一.產品介紹
神池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)產(chan)于(yu)(yu)山(shan)西省(sheng)忻(xin)州市神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),始種于(yu)(yu)東(dong)漢年(nian)間。清道光年(nian)間,兵部尚(shang)書祁雋澡《馬(ma)首農言(yan)》中(zhong)(zhong)“油(you)(you)(you)(you)出神池(chi)、利民(min)等處,每斤錢(qian)一(yi)百上(shang)下,濺至七十以上(shang)”。清光緒(xu)《神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志》載:“胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma),子肥大,其色紫(zi)黑,榨油(you)(you)(you)(you)最多、甚佳。”《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)實(shi)業志.山(shan)西卷(juan)》載:“民(min)國(guo)(guo)二十四年(nian)(1953年(nian)),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)46家油(you)(you)(you)(you)坊(fang),榨油(you)(you)(you)(you)工(gong)人316人。資本3972萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan),年(nian)加(jia)工(gong)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)118.1萬(wan)(wan)公斤,產(chan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)35.5萬(wan)(wan)公斤,產(chan)值(zhi)9.12萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)。” 目前(qian),神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)種植面積達20萬(wan)(wan)畝左右,年(nian)總產(chan)2.5萬(wan)(wan)噸左右。神池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)特殊的(de)產(chan)地(di)環境(jing),形成(cheng)了(le)獨特的(de)品(pin)質(zhi),加(jia)工(gong)的(de)神池(chi)胡(hu)麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)(you)(you)被(bei)譽為“高山(shan)上(shang)的(de)深海(hai)魚(yu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)”;有(you)“天天吃胡(hu)油(you)(you)(you)(you),賽如活神仙”、“裝滿(man)油(you)(you)(you)(you)罐(guan)罐(guan),不(bu)愁錢(qian)串串”等神池(chi)民(min)謠。2014年(nian)神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)糧食行業協會授予“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)亞麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)(you)(you)籽之鄉”稱號。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境(jing)和人文歷史(shi)因素
1、地(di)(di)(di)貌和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤情況神(shen)池縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵區(qu),山(shan)丘(qiu)起伏、溝壑縱(zong)橫(heng),平(ping)均海拔在(zai)1500米(mi)(mi)(海拔范圍1200—2500米(mi)(mi)),洪濤(tao)山(shan)脈自(zi)西北(bei)向東南(nan)延伸,關涔山(shan)脈縱(zong)立南(nan)沿,兩(liang)大(da)山(shan)脈形(xing)成(cheng)中部(bu)(bu)小塊緩坡平(ping)地(di)(di)(di),全縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)川少(shao),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵多(占全縣(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。全縣(xian)(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)84.69萬畝(mu),人均耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)近(jin)10畝(mu),全縣(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型分(fen)為四個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(棕壤、栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)為栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分(fen)布于海拔1600—2000米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)中低山(shan)和(he)丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)區(qu);棕壤占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)海拔2300米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu)(bu),風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)西部(bu)(bu)平(ping)川局部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)川河(he)源(yuan)頭和(he)海拔1500米(mi)(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)澗交接洼(wa)地(di)(di)(di)。按全國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查,神(shen)池土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)“缺磷少(shao)氮鉀有余”,全縣(xian)(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)養份(fen)狀況是(shi)(shi)有機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有效(xiao)磷3-5mg/kg、速效(xiao)鉀100mg/kg以上(shang),屬三級(ji)以上(shang)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di),非常適宜胡麻生長(chang)。?
2、水(shui)文(wen)情(qing)況:全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)有(you)四(si)條大(da)的季(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),朱家(jia)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)60公(gong)里(li),由本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)西部賀職鄉出(chu)境,經(jing)五寨、保(bao)德入黃河(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)163萬(wan)(wan)畝;縣(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)35公(gong)里(li),由本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)西北長(chang)畛鄉出(chu)境,經(jing)偏關、保(bao)德入黃河(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)95萬(wan)(wan)畝;野豬口(kou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)19公(gong)里(li),由本(ben)鄉石湖村出(chu)境,經(jing)朔(shuo)州入桑(sang)干河(he)(he)(he)(he);澗口(kou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)在(zai)境內東部,全(quan)(quan)長(chang)5公(gong)里(li),由龍(long)泉鎮大(da)溝兒澗出(chu)境,經(jing)寧武(wu)縣(xian)(xian)入恢河(he)(he)(he)(he),最(zui)后流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入桑(sang)干河(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)10萬(wan)(wan)畝。四(si)條季(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)多集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)雨季(ji)(ji),7、8、9三個(ge)月的洪水(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)占到(dao)全(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)的70%,各河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)總洪水(shui)量(liang)大(da)1.15米(mi)3/秒,因為是季(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu),所以夏季(ji)(ji)出(chu)現洪水(shui)高峰,河(he)(he)(he)(he)床洪水(shui)濤濤,當地(di)農(nong)民形(xing)象地(di)概括為“有(you)雨山(shan)洪發,雨過河(he)(he)(he)(he)床干”。神池縣(xian)(xian)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)十分(fen)貧乏,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)下水(shui)靜儲(chu)量(liang)為6.16億噸,動儲(chu)量(liang)為5.9萬(wan)(wan)噸/晝夜,埋深在(zai)100米(mi)左右(you),且分(fen)布不均,多集(ji)中(zhong)于朱家(jia)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)和縣(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu),適合胡麻生長(chang)。?
