一.產品介紹
神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)產(chan)于(yu)山(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)忻州市神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)縣(xian),始種于(yu)東(dong)漢年(nian)間。清(qing)道(dao)光(guang)年(nian)間,兵部尚書(shu)祁雋澡(zao)《馬首農言》中(zhong)“油(you)(you)(you)出(chu)神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)、利民等處,每斤(jin)(jin)錢一百上(shang)下,濺至七(qi)十(shi)以上(shang)”。清(qing)光(guang)緒《神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)縣(xian)志》載(zai):“胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma),子(zi)肥大(da),其(qi)色紫黑,榨油(you)(you)(you)最(zui)多(duo)、甚(shen)佳。”《中(zhong)國(guo)實業志.山(shan)西(xi)卷》載(zai):“民國(guo)二十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1953年(nian)),全縣(xian)有46家(jia)油(you)(you)(you)坊(fang),榨油(you)(you)(you)工人316人。資本3972萬元,年(nian)加工胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)118.1萬公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),產(chan)油(you)(you)(you)35.5萬公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),產(chan)值9.12萬元。” 目前,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)縣(xian)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)種植面積達20萬畝左右,年(nian)總(zong)產(chan)2.5萬噸左右。神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)特殊(shu)的產(chan)地環境,形成了獨特的品質,加工的神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)(you)被譽為“高(gao)山(shan)上(shang)的深海魚油(you)(you)(you)”;有“天天吃胡(hu)(hu)油(you)(you)(you),賽如(ru)活神(shen)(shen)(shen)仙”、“裝滿油(you)(you)(you)罐罐,不愁錢串串”等神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)民謠。2014年(nian)神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)縣(xian)被中(zhong)國(guo)糧食(shi)行業協(xie)會授(shou)予(yu)“中(zhong)國(guo)亞麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)(you)籽(zi)之鄉”稱號。
二.自(zi)然生態環(huan)境和人文歷(li)史因素
1、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)情況神(shen)池縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區,山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)起伏、溝(gou)壑(he)縱(zong)橫,平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)(hai)拔在1500米(mi)(海(hai)(hai)拔范(fan)圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤山(shan)脈自(zi)西北向東南延伸,關涔山(shan)脈縱(zong)立南沿(yan),兩大山(shan)脈形(xing)成中部(bu)(bu)小塊緩坡平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特點是(shi)平(ping)川少,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵多(占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)可(ke)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)84.69萬(wan)畝(mu),人均(jun)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型分為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(棕(zong)壤(rang)、栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)栗(li)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)98.08%,分布于海(hai)(hai)拔1600—2000米(mi)的(de)(de)中低山(shan)和丘(qiu)(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區;棕(zong)壤(rang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)0.3%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分布在海(hai)(hai)拔2300米(mi)以上的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu),風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)1.23%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分布在西部(bu)(bu)平(ping)川局部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區,潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)0.39%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分布在縣(xian)(xian)川河源頭(tou)和海(hai)(hai)拔1500米(mi)左(zuo)右的(de)(de)山(shan)澗交(jiao)接洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)國(guo)第(di)二(er)次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普(pu)查,神(shen)池土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總(zong)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)“缺磷(lin)少氮鉀有(you)余”,全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養份(fen)狀況是(shi)有(you)機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)效磷(lin)3-5mg/kg、速效鉀100mg/kg以上,屬(shu)三級(ji)以上耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適宜胡麻(ma)生長。?
