一.產品介紹
福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)是(shi)(shi)福(fu)安(an)(an)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),明萬歷(公元1597年(nian))版《福(fu)安(an)(an)縣(xian)志》記(ji)載:“葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),白(bai)者為(wei)水(shui)晶。”說明在當時福(fu)安(an)(an)就(jiu)種(zhong)(zhong)植多個葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)品種(zhong)(zhong)。清光緒版《福(fu)安(an)(an)縣(xian)志》亦載:“葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)紫(zi)、碧二種(zhong)(zhong),白(bai)者為(wei)水(shui)晶”。福(fu)安(an)(an)市穆云鄉高(gao)嶺村(cun)現(xian)留存一株(zhu)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)古(gu)樹,相傳,后唐時黃巢(chao)起義(yi),戰亂(luan)百年(nian),當地(di)(di)(di)(di)先(xian)人為(wei)逃避戰亂(luan)在此建村(cun)時,就(jiu)發(fa)現(xian)這里的(de)(de)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)林(lin),歷經多年(nian)砍伐僅剩(sheng)這株(zhu)古(gu)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)。上世(shi)紀50年(nian)代,穆陽鄉溪(xi)塔村(cun)民開始馴化(hua)(hua)栽培,利用溪(xi)澗逐漸(jian)建起一條(tiao)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou),被全(quan)國葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)專家學者認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)國三大(da)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou)之一。福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)含(han)酸低、風味甜、抗病(bing)蟲、耐粗放管理、耐高(gao)溫高(gao)濕、耐貯運等優點,是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國珍貴野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei),是(shi)(shi)東亞種(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)中最好(hao)的(de)(de)釀酒品種(zhong)(zhong),果(guo)實的(de)(de)白(bai)藜(li)蘆醇、原(yuan)花青素的(de)(de)含(han)量遠高(gao)于種(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)內的(de)(de)其他種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei),經常吃刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)助于軟(ruan)化(hua)(hua)心血管、美(mei)化(hua)(hua)皮膚(fu)。是(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鮮(xian)名(ming)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方特色水(shui)果(guo),可(ke)利用溪(xi)岸、路溝(gou)(gou)旁、房前屋后邊角地(di)(di)(di)(di)等各種(zhong)(zhong)非耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)發(fa)展2萬畝多刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),成(cheng)為(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方區域(yu)名(ming)特優水(shui)果(guo)。 福(fu)安(an)(an)刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)果(guo)穗長條(tiao)形,果(guo)粒著生(sheng)(sheng)疏,平(ping)(ping)均重(zhong)185g,果(guo)粒橢圓形,平(ping)(ping)均粒重(zhong)3.1g。果(guo)皮為(wei)紫(zi)黑色,果(guo)粉厚(hou),果(guo)肉綠(lv)黃色,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)肉囊,多汁(zhi),味甜,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)氣,可(ke)溶(rong)性固(gu)形物(wu)14%~16%,酸0.3%,可(ke)食率76%,出汁(zhi)率66%。屬鮮(xian)食加工兼用型品種(zhong)(zhong)。與湖南等地(di)(di)(di)(di)刺(ci)葡(pu)(pu)(pu)萄(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)相比,具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)果(guo)皮薄、果(guo)粉厚(hou)、轉(zhuan)色好(hao)、可(ke)溶(rong)性固(gu)形物(wu)高(gao)及含(han)糖量稍高(gao)等特點,綜合性狀更好(hao)。
二.自(zi)然生態(tai)環境和人(ren)文歷史因素
1、土壤地貌情況:福安市地處閩(min)東北部的鷲峰山(shan)(shan)、太姥山(shan)(shan)、洞(dong)宮山(shan)(shan)三大脈之間。福安刺葡萄主要(yao)分布在海拔(ba)50~500米之間的丘陵,土壤為紅(hong)壤,呈酸(suan)性(xing)(pH4.5~6.5),有機質含(han)量1%~3%,土壤氮素含(han)量0.075%~0.200%,磷素7.8mg/L,鉀素150 mg/L,植被良好,植物種類繁(fan)多。?
2、水文情況(kuang):穆陽溪(xi)流(liu)域面積在(zai)518平方公(gong)(gong)里,境(jing)內流(liu)域46.4公(gong)(gong)里,年平均流(liu)量52.8米3/秒,對產(chan)(chan)地(di)有影響(xiang)的(de)支流(liu)為世界地(di)質(zhi)公(gong)(gong)園內的(de)冰臼溪(xi),天然潔凈、富(fu)含礦物質(zhi),從該溪(xi)引(yin)水灌溉農田3.53萬畝。周(zhou)邊無礦業(ye)、工(gong)業(ye),空(kong)氣質(zhi)量優良,環境(jing)已(yi)通過無公(gong)(gong)害農產(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)地(di)認定和產(chan)(chan)品認證。?
