名稱來歷
龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐(fu)乳因龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)而得名。據考證龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)瑤(yao)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)(di),位(wei)于湖(hu)南省臨湘市區(qu)東(dong)南,以盛產(chan)龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐(fu)乳出名。龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐(fu)乳不僅是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品,而且是(shi)(shi)瑤(yao)文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)跡最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現(xian)。臨湘龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)屬幕阜山(shan)(shan)余脈,山(shan)(shan)林(lin)面積(ji)10.5萬畝,最高(gao)峰海(hai)拔1261.1米,山(shan)(shan)勢高(gao)峻、澗深洞長、蜿蜒百里,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)避(bi)難秘地(di)(di)、世外桃(tao)源。瑤(yao)族是(shi)(shi)世界民(min)族之林(lin)中(zhong)一個(ge)頗具(ju)影響力的(de)(de)(de)(de)少數民(min)族,瑤(yao)胞(bao)們(men)在這里留下了(le)令人嘆為(wei)觀止(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)跡。這個(ge)“養在深閨(gui)人未識”的(de)(de)(de)(de)瑤(yao)族理(li)想家(jia)(jia)園“千家(jia)(jia)峒”原來就在湖(hu)南臨湘,遺(yi)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)大量石磨(mo)及古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)大豆物(wu)種(zhong),正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)加工制作(zuo)腐(fu)乳的(de)(de)(de)(de)必須物(wu)品,當地(di)(di)美麗(li)傳(chuan)奇的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)神(shen)話,家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶喜做(zuo)喜食的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)乳為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐(fu)乳披上的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)年輪,富含了(le)深厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)底蘊。
歷史淵源
龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐乳(ru)在(zai)民(min)(min)間傳說最早(zao)可(ke)追溯(su)到兩千多(duo)年(nian)前,李本高《湖南省臨湘市龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)瑤族“千家峒”考察(cha)報告》稱(cheng):“瑤族是(shi)一(yi)個歷史悠久的(de)民(min)(min)族,早(zao)在(zai)炎(yan)黃(huang)時(shi)(shi)代,就(jiu)與苗(miao)族先民(min)(min)組(zu)成強大部落(luo)聯盟(meng)(蚩(chi)為苗(miao)族自(zi)(zi)稱(cheng),尤(you)為瑤族自(zi)(zi)稱(cheng)),抗衡(heng)炎(yan)黃(huang)部落(luo)聯盟(meng),并與炎(yan)帝、黃(huang)帝戰于涿(zhuo)鹿之野(ye),后(hou)被打散,被逼南遷。周(zhou)時(shi)(shi),瑤族先民(min)(min)荊蠻在(zai)云夢(meng)澤地區活(huo)動頻繁。《小雅·采芑》云:‘蠢爾(er)荊蠻,大邦為讎’。此(ci)時(shi)(shi),龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)屬巴(ba)陵,應在(zai)三(san)苗(miao)國之內,很可(ke)能就(jiu)有一(yi)部分瑤族先民(min)(min)進入龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan)。”據他推(tui)論,最遲在(zai)周(zhou)代,瑤胞(bao)即進入了龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)山(shan)(shan),他們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)這(zhe)里生活(huo)了兩千多(duo)年(nian),創造了斑(ban)斑(ban)可(ke)考的(de)燦爛文(wen)化。