一.產品介紹
南平具有(you)(you)(you)(you)種植(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉的(de)悠(you)久歷(li)史,清(qing)人陸耀《煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)譜》記(ji)載:“煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草,處(chu)處(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)之……第一(yi)數閩產,而(er)浦城最著。其種較(jiao)真,產亦(yi)獨盛。非(fei)人力獨勤,乃良田地(di)(di)氣(qi)使然也(ye)”,歷(li)史上浦城曬煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)曾被列為(wei)(wei)朝廷貢(gong)品(pin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)“貢(gong)絲”之稱。南平地(di)(di)處(chu)福建(jian)省北部,具有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)南方典(dian)型(xing)的(de)“八山(shan)一(yi)水一(yi)分田”特(te)征(zheng),是(shi)(shi)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)家級(ji)生(sheng)態示范(fan)區”及“國(guo)(guo)(guo)家級(ji)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉標(biao)準化生(sheng)產優秀示范(fan)區”,被認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉產區中(zhong)(zhong)最具發展潛(qian)力的(de)優質(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區之一(yi)。保護區域(yu)地(di)(di)處(chu)閩江源頭,武夷山(shan)東(dong)側以丹霞地(di)(di)貌(mao)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)山(shan)間盆地(di)(di)、沖積區,森林覆(fu)蓋率74.7%,位居(ju)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)前列,光溫(wen)水資源豐富(fu)。南平烤煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)品(pin)種以K326為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),實行煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)稻輪作、高起(qi)壟、深早(zao)栽、多施有(you)(you)(you)(you)機肥等栽培措施。烤后煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉成熟(shu)度(du)好,顏色(se)多桔黃(huang)、色(se)澤飽(bao)滿、結構疏松、油份(fen)足(zu)、彈性強;煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉具有(you)(you)(you)(you)典(dian)型(xing)東(dong)南清(qing)香(xiang)型(xing)特(te)征(zheng),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)綿柔清(qing)甜、透發性強,香(xiang)氣(qi)質(zhi)好,香(xiang)氣(qi)量(liang)足(zu),勁頭適中(zhong)(zhong),雜(za)氣(qi)少,余(yu)味舒適。還(huan)原(yuan)糖、總糖含(han)(han)量(liang)較(jiao) 高,鉀含(han)(han)量(liang)較(jiao)高。特(te)征(zheng)致香(xiang)成分表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)棕櫚酸(suan)、硬脂酸(suan)含(han)(han)量(liang)較(jiao)高,總體(ti)表現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)堿性致香(xiang)物質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)相對(dui)較(jiao)低,酸(suan)性、中(zhong)(zhong)性致香(xiang)物質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)等,次生(sheng)物堿含(han)(han)量(liang)低。南平煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉具有(you)(you)(you)(you)“清(qing)香(xiang)、甜感、透發”的(de)感官質(zhi)量(liang)特(te)色(se),這特(te)色(se)在(zai)各(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)卷煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)到了很好的(de)應用。
二.自然生態環(huan)境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)貌情況(kuang):南(nan)(nan)平市(shi)地(di)處(chu)福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)北部(bu),位(wei)于(yu)閩(min)、浙(zhe)、贛三省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)交界處(chu),俗稱“閩(min)北”,轄區(qu)(qu)(qu)面積(ji)2.63萬(wan)平方千米,占福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)五分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),具(ju)有中國(guo)南(nan)(nan)方典型的(de)(de)“八山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)水(shui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)分田”特(te)征(zheng)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)域地(di)處(chu)武夷山(shan)東側以丹(dan)霞(xia)地(di)貌為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)山(shan)間、盆地(di)沖積(ji)區(qu)(qu)(qu),生(sheng)(sheng)態環境優良,森(sen)林覆蓋率(lv)74.7%,位(wei)居全(quan)國(guo)前列,是“地(di)球(qiu)上同一(yi)(yi)(yi)緯度生(sheng)(sheng)態環境保(bao)護最(zui)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)”(四川大學(xue)(xue)建(jian)筑與環境學(xue)(xue)院教(jiao)授周波2009《南(nan)(nan)平市(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)態市(shi)建(jian)設總(zong)體規劃綱要(yao)》),為(wei)煙草(cao)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)提(ti)供(gong)了良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)條件(jian)。