種植傳統
昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種植始于清(qing)代(dai),1809年(清(qing)嘉(jia)慶十四(si)年)版(ban)《昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志》即(ji)(ji)有(you)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)種植記載(zai),歷史悠(you)久。民國(guo)(guo)版(ban)《昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)志續》即(ji)(ji)有(you)“北(bei)鄉(xiang)所產(chan),最(zui)多(duo)且佳,每(mei)歲運銷(xiao)青島(dao)甚多(duo)”的(de)記載(zai)。建國(guo)(guo)前,主(zhu)要(yao)分布在(zai)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)南部(bu)鄌(tang)(tang)郚金山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)和北(bei)部(bu)朱(zhu)劉都昌(chang)(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai),即(ji)(ji)著名(ming)(ming)的(de)“南鄌(tang)(tang)北(bei)都”。1969年被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)特(te)產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果(guo)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。1969年引進(jin)推廣“蜜寶”西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)后,昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)即(ji)(ji)以早(zao)熟、皮(pi)薄、沙(sha)瓤、脆甜而弛名(ming)(ming)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內外(wai),遠銷(xiao)香港,被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)名(ming)(ming)特(te)產(chan)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)果(guo)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。20世紀70年代(dai)初(chu),昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)無(wu)籽西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)填補(bu)了(le)山(shan)(shan)東省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)空(kong)白,1972年被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家特(te)需(xu)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di)。1997年昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)通過(guo)了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)綠(lv)色食品認證。1999年、2001年,昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)連續兩(liang)屆(jie)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)評為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)際農業博(bo)覽會名(ming)(ming)牌產(chan)品。鄌(tang)(tang)郚鎮是昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)早(zao)的(de)發源地(di),也是中(zhong)央特(te)需(xu)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)無(wu)籽西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)培育基(ji)地(di),又是綠(lv)色食品西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di)。堯(yao)溝鎮4.1萬畝耕地(di)全部(bu)進(jin)行西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)保護(hu)地(di)栽(zai)培,擁有(you)江北(bei)最(zui)大的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)市場和代(dai)表昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)最(zui)高技(ji)術水(shui)平、主(zhu)要(yao)工作(zuo)成績的(de)中(zhong)華西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)科技(ji)園(yuan)。堯(yao)溝鎮被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)“特(te)產(chan)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”推薦暨宣(xuan)傳(chuan)活動(dong)組(zu)織委(wei)員會命(ming)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)鎮”,昌(chang)(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)(le)縣(xian)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”。
生產情況
到2008年(nian)(nian),昌(chang)樂西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)基本(ben)上穩定在(zai)10000h㎡左(zuo)右,年(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)45萬(wan)噸(dun),西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值占種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)業總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)25-30%左(zuo)右,是經濟收入(ru)(ru)最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作物。優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)帶已經形成(cheng)。全(quan)(quan)縣最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)為堯(yao)溝(gou)、城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu),2007年(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)4333.3h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)18.2萬(wan)噸(dun),總(zong)(zong)(zong)收入(ru)(ru)4.1億元(yuan),分別占全(quan)(quan)縣西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)收入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)44.1%、40.6%和(he)56.2%。