形態特征
“雅連(lian)”,是(shi)三角葉(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)(C.deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao)的(de)干燥(zao)根莖。三角葉(xie)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian),毛(mao)(mao)茛科(RANUNCULACEAE)黃(huang)(huang)連(lian)屬(shu)(Coptis Salisb.),根狀(zhuang)莖黃(huang)(huang)色(se),不分枝或(huo)(huo)少分枝,節間明(ming)顯(xian),密(mi)生多(duo)數細根,具(ju)橫走的(de)匍匐(fu)莖。葉(xie)3-11枚(mei);葉(xie)片(pian)輪(lun)廓(kuo)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稍帶革質,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)達16厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)達15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),三全裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)均具(ju)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)柄;中央(yang)全裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)三角狀(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-12厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端急尖(jian)或(huo)(huo)漸(jian)尖(jian),4-6對羽(yu)狀(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie)(lie),深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)彼此多(duo)少鄰接,邊緣具(ju)極尖(jian)的(de)鋸(ju)齒;側全裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)斜卵(luan)狀(zhuang)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),不等二裂(lie)(lie),表(biao)面沿脈被(bei)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)近無毛(mao)(mao),背面無毛(mao)(mao),兩面的(de)葉(xie)脈均隆(long)起;葉(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)6-18厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),無毛(mao)(mao)。花(hua)葶(ting)1-2,比葉(xie)稍長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang);多(duo)歧聚傘花(hua)序,有花(hua)4-8朵;苞片(pian)線(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),三深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)或(huo)(huo)櫛狀(zhuang)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie)(lie);萼片(pian)黃(huang)(huang)綠色(se),狹卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)8-12.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2-2.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端漸(jian)尖(jian);花(hua)瓣(ban)約10枚(mei),近披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)0.7-1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端漸(jian)尖(jian),中部(bu)微變寬(kuan),具(ju)蜜(mi)槽;雄(xiong)蕊約20,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)僅為花(hua)瓣(ban)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)1/2左右;花(hua)藥黃(huang)(huang)色(se),花(hua)絲狹線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);心皮(pi)9-12,花(hua)柱微彎(wan)。蓇葖(tu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓狀(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)6-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),心皮(pi)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),被(bei)微柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。3-4月開花(hua),4-6月結果(guo)。
特產四川峨眉(mei)及洪雅(ya)一帶。生海(hai)拔(ba)1600-2200米間的山(shan)地(di)林下,常(chang)栽培,野生的已不多見。
生長環境
生海拔1600-2200米間的山地林下,常栽培,野生的已(yi)不多見。
主要價值
中(zhong)國國家(jia)地理(li)標志產品,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國四川(chuan)(chuan)省洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)縣、峨嵋(mei)一(yi)帶特產,由于對(dui)地理(li)條件要求非常苛(ke)刻,所以是(shi)中(zhong)草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)黃連中(zhong)的珍品,藥(yao)效為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“味(wei)蓮”“雅(ya)(ya)連”“云連”三個品種(zhong)中(zhong)之最,歷朝均(jun)將雅(ya)(ya)連作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貢品,上(shang)(shang)繳于朝廷太醫(yi)院,因(yin)此(ci)又(you)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“貢連”。洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)縣是(shi)中(zhong)國歷史上(shang)(shang)貢連產區(qu),據有史可考已達1300多年,洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)縣將雅(ya)(ya)連馴化(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)家(jia)種(zhong)連也達500多年。《本草(cao)(cao)綱(gang)目》、《現代中(zhong)醫(yi)藥(yao)典(dian)》記載,洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)瓦屋山一(yi)帶種(zhong)植的黃連為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)連”或“川(chuan)(chuan)雅(ya)(ya)”,尤以高廟、瓦屋山等鄉鎮的出產為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正(zheng)宗,質量上(shang)(shang)乘,名(ming)響中(zhong)外,暢銷東南亞和(he)非洲等地,洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)被譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)連之鄉”。