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)情況:神池(chi)縣(xian)屬(shu)大陸季風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),干旱、高(gao)寒、溫(wen)(wen)差大、無霜(shuang)期短(duan),年(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)4.7℃,平均(jun)無霜(shuang)期114天,平均(jun)降雨量487.7毫米,主(zhu)要集中(zhong)在7—9月份,年(nian)平均(jun)蒸發(fa)量1921.1毫米,全年(nian)光照時(shi)數為2816.7小時(shi),年(nian)太陽總(zong)輻射(she)量144.03千卡/厘米,≥10℃的(de)總(zong)積溫(wen)(wen)為2300-2600℃,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)以風(feng)大、低(di)溫(wen)(wen)、降水(shui)變率大,春旱年(nian)份多,無霜(shuang)期短(duan)為主(zhu)要特點(dian),總(zong)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)涼爽、降雨集中(zhong)、西(xi)北風(feng)長(chang)年(nian)不斷(duan)、光照充(chong)足(zu)、晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差大這樣的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)條件(jian)正好符合(he)胡麻的(de)生產發(fa)育(yu)。
三.地域范圍
神池縣位于晉(jin)西北(bei)黃土高原,地(di)處管(guan)涔山西北(bei)麓,東與(yu)朔州市(shi)接壤,西與(yu)五寨(zhai)縣毗連,南距管(guan)涔隔寧武,北(bei)負(fu)洪濤界(jie)偏關縣、平魯(lu)區(qu)。地(di)理(li)坐標:東經(jing)111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯38°56′—39°24′,全縣總面積1472平方公(gong)里。神池胡麻地(di)理(li)標志產品保(bao)護(hu)范(fan)圍為山西省忻州市(shi)神池縣境內的(de)龍泉鎮(zhen)、義井(jing)鎮(zhen)、八角鎮(zhen)、東湖(hu)鄉(xiang)、太平莊鄉(xiang)、虎北(bei)鄉(xiang)、賀(he)職(zhi)鄉(xiang)、烈堡鄉(xiang)、長畛(zhen)鄉(xiang)、大嚴(yan)備鄉(xiang)等10個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)241個行政(zheng)村。近(jin)幾年(nian)胡麻年(nian)種(zhong)植面積8500公(gong)頃,年(nian)總產2.5 -3萬噸(dun)。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性特征
神(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)籽粒(li)扁平(ping),前(qian)端鳥(niao)嘴狀,表面(mian)平(ping)滑,色澤(ze)紫(zi)(zi)黑光(guang)亮、較肥大(da)(長3-5mm,千(qian)粒(li)重(zhong)6.8-7克,比(bi)異(yi)(yi)地(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)高(gao)0.83g左右),耐貯藏(zang),脫水快,抗蟲蛀,出油(you)(you)率高(gao),所以神(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)籽品質獨特,清光(guang)緒(xu)《神(shen)池(chi)(chi)縣志》載:“胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma),子(zi)肥大(da),其色紫(zi)(zi)黑,甚佳(jia)”。神(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)含(han)油(you)(you)40.2 g/100g以上,是目前(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)中出油(you)(you)最高(gao)的,據當地(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)料加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)作坊(fang)和現(xian)代油(you)(you)料加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)企業測定,神(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)出油(you)(you)率高(gao)達35%--40%,異(yi)(yi)地(di)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)最高(gao)僅達33%,神(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)含(han)水分≤13.9%,含(han)亞(ya)油(you)(you)酸≥1.38g/100g,含(han)α-亞(ya)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)酸>4.01g/100g。
五.特定生產方式
1、加(jia)強抗旱耕(geng)作,保好墑情胡麻種(zhong)子比(bi)較細小,幼苗(miao)頂土(tu)力弱,因此需要精細整(zheng)地,保持土(tu)壤疏松平整(zheng)。在我縣各胡麻產區可以(yi)采取秋深耕(geng),冬鎮(zhen)壓,春季頂凌粑磨,播后根據晌(shang)情進行碾壓等蓄水(shui)保墑辦法。?
