一.自然生態環境和人文(wen)歷(li)史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)條件:濰坊市(shi)地(di)(di)處山東半島中(zhong)部(bu)(bu),全市(shi)地(di)(di)勢南高(gao)北(bei)低,南部(bu)(bu)是(shi)山區和(he)(he)丘陵(ling),中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)是(shi)平原,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是(shi)沿海灘涂,分(fen)別占(zhan)總(zong)面積的(de)28.7%、57.7%和(he)(he)13.6%,森林覆蓋率(lv)達(da)到(dao)25.6%,最(zui)高(gao)點(dian)海拔1032米(mi),最(zui)低點(dian)海拔在7米(mi)以下,大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)在海拔25~321米(mi)。境內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型主要有棕壤(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)、礦姜黑(hei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)鹽土(tu)(tu)(tu)5類(lei),其中(zhong)適(shi)宜(yi)種植烤(kao)煙的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型為(wei)棕壤(rang)和(he)(he)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu),宜(yi)煙耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)面積266萬畝,占(zhan)總(zong)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)面積的(de)45%。宜(yi)煙土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚,質地(di)(di)疏(shu)松,有機質含(han)(han)量0.5~1.72,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)PH為(wei)5.73~7.19,速(su)(su)效氮含(han)(han)量40~100mg/kg,速(su)(su)效磷含(han)(han)量5~30mg/kg,速(su)(su)效鉀(jia)較豐富(fu),含(han)(han)量120~410mg/kg,0~60cm土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)氯(lv)離子(zi)含(han)(han)量多(duo)在19.2~29.8mg/kg.
2、水文情況(kuang):全(quan)(quan)(quan)市(shi)擁有(you)(you)(you)水資(zi)源(yuan)總量(liang)27.28億立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),境(jing)(jing)內(nei)流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)在50平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)以上(shang)的河(he)(he)(he)流有(you)(you)(you)103條,主(zhu)要水系(xi)有(you)(you)(you)濰河(he)(he)(he)、彌河(he)(he)(he)、白浪河(he)(he)(he)、南北膠萊(lai)(lai)河(he)(he)(he)和小(xiao)清(qing)河(he)(he)(he)等五大水系(xi)。濰河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)246公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)6367平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);彌河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)177公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)3863平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);白浪河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)127公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)1237平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);南膠萊(lai)(lai)河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)42公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)1500平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),在高密市(shi)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)7.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);北膠萊(lai)(lai)河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)103.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)3900平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);小(xiao)清(qing)河(he)(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)237公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),流域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)10276平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),在壽光市(shi)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)入海,在我市(shi)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)長(chang)19.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)市(shi)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)大中型水庫26座,小(xiao)型水庫521座,塘壩3064座,固(gu)定(ding)揚水站(zhan)2094處,機(ji)電(dian)井15萬(wan)眼,有(you)(you)(you)效灌(guan)溉面(mian)(mian)積(ji)達到(dao)780萬(wan)畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)市(shi)耕地有(you)(you)(you)效灌(guan)溉率53.8%.