3、氣候情況:氣候屬中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶季風性(xing)氣候,年平均日照時(shi)數為1906小時(shi),年平均氣溫19.3℃,年無霜期(qi)289天,穩定通(tong)過≥10 ℃的(de)活動積(ji)溫5000~6150℃。由(you)于三面有(you)高大山(shan)脈屏障,光熱(re)充足(zu),冬夏晝(zhou)夜的(de)溫差大。年降水量為1541毫米(mi),水資源較豐富(fu)。
三.地域范圍
福安(an)刺葡萄地域(yu)保護范圍(東經(jing)119°27′14″至119°35′56″,東西寬14公(gong)(gong)里(li),北緯26°09′22″至27°01′46″南北長(chang)13公(gong)(gong)里(li),區域(yu)總(zong)面積(ji)182平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)里(li),包括(kuo)1個(ge)開發區和5個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen),即穆(mu)陽(yang)畬族開發區、穆(mu)云鄉(xiang)、穆(mu)陽(yang)鎮(zhen)、康厝鄉(xiang)、溪潭鎮(zhen)、坂(ban)中(zhong)鄉(xiang)等5個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen))的溪塔、穆(mu)陽(yang)、鳳(feng)陽(yang)等37個(ge)行政村,1.1萬畝福安(an)刺葡萄,年產1.5萬噸鮮果,屬“福安(an)刺葡萄”種植(zhi)地域(yu)范圍。
四.產品品質特性(xing)特征
福安(an)刺葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)屬葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)科葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)屬(種(zhong)名刺葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)),是(shi)我國南方特有(you)珍(zhen)貴野生葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)種(zhong)類,是(shi)東(dong)亞種(zhong)群中最好的(de)釀酒品種(zhong)。福安(an)刺葡(pu)萄(tao)(tao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)穗(sui)圓柱形(xing)或圓錐形(xing),有(you)副穗(sui),穗(sui)柄長,較松(song)散(san);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)粒長圓形(xing),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮黑紫(zi)色(se)、厚(hou)而韌,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)粉較厚(hou),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉黃綠(lv)色(se)帶紫(zi)紅(hong)色(se)暈,味甜,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉較軟,具肉囊,粘核;果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)刷粗(cu)、短(duan),種(zhong)子3~4粒/果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。平均果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)穗(sui)重(zhong)115g,單果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)2.3-3.5g,可(ke)溶(rong)性固形(xing)物含量(liang)14%~16%,總(zong)糖12-15%,總(zong)酸(g/100g)≤0.4,花青素(mg/100g)150-200。
五(wu).特定生產方式(shi)
1、產地(di)要求(qiu):穆陽溪(xi)流域丘(qiu)陵地(di)區,排灌方便,土(tu)(tu)層深(shen)厚(hou),土(tu)(tu)質疏松、肥沃,沙壤土(tu)(tu)、沙礫壤土(tu)(tu),pH4.5~6.5。?
2、品種(zhong)選擇與要求:選擇種(zhong)植福安(an)刺葡萄,該(gai)品種(zhong)是福安(an)地方名特優種(zhong)質資(zi)源,種(zhong)植歷史悠久,是福安(an)市(shi)果農(nong)長(chang)期栽培(pei)馴化野生(sheng)刺葡萄,從(cong)野生(sheng)刺葡萄中選育保(bao)存(cun)下來(lai),宜(yi)鮮食和加工。福安(an)刺葡萄生(sheng)長(chang)強(qiang)健、抗病(bing)(bing)性強(qiang),其根系發達,枝(zhi)蔓長(chang)勢較巨(ju)峰強(qiang),種(zhong)植后第二年即可(ke)結果,對葡萄黑(hei)痘病(bing)(bing)具有高抗病(bing)(bing)性,適應南方高溫、高濕、低酸條件。?
3、生產控制及收獲(huo):
①園(yuan)地(di)選(xuan)擇:福安刺葡萄要選(xuan)擇穆陽(yang)溪流(liu)域(yu),土(tu)質(zhi)疏松、土(tu)層(ceng)深厚肥沃、排灌條件良好,土(tu)壤(rang)pH值(zhi)在4.5~6.5的園(yuan)地(di)種植。
②育苗(miao):福安刺(ci)葡(pu)萄扦插成(cheng)活(huo)率(lv)很低,要采用(yong)(yong)壓條(tiao)繁(fan)殖(zhi)方法。如果(guo)要提高(gao)苗(miao)木擴(kuo)繁(fan)速度,可采用(yong)(yong)“高(gao)效扦插育苗(miao)技術”,采用(yong)(yong)藥劑促(cu)根(gen)、地熱催根(gen),搭建遮陽苗(miao)圃,假植期經常根(gen)外追肥,防止幼苗(miao)失水等關鍵技術擴(kuo)繁(fan)。
③栽植:株行距5m×7~9m,每667㎡栽10~15株。過去一般(ban)選(xuan)用高(gao)壓苗定(ding)植,近年突破了扦插(cha)苗繁殖技術后采(cai)用扦插(cha)苗定(ding)植,采(cai)用高(gao)大水平(ping)棚架(jia)。
④整形(xing)修剪:采取獨龍(long)干或多主蔓(man)(3~4條)整形(xing)。
⑤病(bing)蟲害防治(zhi):病(bing)蟲害防治(zhi)以(yi)霜霉(mei)病(bing)、褐斑病(bing)為(wei)主(zhu)。按GB 4285《農(nong)藥(yao)安全使用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)》、GB8321《農(nong)藥(yao)合理(li)使用(yong)準(zhun)則(ze)》(所有部分)規定要求執行。⑥采(cai)(cai)收:選熟(shu)留青(qing),分批采(cai)(cai)收。?
4、生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)要求:建(jian)立(li)(li)生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)檔(dang)案。詳細記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)包括園地(di)選擇(ze)、育苗、定植、整形修剪、土肥水管理、病蟲(chong)害防治、收獲、貯存(cun)、運輸、銷(xiao)售等(deng)系列活動(dong)的(de)(de)內(nei)容;建(jian)立(li)(li)由村為(wei)單位的(de)(de)基地(di)農(nong)戶(hu)(專業合作社(she)、企業)清(qing)單,并建(jian)立(li)(li)栽培檔(dang)案;基地(di)的(de)(de)各項記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)至少保(bao)存(cun)3年,并有專門的(de)(de)檔(dang)案櫥(柜(ju)、室);有相關(guan)的(de)(de)標準、規范和法規等(deng)文件(jian)資料。