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種植傳統

昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種植始(shi)于清代，1809年（清嘉慶(qing)十四年）版(ban)《昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣志》即有(you)(you)昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)種植記(ji)(ji)載，歷史悠久。民國(guo)(guo)版(ban)《昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣志續(xu)》即有(you)(you)“北(bei)鄉所產(chan)(chan)(chan)，最(zui)(zui)多且(qie)佳(jia)，每歲運(yun)銷(xiao)青島(dao)甚多”的(de)記(ji)(ji)載。建國(guo)(guo)前，主要(yao)分布在(zai)昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)南部鄌(tang)郚(wu)金(jin)山(shan)(shan)一帶和北(bei)部朱劉都昌(chang)(chang)一帶，即著(zhu)名的(de)“南鄌(tang)北(bei)都”。1969年被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省名特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果之(zhi)一。1969年引進(jin)推廣“蜜(mi)寶”西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)后(hou)，昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)即以早(zao)熟、皮(pi)薄、沙瓤(rang)、脆甜而弛名省內(nei)外，遠銷(xiao)香港(gang)，被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省名特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果之(zhi)一。20世紀70年代初，昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣無(wu)籽西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)填補了山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省空白，1972年被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家特(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地。1997年昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)通過了中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠色食品(pin)認證。1999年、2001年，昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)連續(xu)兩(liang)屆被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)評為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農業博覽會(hui)(hui)名牌產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)。鄌(tang)郚(wu)鎮(zhen)是(shi)昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)早(zao)的(de)發源地，也是(shi)中(zhong)央特(te)需瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)無(wu)籽西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)培育基地，又(you)是(shi)綠色食品(pin)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地。堯溝鎮(zhen)4.1萬畝耕地全部進(jin)行(xing)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)保護(hu)地栽培，擁(yong)有(you)(you)江(jiang)北(bei)最(zui)(zui)大的(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)市(shi)場(chang)和代表昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)(zui)高技術水平、主要(yao)工作成績的(de)中(zhong)華西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)科技園。堯溝鎮(zhen)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan)之(zhi)鄉”推薦暨宣傳活動組織(zhi)委員會(hui)(hui)命名為(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)第(di)一鎮(zhen)”，昌(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)鄉”。

生產情況

到2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)，昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)基本上穩定在10000h㎡左(zuo)右(you)(you)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)45萬噸，西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)占種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植業(ye)(ye)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)值(zhi)的(de)(de)25-30%左(zuo)右(you)(you)，是經濟收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)作物(wu)。優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植帶已(yi)經形(xing)成。全縣(xian)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)域為(wei)堯溝(gou)、城南(nan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)，2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)4333.3h㎡，總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)18.2萬噸，總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)4.1億(yi)元，分別占全縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)44.1%、40.6%和56.2%。第(di)二大(da)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)域為(wei)高崖、鄌郚種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)，2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)1666.7h㎡，總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)7.7萬噸，總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)0.65億(yi)元，分別占全縣(xian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)17.0%、17.2%和8.9%。三(san)是西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業(ye)(ye)鎮、專業(ye)(ye)村迅速發展(zhan)。堯溝(gou)鎮耕地面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)4.1萬畝(mu)，全部進行西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)栽(zai)培，形(xing)成了家家戶戶種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)的(de)(de)局面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，是多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業(ye)(ye)鎮。城南(nan)街道2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)1656h㎡，占全鎮耕地面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)63%，成為(wei)后(hou)起的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業(ye)(ye)鎮。除(chu)堯溝(gou)、城南(nan)以外(wai)，全縣(xian)的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業(ye)(ye)村已(yi)達47個，其(qi)中高崖鎮已(yi)有西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業(ye)(ye)村20多(duo)個。

昌樂西瓜(gua)已成(cheng)為全縣農(nong)業(ye)的第一支柱產(chan)業(ye)，年平(ping)均播種面積15萬(wan)畝(mu)，總(zong)產(chan)量60萬(wan)噸(dun)，形成(cheng)一個(ge)專業(ye)鎮(zhen)、47個(ge)專業(ye)村(cun)，注冊了鄌郚、樂寶、藝林、太合等10多個(ge)商標，其中鄌郚無籽西瓜(gua)被評為山東省名牌(pai)農(nong)產(chan)品。西瓜(gua)之鄉(xiang)堯溝鎮(zhen)被命名為“中國(guo)西瓜(gua)第一鎮(zhen)”，堯溝西瓜(gua)市場被確定(ding)(ding)為中國(guo)“全國(guo)定(ding)(ding)點(dian)市場”。昌樂縣先后實(shi)施了農(nong)業(ye)部農(nong)業(ye)科技示范場、國(guo)家級(ji)西瓜(gua)標準化示范區(qu)、西瓜(gua)良種工廠化育苗基地建設(she)等項(xiang)目。

栽培技術

一是全(quan)部進行設施栽(zai)培。昌樂縣1982年開始引進推廣西(xi)瓜雙(shuang)膜覆蓋(gai)栽(zai)培技(ji)術(shu)，后(hou)經(jing)陽(yang)畦(qi)育苗(miao)、地(di)膜覆蓋(gai)，發展(zhan)為陽(yang)畦(qi)嫁接育苗(miao)，以高溫棚、大(da)拱棚為主的雙(shuang)膜或多膜栽(zai)培。到(dao)2008年，10000h㎡昌樂西(xi)瓜全(quan)部實行保護栽(zai)培。