南(nan)(nan)平植煙土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)水(shui)稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)、紅壤(rang)(rang)、黃(huang)壤(rang)(rang)和紫色土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)較肥沃(wo),養分含量(liang)高,自然條件(jian)適合,南(nan)(nan)平煙區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)pH值在(zai)4.5-6.5之(zhi)間,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)煙葉質量(liang)較好(hao)(hao)(hao)。南(nan)(nan)平煙區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)氯離子含量(liang)不超過(guo)30mg/kg種植的(de)(de)烤煙燃燒性好(hao)(hao)(hao)。
2、水(shui)文情況:南(nan)平境內河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)眾(zhong)多(duo),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積在50平方千米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)有176條,100平方千米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)有70條,構成溪(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)眾(zhong)多(duo)、徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量大、流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面廣的(de)自(zi)然水(shui)系。主(zhu)要河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有“一江(jiang)八(ba)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)”,即(ji)閩江(jiang)、建溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、富屯溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、崇陽溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、南(nan)浦溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、松溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、麻(ma)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、沙(sha)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)和金溪(xi)(xi)(xi)。全市多(duo)年平均(jun)(jun)(jun)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)深1040毫(hao)米(mi),徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)分布一般隨流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)高度而增大。全市多(duo)年平均(jun)(jun)(jun)陸面蒸發(fa)量為(wei)720毫(hao)米(mi),水(shui)面蒸發(fa)量為(wei)1000毫(hao)米(mi),蒸發(fa)的(de)地理分布差(cha)異不大,大致與年降水(shui)、徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)趨勢相(xiang)反(fan),即(ji)西北小(xiao)、東南(nan)大。光澤、武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)與江(jiang)西資溪(xi)(xi)(xi)一帶形成一個閉(bi)合區,所以(yi)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)脈主(zhu)峰附(fu)近徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)深可達1960毫(hao)米(mi),為(wei)福建省之(zhi)首。閩江(jiang)、建溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、富屯溪(xi)(xi)(xi)等(deng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)地表水(shui)的(de)水(shui)質均(jun)(jun)(jun)可達到(dao)農田灌溉(gai)水(shui)質二級標(biao)準以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。保(bao)證了種(zhong)植南(nan)平烤煙(yan)過(guo)程中的(de)無污染的(de)水(shui)源,為(wei)種(zhong)植出高品(pin)質的(de)南(nan)平烤煙(yan)提供保(bao)障。
3、氣候(hou)情況:南(nan)平屬(shu)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶海洋性季(ji)風氣候(hou)區,年(nian)(nian)均溫(wen)17~20℃,年(nian)(nian)平均降雨(yu)量1300-1900mm,≥12℃的(de)積(ji)溫(wen)5500~6600℃,年(nian)(nian)無霜期(qi)300d以(yi)上,年(nian)(nian)日照百(bai)分(fen)率約為40%左右,煙草(cao)生(sheng)育期(qi)的(de)降雨(yu)量400-520mm,氣候(hou)條(tiao)件優(you)(you)越,氣候(hou)資源豐富,這里(li)冬短而無嚴(yan)寒,被認(ren)為是我(wo)國(guo)煙葉產區中(zhong)最具發展(zhan)潛力(li)的(de)優(you)(you)質(zhi)煙區之一,(《中(zhong)國(guo)煙草(cao)科(ke)學》 2007年(nian)(nian)05期(qi) 中(zhong)國(guo)最具發展(zhan)潛力(li)的(de)優(you)(you)質(zhi)煙區之——南(nan)平煙譜志南(nan)平,貢絲出武(wu)夷)非常適(shi)合煙草(cao)生(sheng)長(chang)。
三.地域范圍
“南平烤(kao)煙”農產(chan)品地(di)(di)(di)理標(biao)志地(di)(di)(di)域保護范圍包括南平市(shi)(shi)轄區內的(de)延平區、邵武市(shi)(shi)、建陽市(shi)(shi)、武夷山市(shi)(shi)、建甌市(shi)(shi)、光澤縣、順(shun)昌縣、浦城縣、松溪縣、政和縣等十個(ge)縣(市(shi)(shi)、區),共計121個(ge)鄉鎮,地(di)(di)(di)理坐標(biao):東經117°00′-119°17′,北緯26°15′-28°19′之間,適宜種植南平烤(kao)煙的(de)耕地(di)(di)(di)面積150000公(gong)頃(qing),實際種植面積為2萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)頃(qing),年(nian)產(chan)量約4萬(wan)(wan)噸。