第二大(da)(da)(da)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)為高(gao)(gao)崖(ya)、鄌郚種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區(qu),2007年(nian)(nian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)1666.7h㎡,總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)7.7萬(wan)噸(dun),總(zong)(zong)(zong)收入(ru)(ru)0.65億元(yuan),分別占全(quan)(quan)縣西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)收入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)17.0%、17.2%和(he)8.9%。三是西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業鎮、專業村(cun)迅速發展。堯(yao)溝(gou)鎮耕地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)4.1萬(wan)畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)部進行(xing)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)栽(zai)培,形成(cheng)了(le)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)面(mian)(mian)(mian),是多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業鎮。城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)街道2007年(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)總(zong)(zong)(zong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)1656h㎡,占全(quan)(quan)鎮耕地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)63%,成(cheng)為后起的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業鎮。除堯(yao)溝(gou)、城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)以(yi)外,全(quan)(quan)縣的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業村(cun)已達47個,其中(zhong)高(gao)(gao)崖(ya)鎮已有西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)專業村(cun)20多個。
昌樂(le)西瓜(gua)已成為(wei)(wei)全(quan)縣農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的第一(yi)支柱產(chan)(chan)業(ye),年(nian)平均播種(zhong)面積15萬(wan)畝,總產(chan)(chan)量60萬(wan)噸,形成一(yi)個(ge)專業(ye)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、47個(ge)專業(ye)村,注冊了(le)鄌(tang)郚(wu)、樂(le)寶、藝林、太合(he)等(deng)10多個(ge)商標(biao),其中鄌(tang)郚(wu)無(wu)籽西瓜(gua)被評為(wei)(wei)山東省名(ming)牌農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品。西瓜(gua)之鄉(xiang)堯溝鎮(zhen)(zhen)被命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“中國西瓜(gua)第一(yi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)”,堯溝西瓜(gua)市場(chang)被確定為(wei)(wei)中國“全(quan)國定點(dian)市場(chang)”。昌樂(le)縣先后實施了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)部農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科技(ji)示范場(chang)、國家(jia)級(ji)西瓜(gua)標(biao)準(zhun)化示范區、西瓜(gua)良種(zhong)工廠化育苗基(ji)地建設等(deng)項目。
栽培技術
一(yi)是全部進行設施栽(zai)培(pei)。昌(chang)樂縣1982年(nian)(nian)開始引進推廣西(xi)瓜雙(shuang)膜(mo)(mo)覆蓋(gai)栽(zai)培(pei)技術,后經陽畦(qi)育苗、地膜(mo)(mo)覆蓋(gai),發展為(wei)陽畦(qi)嫁接育苗,以高溫棚、大拱棚為(wei)主的雙(shuang)膜(mo)(mo)或多(duo)膜(mo)(mo)栽(zai)培(pei)。到2008年(nian)(nian),10000h㎡昌(chang)樂西(xi)瓜全部實行保護栽(zai)培(pei)。
二是西瓜(gua)栽培(pei)技(ji)術(shu)全面(mian)普及。包(bao)括(kuo)嫁接、點(dian)花、授粉在內的一系列西瓜(gua)優質、早熟栽培(pei)技(ji)術(shu),在全縣幾乎(hu)家喻戶曉,有的村甚至是婦孺皆知。還推(tui)廣了反光幕增光、機械化卷簾(lian)、彌霧(wu)機防治病蟲害等先進技(ji)術(shu)和產品。
三是(shi)春秋兩(liang)(liang)(liang)季上市(shi),品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)全(quan),花色多。昌(chang)樂西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)大部分為春西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua),集中在(zai)(zai)“五一(yi)(yi)”前后上市(shi)。秋西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)占總播種(zhong)(zhong)面積的(de)10%左右,一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)“十一(yi)(yi)”前后上市(shi)。全(quan)縣已推(tui)廣無籽、有籽兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個系列,紅瓤(rang)、黃瓤(rang)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(xing),大、中、小三種(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)格的(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)120多個,西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)覆蓋率(lv)早已達到100%。特型(xing)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)、圖形西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)和(he)富硒保(bao)健西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)等特色西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)生產技(ji)術也已逐步(bu)成熟。