2、播前施足(zu)底肥(fei),精選種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子旱地胡(hu)麻(ma)必須(xu)重施底肥(fei),杜絕白茬下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),做到氮磷配合。據測(ce)定胡(hu)麻(ma)對(dui)施入土(tu)壤中(zhong)的(de)(de)養分(fen)吸收(shou)利用率很高(gao),每(mei)生(sheng)產(chan)100斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)胡(hu)麻(ma)從土(tu)壤中(zhong)吸收(shou)氮7.5斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、磷2.5斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、鉀5.5斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。因此為滿足(zu)其生(sheng)長發育應增施肥(fei)料(liao),一般(ban)保(bao)證(zheng)畝施有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)500—1000公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),畝基施二(er)銨4—5公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),磷肥(fei)10—15公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。方法上采用集中(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)施。丘陵地區隨同犁種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一次施入,緩坡(po)地區在(zai)春季淺(qian)耕時施在(zai)犁溝(gou)(gou)內,隨后(hou)及(ji)時耙(pa)耱鎮(zhen)壓。根據不同的(de)(de)土(tu)壤類(lei)型和氣候特點,選用不同的(de)(de)優種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這里所說的(de)(de)優種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不僅僅指(zhi)優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),還包(bao)括(kuo)經(jing)過(guo)保(bao)純防雜的(de)(de)優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。只(zhi)有(you)這樣(yang)才能減(jian)少(shao)病(bing)蟲害(hai),減(jian)輕品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)退化,一般(ban)2—3年應更(geng)換(huan)一次。在(zai)我省適(shi)宜種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)晉亞7、9號,隴亞7號等。
?3、適時早(zao)播(bo),保證(zheng)質量胡麻早(zao)播(bo)可以(yi)充分利用土壤(rang)解(jie)凍后的返(fan)漿水,提高出(chu)苗率;早(zao)播(bo)還可以(yi)闖(chuang)過最末一次晚霜危害(hai);早(zao)播(bo)可延長苗子生(sheng)長時間,使營養體(ti)生(sheng)長好,為后期(qi)開(kai)花結果創造良好條件。一般(ban)我縣(xian)在5月上(shang)旬播(bo)種。播(bo)種方(fang)式(shi)可采(cai)用耬播(bo)或(huo)機播(bo),播(bo)深以(yi)1.5寸左右(you)為宜。?
4、因地(di)制宜,合(he)理密植要(yao)按照地(di)力條件和品種特性確定合(he)理密度(du),一(yi)般下(xia)等地(di)播(bo)(bo)量(liang)6—7斤(jin)(jin),畝保(bao)苗20—25萬(wan)株(zhu);中等地(di)播(bo)(bo)7—8斤(jin)(jin),畝保(bao)苗25—30萬(wan)株(zhu);上等地(di)播(bo)(bo)9—10斤(jin)(jin)畝留苗30—40萬(wan)株(zhu)。?
5、加強(qiang)田間管理我縣種胡(hu)麻的地(di),土壤養(yang)(yang)份(fen)(fen)含量均不高(gao)。特別(bie)是稍(shao)粘(zhan)重土壤在播后遇(yu)雨(yu)時(shi)就會形成板積層,要(yao)及時(shi)破(po)除以利(li)出苗(miao)(miao)(miao),防止(zhi)造成嚴重的缺苗(miao)(miao)(miao)斷壟。胡(hu)麻出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)到現蕾前30天(tian)內地(di)表未被覆蓋,此(ci)時(shi)氣候干燥(zao),雜草也(ye)正(zheng)是盛發時(shi)期(qi),胡(hu)麻此(ci)時(shi)根系生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)較強(qiang),地(di)上部(bu)分卻生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)緩慢,這時(shi)應抓緊時(shi)間中耕除草,防止(zhi)雜草和幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)爭奪養(yang)(yang)分,抑制幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。據(ju)考察,胡(hu)麻出土后根系生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)很快,因此(ci)早(zao)鋤(chu)細(xi)鋤(chu)對胡(hu)麻生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)很重要(yao),可(ke)在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)高(gao)2寸時(shi)淺鋤(chu)第一次。現蕾前遇(yu)雨(yu)可(ke)趁雨(yu)追(zhui)尿素4—5公斤,并配合(he)第二次深中耕,以促進(jin)根系發育保蓄水份(fen)(fen)。?
6、提高(gao)認識,防(fang)(fang)病防(fang)(fang)蟲目前,由于抗(kang)病品種(zhong)(zhong)的推廣,胡麻枯(ku)萎病得以有效(xiao)控制。但對于立枯(ku)病和炭疽病,仍需采用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子量0.3%的多菌靈(ling)或拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)雙(shuang)進行拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)以防(fang)(fang)治。地下害蟲的防(fang)(fang)治,可在(zai)春(chun)季淺耕前撒施毒餌誘殺。現蕾前應特別注意對牧草盲蝽(chun)蟓(xiang)的防(fang)(fang)治。每畝用(yong)(yong)20%的速滅殺丁乳油25—50ml兌水80—100公斤噴霧即(ji)可,后(hou)期(qi)應注意對蚜蟲、漏油蟲、粘蟲的防(fang)(fang)治。?
7、適期早(zao)收,防止返青胡麻適時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)收有一定增產(chan)作用,一般可增產(chan)5%,而且(qie)胡麻后期雨多時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),往往發(fa)生(sheng)返青現象(xiang),造成減產(chan)。因此在胡麻莖下(xia)部葉變黃,部分脫落,有75%的蒴果(guo)發(fa)白(bai)變黃,子粒(li)多數搖動時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沙沙作響,只有少數籽粒(li)微有粘(zhan)感時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)受獲。