廣(guang)東省清遠(yuan)市清新縣特產(chan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e),其肉質(zhi)(zhi)鮮美,體質(zhi)(zhi)結實,體形(xing)適中,骨骼小,肉嫩而多汁。清遠(yuan)特產(chan)的(de)(de)純種烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)被列為(wei)廣(guang)東省四大(da)名優鵝(e)(e)種之一。清遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)又稱黑鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e),屬小型鵝(e)(e)種,因其頸至背鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)毛有一明顯黑色羽毛帶,故稱清遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e);是珠三角及港澳(ao)地(di)區烹(peng)飪燒鵝(e)(e)的(de)(de)上乘(cheng)原料(liao),故深受歡迎并久(jiu)負(fu)盛名。早在20世紀50年(nian)代前,清遠(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)(e)就(jiu)享譽(yu)海內外(wai),是出口港澳(ao)和(he)東南亞的(de)(de)主要鵝(e)(e)種。
生長環境
清遠河流眾多,水資源豐富,水草(cao)繁(fan)茂,土(tu)地(di)肥(fei)沃,適宜養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)業,故當地(di)農民(min)有養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)的習慣(guan)。據(ju)《清遠縣志》記載,自(zi)宋代起烏鬃(zong)鵝(e)就為當地(di)群眾飼(si)養(yang)(yang),鵝(e)在清遠人生活(huo)中占有極其(qi)重要的位置,特別是逢(feng)年過節,喜慶筵席必備鵝(e),使養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)、吃(chi)鵝(e)的傳統得(de)以代代相傳。
清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠氣(qi)候溫和,日照長而(er)(er)強烈(lie)。由于(yu)氣(qi)候的(de)炎(yan)熱,使得清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)多在(zai)水(shui)面活(huo)(huo)動,多吃(chi)水(shui)草(cao)(cao),長肉(rou)緩(huan)慢,體(ti)型偏(pian)小。宜在(zai)地(di)勢高燥、背(bei)風向(xiang)陽(yang)的(de)平(ping)坦或緩(huan)坡地(di)帶(dai)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)。土質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則以(yi)(yi)透水(shui)性好的(de)沙壤為宜。在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣,當(dang)地(di)群眾采用(yong)放養(yang)(yang)及投喂以(yi)(yi)當(dang)地(di)苦麥菜為主的(de)青粗料飼(si)養(yang)(yang)烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)的(de)習慣,同時,烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)喜歡(huan)吃(chi)當(dang)地(di)河(he)堤遍布的(de)連根草(cao)(cao),造就清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)耐(nai)粗飼(si),具有(you)(you)充分利用(yong)草(cao)(cao)中(zhong)營養(yang)(yang)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)能力,在(zai)不用(yong)精飼(si)料情(qing)況下,鵝(e)也可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)100天內(nei)達到上市體(ti)重。清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)在(zai)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)過程中(zhong)離不開(kai)水(shui),清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣內(nei)河(he)涌、水(shui)塘密布,水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)澈,水(shui)草(cao)(cao)肥嫩(nen),自(zi)然(ran)成(cheng)(cheng)為烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)生長的(de)最優環境。有(you)(you)數據顯示,北江水(shui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣河(he)段水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優于(yu)國家一級水(shui)標準。烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)對(dui)自(zi)然(ran)環境要(yao)求較高,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)遠烏(wu)(wu)鬃鵝(e)的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng),首(shou)先得益于(yu)上述優越的(de)自(zi)然(ran)條件。反過來也形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)其對(dui)生長的(de)環境要(yao)求比較高,要(yao)在(zai)沒有(you)(you)污染(ran)而(er)(er)且(qie)有(you)(you)青草(cao)(cao)、水(shui)源(yuan)干(gan)凈(jing)的(de)地(di)方才能健康成(cheng)(cheng)長。否則其成(cheng)(cheng)活(huo)(huo)率較低,飼(si)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)本偏(pian)高,且(qie)也難保(bao)持原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風味。
產地范圍
清(qing)遠烏鬃(zong)鵝屬小(xiao)(xiao)型品種。因頸背部有(you)一(yi)條(tiao)由大(da)漸小(xiao)(xiao)的深褐(he)色鬃(zong)狀(zhuang)羽毛而得名,也稱(cheng)墨鬃(zong)鵝。原產(chan)于廣(guang)(guang)東省(sheng)清(qing)遠市。主(zhu)產(chan)于廣(guang)(guang)東省(sheng)北(bei)江大(da)河兩岸和(he)縣(xian)(xian)城附近。此外,廣(guang)(guang)州、番禺、佛山(shan)、南海、順德(de)、三水、從化、花縣(xian)(xian)、高(gao)鶴、四會、佛岡、高(gao)要(yao)、斗門、肇(zhao)慶、英德(de)等地(di)也有(you)分布(bu)。廣(guang)(guang)東省(sheng)清(qing)遠縣(xian)(xian)建有(you)保(bao)種場。
生物特性