四是全面實施(shi)標準化(hua)生產(chan)。2003年(nian)(nian)春(chun),昌樂(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)開始推(tui)行標準化(hua)生產(chan),截(jie)止2008年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)30日,已有1533.3h㎡西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)通(tong)過(guo)了綠色食品基(ji)地(di)(di)認定(ding)(ding),3600h㎡西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)通(tong)過(guo)了無公害農產(chan)品基(ji)地(di)(di)認定(ding)(ding)。“中國(guo)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)第一鎮(zhen)”堯溝鎮(zhen)先后被確定(ding)(ding)為農業(ye)(ye)部農業(ye)(ye)科技示范場、西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)工(gong)廠化(hua)育苗基(ji)地(di)(di)、國(guo)家級西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)標準化(hua)示范區(qu)項(xiang)目建設單位。
銷售情況
到2008年,該縣瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批(pi)(pi)發市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)51個,西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產地(di)(di)批(pi)(pi)發市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)遍布全(quan)(quan)縣的(de)主(zhu)要西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)產區,累計總投資(zi)6700萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)面積80萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米,固(gu)定攤位數7300多(duo)個,年交(jiao)易(yi)量175萬(wan)噸,交(jiao)易(yi)額25億多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan)。其(qi)中堯溝瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)批(pi)(pi)發市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang),累計總投資(zi)3000萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan),占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)200畝(mu),年交(jiao)易(yi)量100萬(wan)噸,交(jiao)易(yi)額10億多(duo)元(yuan)(yuan),是江北最大(da)的(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)批(pi)(pi)發市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)。經紀隊伍龐大(da)。雖然全(quan)(quan)縣沒(mei)有注冊(ce)經紀人,也(ye)沒(mei)有注冊(ce)經紀組織,但從(cong)事西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)經紀的(de)瓜(gua)(gua)農已(yi)達5000多(duo)人,幾(ji)乎聯結了昌樂(le)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)產地(di)(di)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)和全(quan)(quan)國各地(di)(di)的(de)大(da)中型瓜(gua)(gua)菜(cai)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang),保證了全(quan)(quan)縣10000h㎡、45萬(wan)噸西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)的(de)順(shun)利銷售。
種植環境
土壤地貌情況
昌樂縣屬低(di)山(shan)丘陵(ling)區,中西部(bu)多低(di)山(shan),東南部(bu)多丘陵(ling),南北兩端各有(you)(you)一平原地(di)(di)(di)帶。微(wei)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)為低(di)山(shan)丘嶺、荒坡地(di)(di)(di)、沿河階地(di)(di)(di)、坡麓梯(ti)田(tian)、近(jin)山(shan)階地(di)(di)(di)、河谷梯(ti)田(tian)等。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)分為褐土(tu)(tu)、棕壤(rang)(rang)、潮土(tu)(tu)3個土(tu)(tu)類。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)耕(geng)層PH值平均為7.2,變(bian)幅(fu)在6.2-8之間;平均有(you)(you)機質為1.19%,堿解氨(an)86.5ppm,速(su)效磷27.9ppm,速(su)效鉀127.1ppm。地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)情(qing)況比較(jiao)適合瓜果的栽(zai)培和生(sheng)長。
水文情況
全縣5公(gong)(gong)里(li)以上(shang)的(de)河(he)流35條,但多數為(wei)季節性(xing)河(he)流,總流域面積(ji)1568平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li),水資源總量30515萬(wan)(wan)方(fang)(fang),其中地(di)下(xia)水14735萬(wan)(wan)方(fang)(fang),地(di)表水29738萬(wan)(wan)方(fang)(fang)。地(di)下(xia)水礦(kuang)(kuang)化度范(fan)圍一(yi)般在(zai)216-400mg/l,PH值在(zai)6.5=8之間。礦(kuang)(kuang)化類型(xing)為(wei)HCO3-→Ca++→Cl-→Na+型(xing)水。影響因素主要(yao)是面源污(wu)染,無潛在(zai)大型(xing)工業污(wu)染,為(wei)該縣瓜果生產提供了比較充足的(de)水源。
氣候情況
昌樂縣屬(shu)東部暖(nuan)溫帶季(ji)(ji)風型(xing)大(da)陸(lu)性(xing)氣(qi)候,四季(ji)(ji)分(fen)明,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)溫暖(nuan),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)濕潤(run)多雨,秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽,冬季(ji)(ji)寒(han)冷干燥。年(nian)平均氣(qi)溫12.6℃,降水(shui)量594.6毫米,相對(dui)(dui)濕度65%,日照時數(shu)2421.3小時,無霜期190天(tian)。降水(shui)的(de)時間分(fen)布對(dui)(dui)于西(xi)瓜的(de)生長有利,較多的(de)日照量為西(xi)瓜的(de)糖(tang)分(fen)積累(lei)提供了有利條件。