2、水(shui)文情況:全縣(xian)有(you)四條(tiao)大(da)的(de)季(ji)(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu),朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)全長(chang)60公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)縣(xian)西部(bu)賀職(zhi)鄉出(chu)(chu)境,經五寨、保德(de)入(ru)黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)163萬(wan)畝;縣(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)全長(chang)35公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)縣(xian)西北長(chang)畛(zhen)鄉出(chu)(chu)境,經偏關、保德(de)入(ru)黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)95萬(wan)畝;野豬口河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)全長(chang)19公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)鄉石湖村出(chu)(chu)境,經朔州入(ru)桑(sang)干(gan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he);澗(jian)口河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)在境內東部(bu),全長(chang)5公(gong)里,由(you)龍泉鎮大(da)溝(gou)兒澗(jian)出(chu)(chu)境,經寧武縣(xian)入(ru)恢河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),最后(hou)流(liu)入(ru)桑(sang)干(gan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)10萬(wan)畝。四條(tiao)季(ji)(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu),徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)多(duo)集中(zhong)在雨季(ji)(ji),7、8、9三個月的(de)洪(hong)水(shui)流(liu)量占到(dao)全年徑(jing)(jing)流(liu)量的(de)70%,各(ge)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)總(zong)洪(hong)水(shui)量大(da)1.15米(mi)3/秒,因為(wei)是季(ji)(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu),所(suo)以夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)現洪(hong)水(shui)高(gao)峰,河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)洪(hong)水(shui)濤濤,當地(di)農(nong)民形(xing)象地(di)概括為(wei)“有(you)雨山洪(hong)發,雨過河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)干(gan)”。神池縣(xian)水(shui)資源(yuan)十分(fen)貧(pin)乏(fa),全縣(xian)地(di)下水(shui)靜儲量為(wei)6.16億噸,動儲量為(wei)5.9萬(wan)噸/晝(zhou)夜,埋深在100米(mi)左(zuo)右,且分(fen)布不均(jun),多(duo)集中(zhong)于朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)和縣(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu),適合胡(hu)麻(ma)生長(chang)。?
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況:神池縣屬大陸(lu)季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),干(gan)旱、高寒、溫(wen)差大、無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)短(duan),年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)4.7℃,平(ping)(ping)均無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)114天,平(ping)(ping)均降(jiang)雨量487.7毫米,主(zhu)要集(ji)中(zhong)在7—9月份,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均蒸發量1921.1毫米,全年(nian)光照時數(shu)為(wei)2816.7小(xiao)時,年(nian)太陽總(zong)(zong)輻射量144.03千卡/厘米,≥10℃的(de)總(zong)(zong)積(ji)溫(wen)為(wei)2300-2600℃,氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)以風大、低(di)溫(wen)、降(jiang)水變率大,春旱年(nian)份多,無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)短(duan)為(wei)主(zhu)要特點,總(zong)(zong)之氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)雨集(ji)中(zhong)、西(xi)北風長年(nian)不斷、光照充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差大這樣的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件正好(hao)符合胡麻的(de)生產發育。
三.地域范圍
神(shen)池縣(xian)(xian)位于晉西北(bei)黃土高原,地(di)處管(guan)涔(cen)山西北(bei)麓,東(dong)(dong)與朔州市接壤,西與五寨縣(xian)(xian)毗(pi)連,南(nan)距管(guan)涔(cen)隔(ge)寧武,北(bei)負洪濤界(jie)偏關縣(xian)(xian)、平(ping)魯(lu)區。地(di)理坐標(biao):東(dong)(dong)經111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯38°56′—39°24′,全縣(xian)(xian)總面積1472平(ping)方公里。神(shen)池胡麻地(di)理標(biao)志產(chan)品保護范圍為山西省忻州市神(shen)池縣(xian)(xian)境內的龍泉(quan)鎮、義井鎮、八(ba)角鎮、東(dong)(dong)湖鄉(xiang)(xiang)、太(tai)平(ping)莊(zhuang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、虎(hu)北(bei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、賀職鄉(xiang)(xiang)、烈堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、長畛鄉(xiang)(xiang)、大嚴備(bei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)等10個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮241個行政村。近幾年(nian)胡麻年(nian)種植面積8500公頃,年(nian)總產(chan)2.5 -3萬噸。
