旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong),中(zhong)藥材品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),四川省旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣特產(chan),中(zhong)國國家地理標志產(chan)品(pin)(pin)。旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)縣人工栽(zai)培杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)歷史悠(you)久,適宜(yi)的(de)土壤氣候條(tiao)件和(he)豐富(fu)的(de)水資源(yuan),使旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)資源(yuan)豐富(fu)、品(pin)(pin)質高,杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)皮(pi)和(he)葉里有效成分含量(liang)居中(zhong)國之(zhi)首(shou),為旺(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)(cang)贏(ying)來了“林蔭藥鄉”的(de)美(mei)譽。
生物特性
旺蒼杜(du)仲(zhong)屬(shu)杜(du)仲(zhong)科落葉(xie)喬木(mu)(mu)。又稱絲棉木(mu)(mu)。高可(ke)達(da)15米(mi)—20米(mi)。樹皮(pi)入藥(yao),以(yi)杜(du)仲(zhong)為主(zhu)要原料的中成藥(yao)在(zai)東南亞各國和港澳地區(qu)很有(you)聲譽;葉(xie)子可(ke)制保健茶,外銷日(ri)本,也(ye)可(ke)提取杜(du)仲(zhong)膠。品(pin)種有(you)粗皮(pi)杜(du)仲(zhong)、光皮(pi)杜(du)仲(zhong)。四(si)川開發利用歷史悠(you)久(jiu),全省120個(ge)縣(xian)(市)有(you)公布,主(zhu)要公布在(zai)廣元、綿陽、成都、萬縣(xian)、巴(ba)中等市地。
杜仲(zhong)的干燥樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi),常用川(chuan)產道地中藥(yao)材。又(you)稱思仙(xian)、思仲(zhong)、絲(si)棉皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、扯絲(si)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。始載于(yu)《神農(nong)本草經》。性(xing)溫,味甘、微辛(xin),具有補肝腎、強(qiang)筋(jin)骨(gu)、安胎、降血壓等(deng)功(gong)效。主產于(yu)巴(ba)中、達川(chuan)、綿陽(yang)、青川(chuan)、平武、溫江、彭州、都江堰等(deng)地。栽培或(huo)野生于(yu)山地林中,春、夏(xia)兩(liang)季(ji)剝(bo)取種植近10年的樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)厚,塊大,去(qu)凈(jing)粗皮(pi)(pi)(pi),面絲(si)多,內表面色(se)暗紫(zi)為佳。主要藥(yao)用成分(fen)為杜仲(zhong)膠(jiao)。
生產情況
旺蒼(cang)縣(xian)是川(chuan)北革命(ming)老區(qu),山地面積占了(le)全縣(xian)的99.96%,地理條件(jian)決定了(le)旺蒼(cang)是以林業為主的山區(qu)縣(xian)。旺蒼(cang)杜仲人工栽培歷史悠(you)久,為該(gai)縣(xian)傳統的重要(yao)出口(kou)藥(yao)材。
資源分布
2008全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3006.6萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),分布在三十五(wu)個鄉(鎮),有(you)(you)九個鄉(鎮)在百萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上(shang),集中成片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)有(you)(you)英萃片(pian)區(qu)(包括英萃、正源、鼓城(cheng)、檬子),有(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1259.1萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)41.9%,五(wu)權(quan)(quan)片(pian)區(qu)(包括五(wu)權(quan)(quan)、水(shui)磨、大河)有(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)373.6萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)12.4%,木(mu)(mu)門片(pian)區(qu)(包括木(mu)(mu)門、九龍(long)、化龍(long)、龍(long)建)有(you)(you)杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)389.2萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)12.9%,杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最多的(de)(de)(de)鄉鎮有(you)(you)英萃600萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、正源397萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)涉(she)及杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大戶(hu)5114戶(hu)。其中10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上(shang)有(you)(you)286戶(hu),占(zhan)5.6%;5000-10000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)1013戶(hu),占(zhan)19.8%,1001-5000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)3815戶(hu),占(zhan)74.6%。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)出現(xian)了檬子鄉張尚(shang)凱、化龍(long)鄉劉枝坤等杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大戶(hu),每(mei)戶(hu)均(jun)在五(wu)萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以上(shang)。根據單株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)物量(liang)測算,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)干皮(pi)(pi)貯量(liang)為36630噸,枝皮(pi)(pi)24930噸,葉(xie)86670噸,每(mei)年產籽(zi)10噸。成片(pian)造林2085.6萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)69.4%,“四旁”載(zai)植(zhi)達921萬(wan)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)30.6%。
經營管理
秦(qin)巴山區(qu)的(de)(de)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)資源(yuan)豐富、品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao),素(su)有“林蔭藥鄉”之(zhi)美(mei)稱。1984年(nian)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)中藥材生產(chan)(chan)規劃(hua)會把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)列為杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)生產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)縣(xian)。1988年(nian)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)科委(wei)(wei)把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)建(jian)設10萬畝杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)商品(pin)生產(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di),列為“星(xing)火計劃(hua)”項目(mu),1996年(nian)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)科委(wei)(wei)把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)列為天然藥材杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)產(chan)(chan)業化(hua)示(shi)范(fan)工程(cheng),2000年(nian)國家林業局把(ba)(ba)旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)縣(xian)命名為中國特優經(jing)濟林杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)之(zhi)鄉。1998年(nian),該縣(xian)被列為中國第二(er)批高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)優質(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)農業標準(zhun)化(hua)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)示(shi)范(fan)區(qu),也是中國惟一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)栽培的(de)(de)農業標準(zhun)化(hua)示(shi)范(fan)區(qu)。為此(ci),旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)縣(xian)制(zhi)定了《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)》、《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)優質(zhi)(zhi)豐產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》、《旺(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)蒼(cang)(cang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)剝皮再生技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》等地(di)方標準(zhun),編寫印制(zhi)了《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)全(quan)年(nian)管理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)工作(zuo)歷》、《杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)林間管理技(ji)術(shu)(shu)》等技(ji)術(shu)(shu)資料,舉辦(ban)各種培訓(xun)20余期,培訓(xun)人員1000余人,召開技(ji)術(shu)(shu)現場會20次,農民受培訓(xun)面(mian)達(da)85%以上。按照示(shi)范(fan)區(qu)項目(mu)的(de)(de)要求,示(shi)范(fan)區(qu)全(quan)面(mian)實施(shi)了“公(gong)司+基(ji)地(di)+農戶+標準(zhun)”的(de)(de)標準(zhun)化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)管理模式,建(jian)立了育苗、建(jian)園、栽植、施(shi)肥澆水、整形修剪、采摘、加工等環節的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)列控制(zhi)措施(shi)。
2000年(nian)(nian),示范區順利通(tong)過國(guo)(guo)家驗收。同年(nian)(nian),國(guo)(guo)家林業局命(ming)名旺蒼縣為(wei)“杜(du)(du)(du)仲之鄉”。到2006年(nian)(nian),產(chan)值過億元(yuan);開發出杜(du)(du)(du)仲酒、杜(du)(du)(du)仲茶、杜(du)(du)(du)仲葉粉(fen)等(deng)多種產(chan)品,不斷銷往(wang)中國(guo)(guo)各地,杜(du)(du)(du)仲茶還遠銷日本等(deng)國(guo)(guo)。