一.產品介紹
神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)豆(dou)產于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)忻州市神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian),種植(zhi)(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)悠(you)久。據(ju)歷(li)史(shi)文獻記載,黑(hei)豆(dou)為神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)繳納公(gong)糧(liang)主要品種,且每年保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)10萬斤左右。據(ju)《神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)志》記載,神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)豆(dou)種植(zhi)(zhi)面積(ji)1975年為28830畝(mu)、1980年為16282畝(mu)、1985年為50675畝(mu),現(xian)在(zai)每年保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)5萬畝(mu)以上(shang)。神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)豆(dou)腐(fu)遠近(jin)聞名,豆(dou)香十足、久燴不爛(lan),是(shi)每日神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人餐(can)桌上(shang)必不可(ke)少的一道(dao)菜,神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)豆(dou)便是(shi)主要原料,當地有句俗(su)(su)話說“神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人不可(ke)一日無豆(dou)”之說;神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)黑(hei)豆(dou)的又一妙用是(shi)釀造老(lao)黑(hei)醬,幾乎家家自釀;還有黑(hei)豆(dou)豆(dou)芽,新(xin)人結(jie)婚(hun)時要將黑(hei)豆(dou)豆(dou)芽撒(sa)在(zai)婚(hun)車上(shang)和新(xin)娘包(bao)袱(fu)里,寓(yu)意著生根發芽、繁衍生息;神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)人還有在(zai)冬至炒(chao)黑(hei)豆(dou)“咬雜病”之風俗(su)(su)。2003年神(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)縣(xian)被山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)政府確定為全省(sheng)優質小雜糧(liang)重點縣(xian)。
二.自然生態環境(jing)和人文(wen)歷史因素
1.地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤情況:神池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵區,山(shan)丘起伏、溝(gou)壑縱(zong)橫,平(ping)均海拔在(zai)1500米(mi)(海拔范圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤(tao)山(shan)脈(mo)自(zi)西北向東南(nan)延伸,關涔山(shan)脈(mo)縱(zong)立南(nan)沿,兩大山(shan)脈(mo)形(xing)成中部小塊緩坡平(ping)地(di)(di)(di),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特點是(shi)平(ping)川少(shao),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘陵多(占全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)84.69萬畝(mu),人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為四個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(棕壤、栗(li)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為栗(li)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)98.08%,分(fen)(fen)布于海拔1600—2000米(mi)的(de)中低山(shan)和(he)丘陵地(di)(di)(di)區;棕壤占總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.3%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)海拔2300米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)部,風砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)1.23%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)西部平(ping)川局部地(di)(di)(di)區,潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.39%,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川河源頭和(he)海拔1500米(mi)左(zuo)右的(de)山(shan)澗(jian)交接洼地(di)(di)(di)。按全國(guo)第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查,神池土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)特點是(shi)“缺磷少(shao)氮(dan)鉀(jia)有余(yu)”,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)養份狀況是(shi)有機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全氮(dan)0.4-0.5g/kg、有效磷3-5mg/kg、速(su)效鉀(jia)100mg/kg以(yi)上(shang),屬三(san)級以(yi)上(shang)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di),非常適宜黑豆(dou)生(sheng)長。