四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)籽粒(li)扁平,前端鳥嘴狀,表(biao)面(mian)平滑,色(se)澤紫黑光亮、較肥大(da)(長3-5mm,千(qian)粒(li)重(zhong)6.8-7克,比異(yi)地(di)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)高(gao)0.83g左右),耐貯藏(zang),脫水快,抗蟲蛀,出油(you)(you)率高(gao),所以神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)籽品質獨特,清光緒(xu)《神(shen)池(chi)縣志》載:“胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma),子肥大(da),其色(se)紫黑,甚佳”。神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)含(han)油(you)(you)40.2 g/100g以上,是目(mu)前胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)中出油(you)(you)最高(gao)的(de),據當地(di)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)油(you)(you)料加工(gong)作(zuo)坊(fang)和現代油(you)(you)料加工(gong)企業測定,神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)加工(gong)出油(you)(you)率高(gao)達35%--40%,異(yi)地(di)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)加工(gong)加工(gong)最高(gao)僅達33%,神(shen)池(chi)胡(hu)(hu)麻(ma)(ma)含(han)水分≤13.9%,含(han)亞油(you)(you)酸(suan)≥1.38g/100g,含(han)α-亞麻(ma)(ma)酸(suan)>4.01g/100g。
五.特(te)定生產方式
1、加(jia)強(qiang)抗(kang)旱耕作,保好墑情(qing)胡(hu)麻種(zhong)子比較細(xi)小,幼(you)苗(miao)頂土力弱,因此需要精(jing)細(xi)整地,保持(chi)土壤疏松平整。在我(wo)縣各胡(hu)麻產區可以采取(qu)秋深耕,冬鎮壓,春季頂凌粑磨,播后根據(ju)晌情(qing)進行碾壓等蓄水保墑辦法。?
2、播前施(shi)(shi)足(zu)底肥(fei)(fei),精選種(zhong)子(zi)旱(han)地(di)(di)胡(hu)(hu)麻必須重施(shi)(shi)底肥(fei)(fei),杜絕白茬(cha)下種(zhong),做到氮磷(lin)配合(he)。據測(ce)定胡(hu)(hu)麻對(dui)施(shi)(shi)入(ru)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中的(de)(de)養分吸收(shou)利用率很高,每生產(chan)100斤(jin)(jin)胡(hu)(hu)麻從土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中吸收(shou)氮7.5斤(jin)(jin)、磷(lin)2.5斤(jin)(jin)、鉀5.5斤(jin)(jin)。因此為滿足(zu)其生長發育應(ying)增施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)料,一般(ban)保證畝施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)500—1000公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),畝基施(shi)(shi)二銨4—5公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)10—15公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。方法上采用集中溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)。丘陵(ling)地(di)(di)區(qu)隨(sui)同(tong)犁種(zhong)一次施(shi)(shi)入(ru),緩坡(po)地(di)(di)區(qu)在(zai)春季淺耕時(shi)施(shi)(shi)在(zai)犁溝(gou)內,隨(sui)后及時(shi)耙耱(mo)鎮壓。根(gen)據不同(tong)的(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類(lei)型(xing)和氣候特(te)點,選用不同(tong)的(de)(de)優種(zhong)。這(zhe)里所說的(de)(de)優種(zhong),不僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)指(zhi)優良品(pin)種(zhong),還包(bao)括(kuo)經過保純防雜的(de)(de)優良品(pin)種(zhong)。只有(you)這(zhe)樣才(cai)能減(jian)少病蟲害,減(jian)輕(qing)品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)退化,一般(ban)2—3年應(ying)更換一次。在(zai)我(wo)省適宜種(zhong)植的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)晉亞7、9號(hao),隴亞7號(hao)等。
?3、適(shi)時早(zao)播(bo)(bo),保證質量胡麻早(zao)播(bo)(bo)可(ke)以(yi)充(chong)分利用土壤解凍后(hou)的返漿水,提高出苗(miao)率;早(zao)播(bo)(bo)還可(ke)以(yi)闖過最末(mo)一次晚霜危害;早(zao)播(bo)(bo)可(ke)延長(chang)苗(miao)子(zi)生(sheng)長(chang)時間,使營(ying)養體生(sheng)長(chang)好,為(wei)后(hou)期開花(hua)結果創造良好條(tiao)件(jian)。一般我縣在(zai)5月上旬播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方式可(ke)采用耬播(bo)(bo)或機播(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)深以(yi)1.5寸左右為(wei)宜。?