瑤胞(bao)們(men)(men)(men)留下了令人嘆為觀止的(de)石(shi)文(wen)化遺(yi)跡(ji)。這(zhe)些掩映于崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)竣嶺之中色彩斑(ban)斕(lan)的(de)古(gu)老石(shi)文(wen)化,遺(yi)存有石(shi)拳、石(shi)缽、石(shi)磨、石(shi)香爐(lu)、石(shi)升子,琳瑯滿目(mu),古(gu)雅樸拙,它遍布于高山(shan)(shan)密林(lin),甚(shen)至人跡(ji)罕至的(de)大山(shan)(shan)深處,他們(men)(men)(men)栽(zai)種蔬菜、豆類等用(yong)以維持生活(huo),而石(shi)缽、石(shi)磨就(jiu)是(shi)用(yong)來對豆類制品進行(xing)加工的(de)工具,豆制品在(zai)天然(ran)環境中保(bao)存期限不長,經常發生霉變,而這(zhe)些經過(guo)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)霉變后(hou)的(de)豆腐正(zheng)是(shi)龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)(jiao)腐乳(ru)的(de)前身。
宋(song)代范致明《岳(yue)陽風土記》:“龍窖山(shan)在(臨湘(xiang))縣(xian)東南(nan),按鄂州崇(chong)陽縣(xian),雷家(jia)洞(dong)、石門洞(dong),山(shan)極(ji)深遠(yuan)。其間(jian)居民(min)謂之鳥鄉,語言(yan)侏離,以(yi)耕畬為(wei)業(ye),磨豆腌菜為(wei)食。非市鹽茶,不入(ru)城市,邑亦(yi)無貢賦,蓋山(shan)徭(yao)人也。”宋(song)馬子嚴《岳(yue)陽甲志》:“龍窖山(shan)在巴陵北(bei),山(shan)實峻極(ji),上(shang)有雷洞(dong),有石門之洞(dong),山(shan)徭(yao)居之,自耕而食,植(zhi)蔬植(zhi)豆,自織(zhi)而衣”。
民間(jian)一直流傳著關于龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)腐(fu)乳來(lai)歷(li)的(de)故(gu)事:明武宗時期,李時珍從(cong)京(jing)都太醫院辭職后,背起(qi)藥(yao)(yao)筐四處探尋(xun)中(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao),經跋山涉水到一處山麓(lu),見瀑布從(cong)天而降(jiang),溪(xi)水龍(long)(long)行(xing)婉流而下,各(ge)類(lei)草(cao)本植物溪(xi)岸叢生(sheng),探問山中(zhong)(zhong)樵夫(fu),原來(lai)已身入龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)山地(今臨湘)。他正采摘藥(yao)(yao)材時隱約(yue)聽到有嬰(ying)兒啼(ti)哭不止(zhi),發現(xian)是一對靠(kao)賣豆(dou)腐(fu)為生(sheng)的(de)夫(fu)婦和小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)兒突然(ran)(ran)(ran)不吃不喝,整日啼(ti)哭。李時珍見小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)兒鼻側(ce)發青,肚子鼓脹,舌苔厚白,便從(cong)山上尋(xun)得的(de)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)挑揀幾種搗碎,讓男(nan)子拿(na)出一些豆(dou)腐(fu),放入碗中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)溪(xi)水搗散與草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)拌勻(yun),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)匙將拌勻(yun)的(de)豆(dou)腐(fu)喂入小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)兒口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong),片(pian)刻(ke)之(zhi)后,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)兒肚脹漸消(xiao),面色(se)也趨好轉,啼(ti)哭之(zhi)聲也漸止(zhi)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)夫(fu)妻倆討(tao)教藥(yao)(yao)方之(zhi)后,將豆(dou)腐(fu)放入窖(jiao)中(zhong)(zhong)貯(zhu)存,日久發現(xian)豆(dou)腐(fu)與草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)己一起(qi)發酵,舍之(zhi)可惜,便加(jia)鹽腌制繼續貯(zhu)存,數日后,再開窖(jiao)觀察,忽然(ran)(ran)(ran)香(xiang)氣四溢,試嘗之(zhi),則口(kou)舌生(sheng)津,胃(wei)口(kou)大開,贈與鄰(lin)里,皆大加(jia)贊賞,眾人討(tao)問何物,便說“龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)腐(fu)乳”。“龍(long)(long)窖(jiao)腐(fu)乳”從(cong)此在民間(jian)流傳開來(lai)。
生產地域地理特(te)征