四.產品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)質特性特征
1、外在感官特征:南平烤(kao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)烤(kao)后煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)成熟度好,顏色多(duo)桔黃、色澤飽滿、結構疏(shu)松、油(you)份足、彈(dan)性強(qiang);煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)具有典(dian)型東南清香(xiang)(xiang)型特征,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)綿柔(rou)清甜(tian)、透發(fa)性強(qiang),香(xiang)(xiang)氣(qi)質(zhi)好,香(xiang)(xiang)氣(qi)量足,勁頭適中,雜氣(qi)少,余味舒適。
2、內在品質指(zhi)標:南平(ping)烤煙特征化學成分表現為(wei)還原糖、總糖含量較(jiao)高,鉀(jia)含量較(jiao)高,具體指(zhi)標為(wei)還原糖22-32%,總糖24-34%,鉀(jia)≥2%。
3、產品質(zhi)量(liang)安全(quan)規定:南平(ping)烤煙產品質(zhi)量(liang)應(ying)符合(GB 2635-1992)標準(zhun)。
五.特定生產(chan)方式
南平(ping)煙區建立以(yi)煙為(wei)主的耕作(zuo)(zuo)制度(du),實行(xing)“煙稻(dao)輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)”,采取隔年輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo),以(yi)水稻(dao)、玉米、豆(dou)類等為(wei)前茬。以(yi)高起壟、深早栽(zai)、多施有機(ji)肥等栽(zai)培措施。
1、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選擇:小(xiao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)K326為主,采取單行高壟種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),中等肥力田塊,株行距為0.5m×1.2m,每667平方米種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)1100株,以(yi)發揮群體優(you)勢(shi),保證(zheng)煙株個體發育與群體生(sheng)長的協調。
2、生產過程管理(li)與控制(zhi)技(ji)術:
(1)育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗技術:育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗方式為漂浮育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗。基質裝盤(pan)時水(shui)分合適,以手(shou)捏成團,落地即(ji)散。基質裝好(hao)盤(pan)后,用壓(ya)孔(kong)板(ban)壓(ya)出(chu)2mm~3mm深(shen)的播(bo)種穴(xue),每個孔(kong)穴(xue)直播(bo)1粒~2粒包衣種子,然后將育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗盤(pan)移(yi)至已配好(hao)營養液的育(yu)(yu)(yu)苗池中(zhong)。
(2)移(yi)(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)技術(shu):推行(xing)地(di)(di)膜覆蓋栽(zai)(zai)培,移(yi)(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)前(qian)15d~20d,先(xian)進行(xing)粗整(zheng)畦(qi),然(ran)后(hou)在壟(long)中(zhong)間開深15cm~20cm,寬10cm~15cm的(de)(de)條(tiao)溝(gou),施用(yong)條(tiao)溝(gou)肥(fei)后(hou)將條(tiao)溝(gou)填平(ping)、壟(long)體(ti)(ti)整(zheng)高,整(zheng)細、整(zheng)平(ping)壟(long)體(ti)(ti)表面土塊,使(shi)壟(long)體(ti)(ti)飽滿,再蓋膜待栽(zai)(zai)。采(cai)用(yong)基肥(fei)與(yu)追肥(fei)、干施與(yu)澆施、無機肥(fei)與(yu)有機肥(fei)、三要素(su)與(yu)中(zhong)微(wei)肥(fei)相結(jie)合的(de)(de)施肥(fei)方法,施肥(fei)量(liang)準,比例(li)協調,以株(zhu)定量(liang),均勻(yun)一致(zhi);移(yi)(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)煙(yan)苗行(xing)株(zhu)距為(wei)(120cm±5cm)×(50cm±3cm),每公頃(qing)栽(zai)(zai)煙(yan)16500株(zhu)。移(yi)(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)時用(yong)直(zhi)徑5cm的(de)(de)木棒(bang)在煙(yan)畦(qi)上按株(zhu)距打穴深12cm~15cm(確保放(fang)入煙(yan)苗不露(lu)出地(di)(di)膜),選用(yong)7葉(xie)(xie)~8葉(xie)(xie)無病均勻(yun)壯(zhuang)苗放(fang)入穴中(zhong)(不能覆土),立即澆足(zu)定根(gen)水。煙(yan)苗根(gen)部務必與(yu)穴底土壤接觸,防止架空(kong)死苗。
(3)大(da)田(tian)管(guan)理技(ji)術(shu):移栽后10d內要經常查苗補苗。新補煙(yan)苗要重點(dian)管(guan)理,追施“偏心肥水”,促(cu)進(jin)其快速生長(chang),保證(zheng)煙(yan)田(tian)植株(zhu)(zhu)整(zheng)齊一致。在煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)團棵前(qian)后去掉(diao)壓(ya)膜(mo)(mo)土(tu),用木(mu)棍撐(cheng)起地膜(mo)(mo),進(jin)行(xing)清溝大(da)培土(tu),把溝間多余的(de)土(tu)耙碎后培上煙(yan)畦(qi),圍攏煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)基部,壓(ya)住膜(mo)(mo)內雜草(cao),將煙(yan)畦(qi)薄膜(mo)(mo)由原(yuan)來的(de)緊(jin)密(mi)覆(fu)蓋改為寬(kuan)松覆(fu)蓋,即由“拉鏈(lian)式”壓(ya)膜(mo)(mo)改為“紐扣式”壓(ya)膜(mo)(mo)。當煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)大(da)田(tian)團棵期開始掀膜(mo)(mo)培土(tu),煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)旺長(chang)后全面揭去地膜(mo)(mo)。根據煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)勢、田(tian)塊肥力、品種(zhong)特性、氣(qi)候條件等因(yin)素,靈活掌(zhang)握打頂時期、打頂高度(du)和留葉(xie)數(shu),做到適(shi)(shi)時打頂、適(shi)(shi)當留葉(xie),保證(zheng)株(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)合理、上部煙(yan)葉(xie)充(chong)分發育,頂葉(xie)長(chang)度(du)45cm~55cm左右,株(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)近筒形(xing)或(huo)腰(yao)鼓形(xing)。做到后期“煙(yan)田(tian)不見花,煙(yan)株(zhu)(zhu)無亂杈”。