二是西瓜(gua)栽(zai)(zai)培技術(shu)全面普(pu)及。包(bao)括(kuo)嫁(jia)接、點花(hua)、授粉在(zai)內(nei)的(de)一系列西瓜(gua)優質、早熟栽(zai)(zai)培技術(shu)，在(zai)全縣幾(ji)乎家喻(yu)戶曉，有的(de)村甚至是婦孺皆知。還推廣(guang)了反光幕增光、機(ji)械化卷簾、彌霧機(ji)防治病(bing)蟲害等(deng)先(xian)進(jin)技術(shu)和產(chan)品。

三(san)是春秋兩季上市(shi)，品種(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)，花色多(duo)。昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)大部分(fen)為春西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)，集中在“五一”前后上市(shi)。秋西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)占(zhan)總播種(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)積的(de)(de)10%左右，一般在“十一”前后上市(shi)。全(quan)縣(xian)已推廣無籽(zi)、有籽(zi)兩個(ge)系列(lie)，紅瓤、黃瓤兩種(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)，大、中、小(xiao)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)規格的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)品種(zhong)(zhong)120多(duo)個(ge)，西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)覆蓋率早已達(da)到100%。特型(xing)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)、圖形(xing)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)和(he)富硒保健西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)等特色西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)生產技術也已逐步成熟。

四(si)是全面實施標準(zhun)化(hua)生產。2003年(nian)春，昌樂西瓜(gua)開始推行標準(zhun)化(hua)生產，截止2008年(nian)6月30日，已(yi)有(you)1533.3h㎡西瓜(gua)通(tong)過(guo)了綠色(se)食(shi)品基(ji)地認定，3600h㎡西瓜(gua)通(tong)過(guo)了無公害農產品基(ji)地認定。“中(zhong)國西瓜(gua)第一鎮”堯溝(gou)鎮先后被(bei)確定為(wei)農業(ye)部農業(ye)科技示范場(chang)、西瓜(gua)工廠化(hua)育(yu)苗基(ji)地、國家級西瓜(gua)標準(zhun)化(hua)示范區(qu)項目建設單位。

銷售情況

到2008年(nian)，該縣瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)51個，西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產地批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)遍布全(quan)(quan)縣的(de)(de)(de)主要西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產區，累計總(zong)(zong)投資6700萬(wan)元(yuan)，占地面積80萬(wan)平方(fang)米，固定攤位數(shu)7300多(duo)個，年(nian)交(jiao)易(yi)量175萬(wan)噸，交(jiao)易(yi)額25億(yi)多(duo)元(yuan)。其中堯溝瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，累計總(zong)(zong)投資3000萬(wan)元(yuan)，占地200畝，年(nian)交(jiao)易(yi)量100萬(wan)噸，交(jiao)易(yi)額10億(yi)多(duo)元(yuan)，是江北最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。經(jing)(jing)紀(ji)(ji)隊伍(wu)龐大(da)(da)。雖然全(quan)(quan)縣沒有注(zhu)冊經(jing)(jing)紀(ji)(ji)人，也(ye)沒有注(zhu)冊經(jing)(jing)紀(ji)(ji)組織，但從事西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)經(jing)(jing)紀(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)瓜(gua)(gua)農(nong)已達5000多(duo)人，幾乎(hu)聯結(jie)了(le)昌樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)產地市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)全(quan)(quan)國各地的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)中型瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，保證了(le)全(quan)(quan)縣10000h㎡、45萬(wan)噸西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利銷(xiao)售。

種植環境

土壤地貌情況

昌樂縣屬低山丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)區，中西部多(duo)低山，東南(nan)部多(duo)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)，南(nan)北(bei)兩端各有一平(ping)(ping)原地(di)(di)帶。微地(di)(di)貌(mao)為低山丘(qiu)(qiu)嶺、荒坡地(di)(di)、沿河階地(di)(di)、坡麓梯田、近山階地(di)(di)、河谷梯田等。土壤(rang)(rang)分(fen)為褐土、棕壤(rang)(rang)、潮土3個土類(lei)。土壤(rang)(rang)耕層PH值平(ping)(ping)均為7.2，變幅(fu)在6.2-8之間；平(ping)(ping)均有機質(zhi)為1.19%，堿解氨(an)86.5ppm，速效磷27.9ppm，速效鉀127.1ppm。地(di)(di)貌(mao)和(he)土壤(rang)(rang)情況比較適合瓜果的栽(zai)培(pei)和(he)生長。

水文情況

全縣(xian)5公里以上的(de)河(he)流35條，但(dan)多數為季節性河(he)流，總流域面(mian)積1568平方公里，水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)總量30515萬(wan)方，其中地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)14735萬(wan)方，地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)29738萬(wan)方。地下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)礦化度范(fan)圍(wei)一般在216-400mg/l，PH值在6.5=8之間(jian)。礦化類(lei)型為HCO3-→Ca++→Cl-→Na+型水(shui)(shui)。影響因(yin)素主要是(shi)面(mian)源(yuan)污染，無潛在大型工業污染，為該縣(xian)瓜(gua)果(guo)生(sheng)產提供了(le)比較充足的(de)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。

氣候情況

昌樂縣屬東部暖(nuan)(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶季風型大陸性氣(qi)候，四季分(fen)明，春季溫(wen)(wen)暖(nuan)(nuan)，夏季濕潤多(duo)雨，秋季涼爽，冬季寒(han)冷干燥(zao)。年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)12.6℃，降水(shui)量594.6毫米(mi)，相對濕度65%，日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數2421.3小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，無霜(shuang)期190天(tian)。降水(shui)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間分(fen)布對于西瓜的(de)生長有利(li)，較多(duo)的(de)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)量為(wei)西瓜的(de)糖(tang)分(fen)積累提供(gong)了有利(li)條(tiao)件。