2.水(shui)(shui)文情況:全縣有四條(tiao)大的(de)季(ji)節(jie)性河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),朱家川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)全長60公(gong)里(li),由(you)本(ben)縣西(xi)部賀職(zhi)鄉出(chu)境,經(jing)五寨、保德入(ru)(ru)黃河(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積163萬畝(mu);縣川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)全長35公(gong)里(li),由(you)本(ben)縣西(xi)北長畛鄉出(chu)境,經(jing)偏關、保德入(ru)(ru)黃河(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積95萬畝(mu);野豬口河(he)全長19公(gong)里(li),由(you)本(ben)鄉石(shi)湖(hu)村出(chu)境,經(jing)朔(shuo)州入(ru)(ru)桑(sang)干河(he);澗口河(he)在境內東部,全長5公(gong)里(li),由(you)龍(long)泉(quan)鎮大溝兒澗出(chu)境,經(jing)寧武(wu)縣入(ru)(ru)恢(hui)河(he),最后流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)桑(sang)干河(he),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積10萬畝(mu)。四條(tiao)季(ji)節(jie)性河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)多集(ji)中在雨(yu)(yu)季(ji),7、8、9三個月的(de)洪水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量占到全年(nian)徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)量的(de)70%,各河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)總洪水(shui)(shui)量大1.15米3/秒,因為(wei)是季(ji)節(jie)性河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),所以夏季(ji)出(chu)現洪水(shui)(shui)高(gao)峰,河(he)床洪水(shui)(shui)濤濤,當(dang)地農(nong)民形象地概括(kuo)為(wei)“有雨(yu)(yu)山洪發,雨(yu)(yu)過河(he)床干”。神池縣水(shui)(shui)資源十分(fen)貧乏,全縣地下水(shui)(shui)靜儲量為(wei)6.16億噸,動儲量為(wei)5.9萬噸/晝夜,埋深在100米左右,且分(fen)布不均(jun),多集(ji)中于朱家川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)和縣川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)兩河(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)域,適合黑豆生(sheng)長。
3.氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況:神池(chi)縣屬大(da)(da)陸季風(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),干旱、高(gao)寒、溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da)、無(wu)霜(shuang)期短(duan)(duan),年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)4.7℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)無(wu)霜(shuang)期114天,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨(yu)量487.7毫米,主要(yao)(yao)集中(zhong)在7—9月份(fen),年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)蒸(zheng)發量1921.1毫米,全年(nian)(nian)(nian)光(guang)照時(shi)數(shu)為(wei)2816.7小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽總輻射量144.03千卡(ka)/厘(li)米,≥10℃的總積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)2300-2600℃,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)以風(feng)大(da)(da)、低溫(wen)(wen)、降(jiang)水變率大(da)(da),春旱年(nian)(nian)(nian)份(fen)多,無(wu)霜(shuang)期短(duan)(duan)為(wei)主要(yao)(yao)特點,總之氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)涼爽(shuang)、降(jiang)雨(yu)集中(zhong)、西北(bei)風(feng)長年(nian)(nian)(nian)不斷(duan)、光(guang)照充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da)這(zhe)樣(yang)的氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件正好(hao)符合黑豆的生產發育。
三.地域范圍
神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)位于晉西(xi)北(bei)黃土高原,地處(chu)管(guan)涔山(shan)西(xi)北(bei)麓(lu),東與朔州(zhou)市接(jie)壤,西(xi)與五(wu)寨縣(xian)毗連,南距管(guan)涔隔寧武,北(bei)負(fu)洪濤(tao)界偏(pian)關縣(xian)、平(ping)魯區。地理(li)坐標:東經111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯38°56′—39°24′,縣(xian)域面積(ji)1472平(ping)方公里。神(shen)池(chi)黑豆地理(li)標志(zhi)產品保護范圍為山(shan)西(xi)省忻(xin)州(zhou)市神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)境內的龍泉鎮(zhen)(zhen)、義井鎮(zhen)(zhen)、八(ba)角鎮(zhen)(zhen)、東湖鄉(xiang)(xiang)、太平(ping)莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、虎北(bei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、賀職鄉(xiang)(xiang)、烈堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、長畛鄉(xiang)(xiang)、大嚴(yan)備鄉(xiang)(xiang)等10個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)241個行政村。近幾(ji)年黑豆年種植面積(ji)保持在(zai)3300公頃以(yi)上,年總(zong)產8000-10000噸。