(4)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)防治技術:堅(jian)持“預(yu)防為主(zhu),綜合防治”的原則,突(tu)出農(nong)業防治措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),以栽培(pei)避(bi)病(bing)為基礎,加強病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)測預(yu)報,安全、經濟、有(you)效地(di)將有(you)害(hai)(hai)生(sheng)物造(zao)成的損失(shi)(shi)控制在經濟允(yun)許水平之下(xia)的植保(bao)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)體系,長(chang)期穩定地(di)把(ba)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)造(zao)成的損失(shi)(shi)降到(dao)最(zui)低限度,保(bao)障優質煙葉(xie)的生(sheng)產。
3、產品處理:成熟采(cai)(cai)收(shou)技(ji)術(shu)(shu):基本原(yuan)則為下部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)適(shi)時(shi)早采(cai)(cai),中部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)成熟采(cai)(cai)收(shou),上部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)充(chong)分(fen)成熟采(cai)(cai)收(shou)”。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時(shi)間通常上午采(cai)(cai)收(shou)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),多(duo)云(yun)、陰天均可(ke)整天采(cai)(cai)收(shou)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)。避免(mian)在烈日(ri)下采(cai)(cai)收(shou)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),旱天宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)露水煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),雨(yu)天宜(yi)在雨(yu)停后采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。遇(yu)田間煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)出現返青(qing)時(shi),等其重(zhong)新落(luo)黃(huang)后再采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與裝(zhuang)烤(kao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu):編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)前(qian)必須(xu)進行鮮(xian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)。鮮(xian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)以成熟度(du)為主,兼(jian)顧葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片大小、病殘葉(xie)(xie)(xie)等分(fen)類(lei)(lei)。在鮮(xian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)的基礎上,采(cai)(cai)用綁煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、串煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)或(huo)夾煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方式,分(fen)別進行煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)竿(或(huo)夾煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)),同竿(夾)同質。編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)基對(dui)齊,編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)扣(夾)牢固,束間距(ju)離(li)均勻(yun)一致(zhi)。每(mei)2片為一束。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)竿兩端(duan)各留5cm左右空竿。編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)線采(cai)(cai)用麻質或(huo)棉質繩。編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)好的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)掛(gua)于蔭涼處,避免(mian)泥土污染、曝曬(shai)、擠壓、雨(yu)淋。調制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)求(qiu):調制(zhi)設施為密集式烤(kao)房。按照三段式烘(hong)烤(kao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)要(yao)求(qiu),變黃(huang)期把握充(chong)分(fen)變黃(huang)凋萎,促進淀粉的轉化(hua);定(ding)色(se)期要(yao)求(qiu)適(shi)時(shi)排(pai)濕(shi)定(ding)色(se);干筋期要(yao)避免(mian)高(gao)溫烤(kao)紅等問題。
4、生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄要(yao)求:南平烤煙生(sheng)(sheng)產的全過程要(yao)建生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄檔(dang)案,對生(sheng)(sheng)產情況(kuang),病蟲害發生(sheng)(sheng)情況(kuang)、技術措施、農藥化肥的使(shi)用(yong)情況(kuang)以(yi)及收(shou)獲日期、質(zhi)量檢測情況(kuang)、銷(xiao)售情況(kuang)等進(jin)行(xing)全面記(ji)錄,生(sheng)(sheng)產記(ji)錄應當保(bao)存兩年以(yi)上,以(yi)備查詢。