藥材性狀
雅連(lian)(lian)(《本草從新》),又(you)名:峨嵋連(lian)(lian)、嘉(jia)定(ding)連(lian)(lian)、刺(ci)蓋連(lian)(lian)。為(wei)(wei)植物三角(jiao)葉黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)的干燥根莖。多(duo)為(wei)(wei)單枝(zhi),少有分枝(zhi),略呈(cheng)圓柱形,微(wei)彎曲呈(cheng)蠶狀(zhuang),長約4~8厘米(mi),直(zhi)徑約3~9毫(hao)米(mi)。外表褐色(se)或黃(huang)棕(zong)色(se),間斷(duan)橫(heng)紋多(duo),結節(jie)明顯(xian),有多(duo)數須(xu)根殘(can)痕、葉柄殘(can)基及鱗(lin)片,“過江枝(zhi)”較味(wei)連(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)少。質堅實,斷(duan)面不齊,皮部暗棕(zong)色(se),木部深黃(huang)色(se),射線明顯(xian),髓(sui)部時有空心。無臭,味(wei)極苦。以條(tiao)肥壯、連(lian)(lian)珠形、質堅實、斷(duan)面黃(huang)色(se)、無殘(can)莖及須(xu)根者為(wei)(wei)佳。
藥用特性
雅連(lian)含小檗堿(jian)(jian)、黃連(lian)堿(jian)(jian)、甲基黃連(lian)堿(jian)(jian)、掌(zhang)葉(xie)防己堿(jian)(jian)等生(sheng)物堿(jian)(jian),可治急(ji)性結(jie)膜炎(yan)、急(ji)性細菌性痢疾、急(ji)性腸胃炎(yan)、吐血(xue)、癰癤瘡瘍等癥。
清熱燥濕(shi)功效:用(yong)于(yu)濕(shi)熱泄瀉、痢疾等(deng),可單(dan)用(yong)或為香連丸;治療濕(shi)熱黃疸如茵陳蒿湯。
瀉(xie)火功(gong)效(xiao):用于心(xin)火亢(kang)盛(sheng)之煩(fan)躁不眠(mian)或溫熱(re)病之高熱(re)心(xin)煩(fan)、神昏譫語,如(ru)黃(huang)連解毒湯;若治療陰(yin)虛、血(xue)(xue)虛之心(xin)煩(fan)不眠(mian),如(ru)黃(huang)連阿膠湯;治療血(xue)(xue)熱(re)妄(wang)行之吐(tu)(tu)血(xue)(xue)、衄血(xue)(xue),如(ru)瀉(xie)心(xin)湯;胃熱(re)嘔吐(tu)(tu),如(ru)左金丸。
解(jie)毒功效:用于治(zhi)療瘡瘍、口舌生瘡、咽喉(hou)腫(zhong)痛,內服、外用均可(ke);煎(jian)汁點眼(yan)還可(ke)治(zhi)療目(mu)赤腫(zhong)痛等。
地理條件
洪雅縣地處四川盆地西南邊緣,位于成都、樂(le)山、雅安三(san)角地帶(dai),地貌以(yi)山地丘陵為主,素(su)有“七(qi)山二(er)水一分田”之稱。良好(hao)的(de)自(zi)然(ran)地理條件和悠久的(de)雅連(lian)種植歷史,為雅連(lian)的(de)生產(chan)發展提(ti)供了優越條件。
2008年,洪雅(ya)(ya)縣雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)種植面積不足5畝(mu),年產(chan)值不足萬(wan)元,是中國(guo)的雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)保護性種植基地。洪雅(ya)(ya)縣在雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)上大力推進(jin)無公害栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)技(ji)(ji)術,制定了一套完整的《無公害農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)標(biao)準雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)》和《無公害農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)生產(chan)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)程雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)》農(nong)業地方(fang)標(biao)準。
栽培歷史
歷史上(shang)(shang)洪雅(ya)(ya)(ya)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”銷量(liang)(liang)(liang)曾獨占(zhan)鰲頭,長期(qi)占(zhan)了全國(guo)黃連(lian)(lian)銷售市場(chang)總額的(de)(de)四成以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。據(ju)1939年(nian)(民(min)國(guo)28年(nian))縣政府上(shang)(shang)報資料(liao),年(nian)產(chan)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”2500公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),次年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達5000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。解放前夕民(min)生(sheng)凋敝(bi),“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)降(jiang)到(dao)1000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。解放后,人民(min)政府重視“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”生(sheng)產(chan),將適宜“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”生(sheng)長的(de)(de)瓦屋山區的(de)(de)高廟鄉(xiang)黑林村和黑山村劃為“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”種植(zhi)區,給(gei)藥(yao)農許多優惠政策(ce),使“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)逐年(nian)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),到(dao)1978年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達2.90萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。