該(gai)地(di)域位(wei)于湖南省(sheng)東北部,長江中游南岸,地(di)處北緯(wei)29°10′~29°52′、東經113°15′~113°45′。臨(lin)湘地(di)處北亞熱帶氣候(hou)帶,屬于亞熱帶季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)性(xing)濕潤氣候(hou),雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量充沛(pei),四季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分明。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)溫暖(nuan),陰濕多雨(yu)(yu)(yu),常為(wei)春雨(yu)(yu)(yu)綿綿,麻雨(yu)(yu)(yu)稀(xi)(xi)稀(xi)(xi)的(de)天氣。夏無(wu)酷暑,盛吹南風(feng)。秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)涼爽(shuang),時有(you)小(xiao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)。冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)冷濕無(wu)嚴寒,平(ping)均氣溫小(xiao)于或(huo)等于0℃每年(nian)不超(chao)過5天,晴朗天氣時有(you)小(xiao)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)。這種氣候(hou)條件(jian)十分適宜黃豆的(de)生(sheng)長,同時有(you)利于菌群的(de)繁殖(zhi)。
區域(yu)內無霜期平均為(wei)(wei)265天,年(nian)日(ri)照時數平均為(wei)(wei)1804小時,年(nian)日(ri)照百分率平均為(wei)(wei)35%、年(nian)平均氣溫為(wei)(wei)16.9℃、年(nian)平均降(jiang)水量為(wei)(wei)1762.0毫(hao)(hao)米、年(nian)平均蒸發量為(wei)(wei)1476.3毫(hao)(hao)米、平均相對濕(shi)度為(wei)(wei)80%、年(nian)平均雪日(ri)為(wei)(wei)9.6天。常年(nian)溫差和晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫差小, 濕(shi)度大(da),這就自(zi)然形成了豆腐(fu)(fu)乳(ru)所需的(de)獨特(te)氣候與環境,尤其適合窖(jiao)池中微生(sheng)物的(de)生(sheng)長(chang),正是(shi)這種(zhong)特(te)有微生(sheng)物菌種(zhong)群(qun)體最終形成了龍窖(jiao)腐(fu)(fu)乳(ru)獨特(te)的(de)風味所在(zai)。
區域(yu)內(nei)因(yin)長(chang)期(qi)受自(zi)然因(yin)素(su)和人(ren)為因(yin)素(su)等(deng)(deng)影響,地帶性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)最主(zhu)要的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型(xing)是紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),土(tu)(tu)屬為第四紀紅(hong)(hong)(hong)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),耕型(xing)板頁(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、板頁(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、砂礫巖(yan)(yan)(yan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、板頁(ye)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)黃紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)黃紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang)等(deng)(deng)到8個。其共性(xing)(xing)是一般土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深厚,肥力中(zhong)等(deng)(deng),呈酸性(xing)(xing)反應(ying),有(you)機(ji)含量(liang)較高,有(you)利(li)于農作(zuo)物(wu)與植物(wu)生長(chang),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)富含養(yang)分量(liang)及水平分別為:有(you)機(ji)質31.5 g/kg、有(you)效磷17 mg/kg、速效鉀69mg/kg、全氮2.0 g/kg、堿解(jie)氮189 mg/kg,特別有(you)利(li)于種植黃豆等(deng)(deng)農作(zuo)物(wu)。獨有(you)的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)培養(yang)的原料(liao)大豆,對龍(long)窖腐乳特殊(shu)風(feng)格的釀(niang)成具有(you)特殊(shu)意義。
質量特色
龍窖腐乳外觀表(biao)面具有該品種應有的色澤,切面呈乳黃(huang)色或者淡黃(huang)色,均勻一致,塊(kuai)形整(zheng)齊,厚(hou)薄(bo)均勻,質地細(xi)(xi)膩,具有“內色杏黃(huang)、沉香(xiang)細(xi)(xi)嫩、鮮香(xiang)濃郁、咸(xian)淡適口”的獨有特(te)征。