旺(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)仲,中(zhong)藥材品(pin)種,四川省(sheng)旺(wang)蒼縣(xian)特產(chan),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家地理標志產(chan)品(pin)。旺(wang)蒼縣(xian)人(ren)工栽培杜(du)(du)仲歷史悠久,適宜的(de)土壤氣候條件和(he)豐富的(de)水資源(yuan),使旺(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)仲資源(yuan)豐富、品(pin)質高,杜(du)(du)仲皮和(he)葉里有(you)效成分含量(liang)居中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)之首(shou),為旺(wang)蒼贏(ying)來了(le)“林蔭(yin)藥鄉(xiang)”的(de)美譽。
生物特性
旺蒼杜仲(zhong)屬杜仲(zhong)科落葉喬(qiao)木。又稱絲棉木。高可達15米—20米。樹皮入藥,以杜仲(zhong)為主要(yao)原料(liao)的中成藥在東南亞各國和港(gang)澳地(di)區很有聲(sheng)譽;葉子可制保健茶,外銷日本,也可提(ti)取杜仲(zhong)膠。品種有粗皮杜仲(zhong)、光皮杜仲(zhong)。四川開發利用歷史悠久,全省120個縣(市(shi))有公布(bu),主要(yao)公布(bu)在廣(guang)元、綿(mian)陽(yang)、成都、萬(wan)縣、巴中等市(shi)地(di)。
杜仲的干燥(zao)樹皮,常(chang)用川(chuan)(chuan)產(chan)道地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)藥材。又稱思仙、思仲、絲棉皮、扯(che)絲皮。始載于《神農本草經》。性(xing)溫(wen),味(wei)甘、微辛,具有(you)補肝腎(shen)、強筋骨、安(an)胎、降血壓(ya)等功效(xiao)。主產(chan)于巴中(zhong)(zhong)、達川(chuan)(chuan)、綿陽、青川(chuan)(chuan)、平武、溫(wen)江、彭州(zhou)、都江堰等地(di)。栽培或野(ye)生于山地(di)林中(zhong)(zhong),春、夏兩季(ji)剝取種植近(jin)10年(nian)的樹皮。皮厚(hou),塊(kuai)大,去凈粗皮,面絲多,內表面色(se)暗紫為(wei)(wei)佳(jia)。主要藥用成(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)杜仲膠。
生產情況
旺蒼(cang)縣(xian)是川北革(ge)命(ming)老區,山地(di)面積占了(le)全縣(xian)的(de)(de)99.96%,地(di)理(li)條件決定了(le)旺蒼(cang)是以林業為主(zhu)的(de)(de)山區縣(xian)。旺蒼(cang)杜(du)仲人工栽培歷史悠(you)久,為該縣(xian)傳統的(de)(de)重要出口藥(yao)材。
資源分布
2008全縣(xian)有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3006.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),分布在三十(shi)五個鄉(鎮),有(you)(you)(you)九個鄉(鎮)在百萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上,集中(zhong)成(cheng)片(pian)的(de)(de)區域有(you)(you)(you)英萃(cui)片(pian)區(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)英萃(cui)、正源、鼓城、檬(meng)子(zi)),有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1259.1萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)41.9%,五權(quan)(quan)片(pian)區(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)五權(quan)(quan)、水磨(mo)、大(da)河(he))有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)373.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)12.4%,木門(men)片(pian)區(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)木門(men)、九龍(long)、化(hua)龍(long)、龍(long)建)有(you)(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)389.2萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)12.9%,杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最多(duo)的(de)(de)鄉鎮有(you)(you)(you)英萃(cui)600萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、正源397萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。全縣(xian)涉及杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)5114戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。其中(zhong)10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上有(you)(you)(you)286戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),占(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)1013戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),占(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)3815戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),占(zhan)74.6%。全縣(xian)出現(xian)了(le)檬(meng)子(zi)鄉張(zhang)尚(shang)凱、化(hua)龍(long)鄉劉枝坤等杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),每戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)均(jun)在五萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)上。根(gen)據單株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生物量(liang)測算(suan),全縣(xian)干皮(pi)貯量(liang)為36630噸,枝皮(pi)24930噸,葉86670噸,每年產(chan)籽(zi)10噸。成(cheng)片(pian)造林2085.6萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)(de)69.4%,“四(si)旁”載植達921萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全縣(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦巴山區(qu)的(de)(de)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼資(zi)源豐富(fu)、品質(zhi)(zhi)高,素有“林(lin)蔭藥鄉(xiang)”之(zhi)美稱。1984年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省中(zhong)藥材生產(chan)規(gui)劃(hua)會把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼列為(wei)(wei)(wei)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)基地縣(xian)。1988年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省科(ke)委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼建設10萬(wan)畝杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)商品生產(chan)基地,列為(wei)(wei)(wei)“星(xing)火(huo)計劃(hua)”項目,1996年(nian)(nian)四川(chuan)省科(ke)委把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼列為(wei)(wei)(wei)天然藥材杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化示(shi)(shi)(shi)范工程,2000年(nian)(nian)國家(jia)林(lin)業(ye)(ye)局把(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼縣(xian)命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國特優(you)(you)經濟林(lin)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)。1998年(nian)(nian),該縣(xian)被列為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國第二批高產(chan)優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)高效農業(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)示(shi)(shi)(shi)范區(qu),也是中(zhong)國惟(wei)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)個杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)栽(zai)(zai)培的(de)(de)農業(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化示(shi)(shi)(shi)范區(qu)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)此,旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼縣(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)定了《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)豐產(chan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)剝皮再生技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》等(deng)地方標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun),編寫印(yin)制(zhi)(zhi)了《杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)全年(nian)(nian)管理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)工作歷》、《杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)林(lin)間管理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)資(zi)料,舉辦(ban)各種(zhong)培訓20余(yu)期,培訓人員1000余(yu)人,召開(kai)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)現場(chang)會20次,農民受培訓面達(da)85%以上。按照示(shi)(shi)(shi)范區(qu)項目的(de)(de)要求,示(shi)(shi)(shi)范區(qu)全面實施(shi)了“公司+基地+農戶+標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)”的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化生產(chan)管理模(mo)式(shi),建立了育苗、建園、栽(zai)(zai)植、施(shi)肥澆水、整(zheng)形修剪(jian)、采摘、加工等(deng)環節(jie)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)系列控制(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)。
2000年(nian),示(shi)范區順利通過國家驗收。同(tong)年(nian),國家林業(ye)局(ju)命名旺(wang)蒼縣為“杜仲(zhong)(zhong)之鄉”。到2006年(nian),產(chan)值過億元(yuan);開發(fa)出杜仲(zhong)(zhong)酒、杜仲(zhong)(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)、杜仲(zhong)(zhong)葉粉等多種產(chan)品,不斷銷往中國各地(di),杜仲(zhong)(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)還遠銷日本等國。