該品種(zhong)鵝體(ti)緊湊寬短,頭小,頸細(xi),腿(tui)矮。公鵝體(ti)型較大(da),呈(cheng)欖核形,母鵝呈(cheng)楔形。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分呈(cheng)烏棕色(se)(se),從頭頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)到最后頸椎有(you)一(yi)條鬃狀黑褐色(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)帶(dai)。頸部(bu)(bu)兩(liang)側的(de)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)為(wei)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),翼(yi)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)、肩(jian)(jian)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)、背羽(yu)(yu)(yu)和尾羽(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)黑色(se)(se),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)末端有(you)明顯的(de)棕褐色(se)(se)鑲邊(bian)。胸羽(yu)(yu)(yu)灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)或灰(hui)色(se)(se),腹羽(yu)(yu)(yu)灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)或白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)。在背部(bu)(bu)兩(liang)邊(bian)有(you)一(yi)條起自肩(jian)(jian)部(bu)(bu)直至尾根的(de)2厘米寬的(de)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)帶(dai),在尾翼(yi)間(jian)未被覆(fu)蓋部(bu)(bu)分呈(cheng)現(xian)白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)圈帶(dai)。青(qing)年(nian)鵝的(de)各部(bu)(bu)位羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)顏色(se)(se)比(bi)成年(nian)鵝較深。虹彩(cai)棕色(se)(se)。喙、肉瘤、脛、蹼均為(wei)黑色(se)(se)。
清遠烏(wu)鬃鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)初(chu)生重95克(ke)(ke); 90日(ri)齡 3170克(ke)(ke);成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)3420克(ke)(ke),母(mu)鵝(e)2860克(ke)(ke)。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)半凈膛(tang)屠宰率87.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)87.5%;成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)全(quan)凈膛(tang)屠宰率77.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)78.1%。母(mu)鵝(e)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)開產日(ri)齡130天。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)年(nian)(nian)產蛋29枚,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋重147克(ke)(ke)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)蛋形指數1.48。蛋殼白色。公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)在(zai)80~90天有性行為(wei),母(mu)鵝(e)就巢性很強,每產完一窩蛋后就巢1次,年(nian)(nian)就巢4次。
飼養管理
飼養期(qi)為(wei)90~120天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。出(chu)殼后(hou)的(de)(de)雛(chu)(chu)鵝(e),頭(tou)5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)小鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)米飯,6~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)小鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)開口谷(gu),15~35天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)喂(wei)大鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)谷(gu),36天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后(hou)至出(chu)欄(lan)前(qian)喂(wei)稻(dao)谷(gu)。烏鬃鵝(e)的(de)(de)育(yu)雛(chu)(chu)期(qi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)熱時(shi)為(wei)7天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)冷時(shi)為(wei)10~20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian),從雛(chu)(chu)鵝(e)離開育(yu)雛(chu)(chu)室開始放(fang)牧(mu)至圈養育(yu)肥前(qian),實行天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)放(fang)牧(mu),約60天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。鵝(e)苗出(chu)殼后(hou)至開口前(qian)要注射(she)小鵝(e)瘟疫(yi)苗,10~15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)要注射(she)禽(qin)流感疫(yi)苗;每隔20天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)用清熱解(jie)毒的(de)(de)中草藥(yao)水浸谷(gu)喂(wei)鵝(e)一次(ci),欄(lan)舍每天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)應清洗一次(ci),每月消毒一次(ci)。
每年(nian)4月要對留養的種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)實行拔毛育肥,目的是促其在7月開始產(chan)(chan)蛋。平時對種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)每日喂(wei)谷(gu)兩套(tao),下蛋時喂(wei)谷(gu)拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)料(liao),并加喂(wei)青飼料(liao)。不產(chan)(chan)蛋時全(quan)日放牧(mu),產(chan)(chan)蛋期實行早晚放牧(mu),育肥期不放牧(mu)。拔毛后的種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)30天內注(zhu)(zhu)射小鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟、大(da)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)瘟、禽流(liu)感(gan)疫苗,半年(nian)后注(zhu)(zhu)射蛋子瘟、禽流(liu)感(gan)疫苗,每隔(ge)10天用清熱解毒的中草藥水浸谷(gu)喂(wei)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)一次,欄舍每天清潔一次,每月消毒一次。