旺蒼(cang)杜仲(zhong)(zhong),中藥(yao)材品種,四(si)川省旺蒼(cang)縣特產,中國(guo)國(guo)家地(di)理標(biao)志產品。旺蒼(cang)縣人(ren)工(gong)栽培杜仲(zhong)(zhong)歷史(shi)悠久,適(shi)宜的(de)(de)土(tu)壤氣候(hou)條件和豐富(fu)的(de)(de)水資源,使旺蒼(cang)杜仲(zhong)(zhong)資源豐富(fu)、品質(zhi)高,杜仲(zhong)(zhong)皮和葉里有(you)效成分含量居中國(guo)之首(shou),為旺蒼(cang)贏來(lai)了“林蔭藥(yao)鄉”的(de)(de)美譽。
生物特性
旺蒼(cang)杜仲(zhong)(zhong)屬杜仲(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)落葉(xie)喬木(mu)。又稱(cheng)絲棉木(mu)。高(gao)可達15米—20米。樹皮(pi)入藥(yao),以杜仲(zhong)(zhong)為主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)料的中成藥(yao)在東南亞(ya)各國和港(gang)澳地(di)區(qu)很(hen)有(you)(you)聲譽;葉(xie)子可制保健茶,外(wai)銷(xiao)日本,也可提取杜仲(zhong)(zhong)膠。品種有(you)(you)粗皮(pi)杜仲(zhong)(zhong)、光皮(pi)杜仲(zhong)(zhong)。四川開發利用歷史悠(you)久(jiu),全省(sheng)120個縣(市)有(you)(you)公(gong)布(bu)(bu),主(zhu)要(yao)公(gong)布(bu)(bu)在廣元、綿陽、成都、萬縣、巴(ba)中等市地(di)。
杜仲(zhong)的(de)干燥樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi),常用川(chuan)產(chan)道(dao)地(di)中藥(yao)材。又稱思仙、思仲(zhong)、絲(si)棉(mian)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、扯(che)絲(si)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。始載于(yu)(yu)《神農本草經》。性(xing)溫,味甘、微(wei)辛,具有(you)補肝腎、強筋骨、安胎、降血壓等功(gong)效。主產(chan)于(yu)(yu)巴中、達(da)川(chuan)、綿(mian)陽、青川(chuan)、平武、溫江、彭州(zhou)、都江堰等地(di)。栽培或野生于(yu)(yu)山(shan)地(di)林中,春(chun)、夏(xia)兩(liang)季剝取種植(zhi)近10年的(de)樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)厚,塊大(da),去凈粗皮(pi)(pi)(pi),面(mian)絲(si)多(duo),內表面(mian)色(se)暗紫(zi)為(wei)(wei)佳。主要藥(yao)用成分為(wei)(wei)杜仲(zhong)膠。
生產情況
旺(wang)蒼縣(xian)(xian)(xian)是川北革命老區(qu),山(shan)地面(mian)積占了全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的99.96%,地理條件決定(ding)了旺(wang)蒼是以林業為主的山(shan)區(qu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)。旺(wang)蒼杜仲人(ren)工栽培歷史悠久,為該縣(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)統的重(zhong)要出口藥(yao)材。
資源分布
2008全縣(xian)有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲3006.6萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),分布在(zai)(zai)三(san)十五(wu)個鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)),有(you)(you)(you)九個鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen))在(zai)(zai)百萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上,集中(zhong)(zhong)成片(pian)(pian)的(de)區域有(you)(you)(you)英萃片(pian)(pian)區(包括(kuo)英萃、正源、鼓城(cheng)、檬子),有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲1259.1萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)41.9%,五(wu)權片(pian)(pian)區(包括(kuo)五(wu)權、水磨(mo)、大河)有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲373.6萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)12.4%,木門(men)片(pian)(pian)區(包括(kuo)木門(men)、九龍、化龍、龍建(jian))有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲389.2萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)12.9%,杜(du)仲最多的(de)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)有(you)(you)(you)英萃600萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、正源397萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。全縣(xian)涉及杜(du)仲大戶(hu)(hu)5114戶(hu)(hu)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上有(you)(you)(you)286戶(hu)(hu),占(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)1013戶(hu)(hu),占(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)3815戶(hu)(hu),占(zhan)74.6%。全縣(xian)出現了檬子鄉(xiang)張尚凱、化龍鄉(xiang)劉枝(zhi)坤等杜(du)仲大戶(hu)(hu),每(mei)戶(hu)(hu)均在(zai)(zai)五(wu)萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上。根據(ju)單(dan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生物量測算,全縣(xian)干皮(pi)(pi)貯(zhu)量為36630噸,枝(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)24930噸,葉(xie)86670噸,每(mei)年產籽10噸。成片(pian)(pian)造林(lin)2085.6萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數的(de)69.4%,“四旁(pang)”載植(zhi)達921萬株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數的(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦巴山區(qu)的旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)資(zi)源豐(feng)富(fu)、品(pin)質高(gao),素(su)有“林(lin)蔭藥(yao)鄉”之美稱。1984年(nian)四川省(sheng)中藥(yao)材生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)劃會把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地縣(xian)。1988年(nian)四川省(sheng)科(ke)委(wei)把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)建設10萬畝杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)商品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地,列(lie)為(wei)(wei)“星火(huo)計(ji)劃”項目,1996年(nian)四川省(sheng)科(ke)委(wei)把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)天然藥(yao)材杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)示范工程,2000年(nian)國家林(lin)業(ye)局把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣(xian)命名為(wei)(wei)中國特優經濟林(lin)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)之鄉。1998年(nian),該(gai)縣(xian)被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)中國第二批高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)優質高(gao)效農業(ye)標(biao)準化(hua)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)示范區(qu),也是中國惟一(yi)一(yi)個(ge)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)栽(zai)培(pei)的農業(ye)標(biao)準化(hua)示范區(qu)。為(wei)(wei)此,旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)縣(xian)制(zhi)定了(le)《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)優質豐(feng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)剝皮再生(sheng)技(ji)術(shu)》等(deng)地方標(biao)準,編(bian)寫印制(zhi)了(le)《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)全年(nian)管理技(ji)術(shu)工作歷(li)》、《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)林(lin)間管理技(ji)術(shu)》等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)資(zi)料,舉辦(ban)各(ge)種培(pei)訓20余(yu)期,培(pei)訓人(ren)員(yuan)1000余(yu)人(ren),召開技(ji)術(shu)現場會20次,農民受培(pei)訓面達85%以上(shang)。按照示范區(qu)項目的要(yao)求,示范區(qu)全面實施了(le)“公司+基地+農戶+標(biao)準”的標(biao)準化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)管理模式,建立了(le)育(yu)苗、建園(yuan)、栽(zai)植、施肥澆(jiao)水、整形(xing)修剪(jian)、采摘、加工等(deng)環節的一(yi)系列(lie)控制(zhi)措施。
2000年(nian),示范區順利通過(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家驗收。同年(nian),國(guo)(guo)家林業局命(ming)名旺蒼(cang)縣為“杜(du)(du)仲之鄉(xiang)”。到2006年(nian),產值過(guo)(guo)億元;開發出杜(du)(du)仲酒(jiu)、杜(du)(du)仲茶(cha)、杜(du)(du)仲葉(xie)粉(fen)等(deng)多種產品,不斷(duan)銷往中國(guo)(guo)各地,杜(du)(du)仲茶(cha)還遠(yuan)銷日本等(deng)國(guo)(guo)。