3、氣(qi)候條件:濰(wei)坊市屬暖溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)半濕潤季風氣(qi)候,四季分(fen)明,光照(zhao)(zhao)充足、無(wu)霜期長(chang)、雨量(liang)充沛。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)在12.3℃,≥0℃積溫(wen)(wen)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)4585.4℃,穩定(ding)通(tong)過10℃平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)初日(ri)為(wei)4月10日(ri),平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)終日(ri)為(wei)10月29日(ri),初冬間隔(ge)203天,≥10℃平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)積溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)4108.5℃,基本在煙葉生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)范圍內;無(wu)霜期195天,初霜平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)出現(xian)在10月下旬(xun),終霜平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)出現(xian)在4月上旬(xun);年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨量(liang)660mm,6、7、8三個月降水(shui)量(liang)占(zhan)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)年(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)的(de)59.2%,煙葉生(sheng)長(chang)與降水(shui)基本同步,與優(you)(you)質煙生(sheng)長(chang)發育需水(shui)特(te)性一致(zhi);全(quan)市年(nian)太(tai)陽輻(fu)(fu)射總(zong)量(liang)121.8千卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘(li)米,日(ri)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)輻(fu)(fu)射量(liang)190卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘(li)米;歷年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)2574.3h,日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)率58%,3~10月日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時數都在200h以上,6~9月日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時數906.9h,光照(zhao)(zhao)充足,十分(fen)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)于優(you)(you)質煙葉生(sheng)長(chang)。
二.地域范圍
濰坊烤煙保(bao)(bao)護區域位于山東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島中部的濰坊市,北緯35°41′-37°26′,東(dong)(dong)經118°10′-120°01′,區域保(bao)(bao)護面(mian)積13330公頃,年(nian)產量51萬擔。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感(gan)官特征(zheng):
1.1、鮮煙(yan)葉(xie):打頂(ding)后株高90cm~120cm,有效葉(xie)18片(pian)~22片(pian),中部最大葉(xie)長為(wei)55cm~65cm,頂(ding)葉(xie)長度達到50cm以上。煙(yan)株近筒形或微(wei)腰鼓形,群體結(jie)構(gou)合(he)理,打頂(ding)后株高一致,通風透光好,基本無病蟲害,煙(yan)葉(xie)自下而(er)上分層落黃,易把(ba)握(wo)成熟度和便于適時采摘(zhai)烘烤。
1.2、烤后煙(yan)葉(xie):外觀質量(liang)符合(he)GB2635中(zhong)正組(zu)煙(yan)的要求(qiu),葉(xie)片成(cheng)熟,顏色多金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)到桔(jie)黃(huang)(huang),以桔(jie)黃(huang)(huang)為主;色澤飽滿(man)、油分足,葉(xie)片厚薄適中(zhong),葉(xie)片結(jie)構(gou)疏(shu)松、柔軟、彈性好。單葉(xie)重:下(xia)部(bu)葉(xie)7~9g,中(zhong)部(bu)葉(xie)9~12g,上部(bu)葉(xie)10~15g。
2、內(nei)(nei)在品(pin)質指標濰坊烤煙(yan)內(nei)(nei)在化學(xue)成分(fen)協調(diao),具(ju)有(you)(you)香(xiang)氣質好、香(xiang)氣量足,吃味醇和,煙(yan)味濃(nong)厚(hou),勁頭適中(zhong),燃燒(shao)性強,煙(yan)灰(hui)呈灰(hui)白色,煙(yan)葉(xie)松(song)散性狀好,葉(xie)片不易(yi)粘(zhan)結,便于(yu)長期儲存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)特(te)征,與國內(nei)(nei)外(wai)各產區煙(yan)葉(xie)有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)伍(wu)性,工業可(ke)用性高,是中(zhong)、高檔(dang)卷(juan)煙(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必備原料(liao)(liao)。尤以(yi)濃(nong)香(xiang)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)特(te)征突出,是“中(zhong)式濃(nong)香(xiang)低害”特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)(de)高檔(dang)卷(juan)煙(yan)品(pin)牌的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料(liao)(liao),符合當(dang)前和今(jin)后高檔(dang)卷(juan)煙(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨勢和市場(chang)需(xu)求,具(ju)有(you)(you)較為廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)前景。
3、安全要(yao)求:農(nong)藥殘留:符(fu)合《Q/WYS3-1.10-2011煙草(cao)農(nong)藥合理使用規范》和(he)《Q/WYS4-1.01-2009煙葉產品質量要(yao)求》的(de)規定。重(zhong)金屬:符(fu)合國家(jia)食(shi)品衛生標準相應(ying)對重(zhong)金屬限量的(de)規定。
四特定生產方式
1、品(pin)種(zhong)選擇:推廣(guang)NC55、NC102、K326、魯煙1號、云(yun)煙87等優(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)要求生長整(zheng)齊一致,分層落黃明顯、抗(kang)病性強、易烘烤、出絲率高、香(xiang)氣質好,香(xiang)氣量足,吃(chi)味(wei)醇和、煙味(wei)濃厚。
2、產地選擇:滿足(zu)氣候(hou)、土壤、輪作、環(huan)境質(zhi)量,禁用環(huan)境條件等要(yao)求。
3、采(cai)收(shou)(shou)、烘烤(kao)及收(shou)(shou)購(gou):滿足(zu)采(cai)收(shou)(shou)、煙(yan)葉烘烤(kao)、煙(yan)葉收(shou)(shou)購(gou)等條(tiao)件。
五.包(bao)裝(zhuang)標(biao)識相關規定
濰(wei)市境域范(fan)圍內所有煙(yan)草系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營者,在烤(kao)煙(yan)包裝(zhuang)上(shang)使用(yong)已獲登(deng)記(ji)保護的(de)“濰(wei)坊(fang)烤(kao)煙(yan)”農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標志(zhi)及其圖(tu)案,需(xu)向(xiang)登(deng)記(ji)證書持有人濰(wei)坊(fang)市煙(yan)葉(xie)協會提(ti)出申請,并(bing)按(an)照相關要求(qiu)規范(fan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和使用(yong)標志(zhi),統(tong)一采(cai)用(yong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱和農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標志(zhi)公共標志(zhi)相結合的(de)標識標注方法。