形態特征
“雅連”,是(shi)三角葉(xie)(xie)(xie)黃(huang)連(C.deltoidea C.Y.Cheng et Hsiao)的干(gan)燥根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)。三角葉(xie)(xie)(xie)黃(huang)連,毛(mao)(mao)茛科(RANUNCULACEAE)黃(huang)連屬(Coptis Salisb.),根(gen)(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)黃(huang)色(se)(se),不分枝或(huo)少分枝,節間(jian)明(ming)顯,密生多(duo)數細根(gen)(gen),具(ju)橫(heng)走的匍匐莖(jing)。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)3-11枚(mei);葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)輪廓卵形(xing),稍(shao)帶革質,長(chang)達16厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)達15厘(li)米(mi)(mi),三全(quan)裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)均(jun)(jun)具(ju)明(ming)顯的柄(bing)(bing);中央(yang)全(quan)裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵形(xing),長(chang)3-12厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)3-10厘(li)米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端急尖(jian)或(huo)漸尖(jian),4-6對(dui)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深裂(lie)(lie),深裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)彼(bi)此(ci)多(duo)少鄰接,邊(bian)緣具(ju)極尖(jian)的鋸齒;側全(quan)裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)斜卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)三角形(xing),長(chang)3-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi),不等二裂(lie)(lie),表面沿脈(mo)被短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)近無(wu)毛(mao)(mao),背面無(wu)毛(mao)(mao),兩面的葉(xie)(xie)(xie)脈(mo)均(jun)(jun)隆起;葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)6-18厘(li)米(mi)(mi),無(wu)毛(mao)(mao)。花(hua)(hua)葶1-2,比葉(xie)(xie)(xie)稍(shao)長(chang);多(duo)歧聚(ju)傘(san)花(hua)(hua)序,有(you)花(hua)(hua)4-8朵;苞片(pian)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing),三深裂(lie)(lie)或(huo)櫛(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深裂(lie)(lie);萼片(pian)黃(huang)綠色(se)(se),狹(xia)卵形(xing),長(chang)8-12.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)2-2.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端漸尖(jian);花(hua)(hua)瓣約10枚(mei),近披針(zhen)形(xing),長(chang)3-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)0.7-1毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端漸尖(jian),中部微(wei)變寬(kuan)(kuan),具(ju)蜜槽(cao);雄蕊約20,長(chang)僅為(wei)花(hua)(hua)瓣長(chang)的1/2左右;花(hua)(hua)藥(yao)黃(huang)色(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)絲狹(xia)線形(xing);心皮9-12,花(hua)(hua)柱微(wei)彎。蓇葖(tu)長(chang)圓狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵形(xing),長(chang)6-7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),心皮柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)7-8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),被微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。3-4月開花(hua)(hua),4-6月結果(guo)。
特(te)產四川峨眉(mei)及(ji)洪雅一(yi)帶。生海拔1600-2200米間(jian)的(de)(de)山地林(lin)下,常栽培,野(ye)生的(de)(de)已不多見。
生長環境
生(sheng)海拔(ba)1600-2200米(mi)間(jian)的山地林下,常栽培(pei),野生(sheng)的已不(bu)多見。
主要價值
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)地(di)理(li)標志產品(pin),為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國四川(chuan)省洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)縣(xian)、峨嵋一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)特產,由于對地(di)理(li)條件要(yao)求(qiu)非常苛刻,所以是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)黃連(lian)(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)珍品(pin),藥(yao)效為(wei)(wei)“味蓮”“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”“云連(lian)(lian)”三(san)個(ge)品(pin)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之最,歷朝均將(jiang)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)貢(gong)品(pin),上(shang)繳于朝廷太醫院,因此(ci)又稱為(wei)(wei)“貢(gong)連(lian)(lian)”。洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)縣(xian)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國歷史(shi)上(shang)貢(gong)連(lian)(lian)產區,據有史(shi)可(ke)考已達1300多(duo)年(nian),洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)縣(xian)將(jiang)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)馴(xun)化為(wei)(wei)家(jia)種(zhong)連(lian)(lian)也達500多(duo)年(nian)。《本草綱目》、《現代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫藥(yao)典》記載,洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)瓦屋山一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)種(zhong)植的(de)(de)黃連(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)”或“川(chuan)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)”,尤以高廟(miao)、瓦屋山等鄉鎮的(de)(de)出(chu)產為(wei)(wei)正宗(zong),質量上(shang)乘,名響中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai),暢銷(xiao)東(dong)南亞和(he)非洲(zhou)等地(di),洪(hong)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)被(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)“雅(ya)(ya)(ya)連(lian)(lian)之鄉”。
藥材性狀
雅連(lian)(lian)(lian)(《本草從(cong)新》),又名:峨嵋連(lian)(lian)(lian)、嘉定(ding)連(lian)(lian)(lian)、刺(ci)蓋連(lian)(lian)(lian)。為(wei)植物(wu)三(san)角葉黃連(lian)(lian)(lian)的干燥根莖。多(duo)為(wei)單枝,少有(you)分枝,略呈圓柱形,微彎曲呈蠶狀(zhuang),長約4~8厘米,直徑約3~9毫(hao)米。外(wai)表褐色(se)或黃棕(zong)色(se),間斷橫紋多(duo),結節(jie)明(ming)顯,有(you)多(duo)數須根殘(can)痕、葉柄殘(can)基(ji)及鱗(lin)片,“過江(jiang)枝”較味連(lian)(lian)(lian)為(wei)少。質堅實,斷面不齊(qi),皮部(bu)暗棕(zong)色(se),木部(bu)深黃色(se),射線(xian)明(ming)顯,髓部(bu)時有(you)空心。無臭,味極苦。以(yi)條(tiao)肥壯、連(lian)(lian)(lian)珠形、質堅實、斷面黃色(se)、無殘(can)莖及須根者(zhe)為(wei)佳(jia)。
藥用特性
雅連(lian)含小檗堿(jian)、黃(huang)連(lian)堿(jian)、甲基黃(huang)連(lian)堿(jian)、掌葉防己堿(jian)等(deng)(deng)生物堿(jian),可治急性(xing)結(jie)膜炎、急性(xing)細菌性(xing)痢(li)疾(ji)、急性(xing)腸胃炎、吐(tu)血、癰癤瘡(chuang)瘍(yang)等(deng)(deng)癥。
清熱(re)燥濕功效:用于濕熱(re)泄(xie)瀉、痢疾等,可單(dan)用或為香連(lian)丸;治(zhi)療濕熱(re)黃(huang)疸如茵陳(chen)蒿(hao)湯。
瀉(xie)火(huo)功效:用于心火(huo)亢盛之煩躁(zao)不(bu)眠或溫熱病之高(gao)熱心煩、神昏(hun)譫(zhan)語,如黃(huang)連解(jie)毒湯;若治療(liao)陰虛(xu)、血虛(xu)之心煩不(bu)眠,如黃(huang)連阿膠湯;治療(liao)血熱妄行之吐血、衄血,如瀉(xie)心湯;胃熱嘔吐,如左金丸。
解毒功效:用(yong)于治療(liao)(liao)瘡(chuang)瘍、口舌生瘡(chuang)、咽喉腫痛,內服、外用(yong)均可(ke);煎汁點眼還可(ke)治療(liao)(liao)目赤(chi)腫痛等(deng)。
地理條件
洪雅(ya)縣地(di)處四川盆(pen)地(di)西南邊緣,位于成都、樂山、雅(ya)安三角地(di)帶,地(di)貌以山地(di)丘(qiu)陵為主,素有(you)“七山二水(shui)一(yi)分田”之(zhi)稱。良好的自然地(di)理條(tiao)件(jian)和悠久(jiu)的雅(ya)連(lian)(lian)種(zhong)植歷史(shi),為雅(ya)連(lian)(lian)的生產(chan)發展提(ti)供了優越條(tiao)件(jian)。
2008年,洪雅(ya)(ya)縣雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)種植面積不(bu)足(zu)(zu)5畝(mu),年產(chan)(chan)值不(bu)足(zu)(zu)萬元,是中國的雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)保(bao)護性種植基地(di)。洪雅(ya)(ya)縣在雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)栽培上大力(li)推(tui)進(jin)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)栽培技(ji)術(shu)(shu),制定了(le)一套完整的《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品標(biao)準(zhun)雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)》和《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規程雅(ya)(ya)連(lian)》農(nong)業地(di)方(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)。
栽培歷史
歷史上洪雅“雅連(lian)(lian)”銷量(liang)曾獨占鰲頭,長期占了全(quan)國黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)銷售市場(chang)總(zong)額的(de)四成以(yi)上。據(ju)1939年(nian)(nian)(民(min)國28年(nian)(nian))縣政府上報資料,年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)“雅連(lian)(lian)”2500公斤(jin),次年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)5000公斤(jin)。解(jie)放(fang)前夕民(min)生凋敝,“雅連(lian)(lian)”產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)降到1000公斤(jin)。解(jie)放(fang)后,人民(min)政府重視“雅連(lian)(lian)”生產(chan)(chan)(chan),將適宜“雅連(lian)(lian)”生長的(de)瓦屋(wu)山區的(de)高廟鄉(xiang)黑林村和黑山村劃為“雅連(lian)(lian)”種植區,給藥(yao)農許多優惠政策,使“雅連(lian)(lian)”產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)上升,到1978年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)2.90萬公斤(jin)。