毛育肥,目的是促(cu)其在(zai)7月開始(shi)產(chan)蛋。平(ping)時對(dui)種鵝每(mei)(mei)(mei)日喂(wei)(wei)谷兩(liang)套,下蛋時喂(wei)(wei)谷拌種鵝料,并加喂(wei)(wei)青飼料。不(bu)產(chan)蛋時全日放牧,產(chan)蛋期實(shi)行(xing)早晚放牧,育肥期不(bu)放牧。拔毛后(hou)的種鵝30天內(nei)注(zhu)射小鵝瘟(wen)、大(da)鵝瘟(wen)、禽流感(gan)疫苗,半(ban)年后(hou)注(zhu)射蛋子瘟(wen)、禽流感(gan)疫苗,每(mei)(mei)(mei)隔10天用清(qing)熱解毒的中草藥水(shui)浸(jin)谷喂(wei)(wei)鵝一(yi)次(ci),欄舍每(mei)(mei)(mei)天清(qing)潔一(yi)次(ci),每(mei)(mei)(mei)月消毒一(yi)次(ci)。