4、因地(di)(di)制(zhi)宜,合理密植要按照地(di)(di)力(li)條件和品種特性確定合理密度,一般下(xia)等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)播量6—7斤(jin),畝(mu)保(bao)苗(miao)20—25萬株(zhu);中等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)播7—8斤(jin),畝(mu)保(bao)苗(miao)25—30萬株(zhu);上(shang)等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)播9—10斤(jin)畝(mu)留苗(miao)30—40萬株(zhu)。?
5、加強(qiang)田間(jian)管理我縣種(zhong)胡(hu)麻(ma)的地(di),土壤養(yang)份含(han)量均不高。特別是稍粘重(zhong)土壤在播后遇(yu)雨(yu)時(shi)(shi)就會形成板積層,要及時(shi)(shi)破除(chu)以(yi)利出苗(miao)(miao),防止(zhi)造成嚴重(zhong)的缺(que)苗(miao)(miao)斷壟。胡(hu)麻(ma)出苗(miao)(miao)到現蕾前(qian)30天(tian)內地(di)表(biao)未被覆蓋,此(ci)時(shi)(shi)氣候干(gan)燥,雜草也正是盛發(fa)時(shi)(shi)期,胡(hu)麻(ma)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)根系(xi)生(sheng)長(chang)較強(qiang),地(di)上部分(fen)卻(que)生(sheng)長(chang)緩慢,這時(shi)(shi)應(ying)抓緊時(shi)(shi)間(jian)中耕除(chu)草,防止(zhi)雜草和幼苗(miao)(miao)爭奪養(yang)分(fen),抑制(zhi)幼苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)。據考察,胡(hu)麻(ma)出土后根系(xi)生(sheng)長(chang)很快,因此(ci)早(zao)鋤細(xi)鋤對胡(hu)麻(ma)生(sheng)長(chang)很重(zhong)要,可在苗(miao)(miao)高2寸時(shi)(shi)淺鋤第一次。現蕾前(qian)遇(yu)雨(yu)可趁雨(yu)追尿素4—5公(gong)斤,并配合(he)第二(er)次深中耕,以(yi)促進根系(xi)發(fa)育保蓄(xu)水(shui)份。?
6、提高認識,防(fang)(fang)病(bing)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)目(mu)前,由(you)于抗病(bing)品種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)推廣,胡麻(ma)枯(ku)萎病(bing)得以(yi)有效控制。但對(dui)(dui)于立枯(ku)病(bing)和炭疽病(bing),仍(reng)需采(cai)用(yong)種(zhong)子量(liang)0.3%的(de)(de)(de)多菌靈或(huo)拌種(zhong)雙進行拌種(zhong)加以(yi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)。地(di)下(xia)害蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi),可(ke)在春(chun)季淺耕前撒施毒(du)餌(er)誘殺(sha)。現蕾前應(ying)特別注意對(dui)(dui)牧(mu)草盲蝽蟓(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)。每(mei)畝用(yong)20%的(de)(de)(de)速滅殺(sha)丁乳油25—50ml兌水80—100公斤(jin)噴霧即可(ke),后期應(ying)注意對(dui)(dui)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)、漏油蟲(chong)、粘蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)。?
7、適(shi)期早收,防止返青胡(hu)麻適(shi)時(shi)(shi)早收有一定增產作用,一般可增產5%,而(er)且胡(hu)麻后期雨多(duo)(duo)時(shi)(shi),往(wang)往(wang)發生返青現(xian)象,造成(cheng)減(jian)產。因此在胡(hu)麻莖下部葉(xie)變黃,部分脫落,有75%的蒴(shuo)果發白變黃,子(zi)粒多(duo)(duo)數搖動時(shi)(shi)沙(sha)沙(sha)作響,只有少數籽粒微有粘(zhan)感時(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)受獲(huo)。