四.產品品質特性(xing)特征(zheng)
1.外在品質(zhi):神池黑豆(dou)籽實大(da)而飽(bao)滿,呈卵圓形或近于(yu)球(qiu)形,色(se)澤(ze)烏黑發亮,子(zi)葉呈黃綠色(se)。
2.內(nei)在品質(zhi):神(shen)池黑豆中(zhong)(zhong)蛋白質(zhi)含量(liang)高達38-42g/100g,人(ren)體(ti)(ti)必需(xu)(xu)的亞(ya)(ya)油酸(suan)(suan)含量(liang)為4-5g/100g、亞(ya)(ya)麻酸(suan)(suan)含量(liang)為0.8-1.0g/100g;含有18種氨(an)基酸(suan)(suan),特(te)別是(shi)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)必需(xu)(xu)的8種氨(an)基酸(suan)(suan),其中(zhong)(zhong)賴氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)含量(liang)可達2-3g/100g;每100g黑豆粉(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)含大豆異黃酮(tong)79.5-83.2mg、維(wei)生素(su)E20.1-25.9mg、鈣158-187mg、磷548-598mg,還含有人(ren)體(ti)(ti)必需(xu)(xu)的維(wei)生素(su)B1、B2、C、煙(yan)酸(suan)(suan)和豐富的鋅(xin)、銅(tong)、鎂、鉬、硒、氟等微量(liang)元素(su);黑豆皮含有花青素(su),花青素(su)是(shi)很好的抗氧化劑來源,能清除體(ti)(ti)內(nei)自由(you)基。
3.質量安(an)全(quan)規定:符合《農(nong)業(ye)部(bu)辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)廳(ting)關于(yu)印(yin)發(fa)茄果(guo)類(lei)蔬(shu)菜等37類(lei)無公(gong)(gong)害(hai)農(nong)產品(pin)檢(jian)測目錄的通知》農(nong)辦(ban)質[2012]8號中(zhong)關于(yu)大(da)豆(dou)的指標(biao)、《中(zhong)華人民(min)共(gong)和國農(nong)業(ye)部(bu)行業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)—無公(gong)(gong)害(hai)食品(pin) 大(da)豆(dou) NY 5310-2005》,以及《GB4285農(nong)藥(yao)安(an)全(quan)使用準(zhun)則》、《GB/T8321農(nong)藥(yao)合理使用準(zhun)則》等相關標(biao)準(zhun)和要求。
五.特定生產方式
1.加強抗旱耕作,保(bao)好墑情黑豆需要精細整地,保(bao)持土壤疏松平整。在我縣(xian)各黑豆產區可以采取秋深耕,冬鎮壓(ya),春(chun)季(ji)頂凌粑磨,播后根據晌情進行(xing)碾壓(ya)等(deng)蓄水保(bao)墑辦法。
2.播(bo)前(qian)施(shi)(shi)足底肥,精選種(zhong)子旱(han)地(di)黑豆必(bi)須重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)底肥,杜絕白茬下種(zhong),做(zuo)到(dao)輕氮重(zhong)磷補鉀。每畝施(shi)(shi)優質農肥2000公(gong)斤、復(fu)合肥10-15公(gong)斤做(zuo)底肥;在(zai)現(xian)蕾開花(hua)期每畝追施(shi)(shi)尿素8-10公(gong)斤,以滿足黑豆對養分(fen)的(de)(de)需求。方法上采用集中(zhong)溝施(shi)(shi)。丘陵地(di)區(qu)隨同(tong)犁(li)種(zhong)一次(ci)施(shi)(shi)入(ru),緩坡地(di)區(qu)在(zai)春季淺耕時施(shi)(shi)在(zai)犁(li)溝內,隨后(hou)及時耙耱(mo)鎮壓。根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)土壤類型和氣候特點,選用不同(tong)的(de)(de)優種(zhong)。這(zhe)里所說(shuo)的(de)(de)優種(zhong),是(shi)指經過保純防(fang)雜的(de)(de)優良(liang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。只有(you)這(zhe)樣才能減(jian)少病蟲害,減(jian)輕品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)退化,一般(ban)2—3年(nian)應更換一次(ci)。在(zai)我縣適宜種(zhong)植的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有(you)農家大粒黑豆,羊眼(yan)睛黑豆等。
3.拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)早播(bo),保(bao)證質量黑(hei)豆拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用55%的(de)甲(jia)拌(ban)磷200毫(hao)升加水3-4斤(jin)(jin),倒在(zai)(zai)80斤(jin)(jin)-100斤(jin)(jin)黑(hei)豆種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子上,進行拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),要輕伴,防止脫(tuo)皮,拌(ban)好(hao)后(hou)(hou)放在(zai)(zai)陰涼(liang)處晾(liang)干,避免太陽暴曬,晾(liang)干后(hou)(hou)裝袋(dai)備用。黑(hei)豆早播(bo)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)充分(fen)利(li)用土(tu)壤(rang)解凍后(hou)(hou)的(de)返漿水,提(ti)高出苗(miao)率;早播(bo)還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)闖(chuang)過最末(mo)一(yi)次晚霜(shuang)危害;早播(bo)可(ke)延長(chang)(chang)苗(miao)子生長(chang)(chang)時間,使營(ying)養體生長(chang)(chang)好(hao),為后(hou)(hou)期開(kai)花結果創造良好(hao)條(tiao)件。一(yi)般我縣在(zai)(zai)4月25日(ri)至5月5日(ri)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方式可(ke)采用耬播(bo)或機播(bo),播(bo)深以(yi)(yi)1.5-2寸左右(you)為宜。
4.因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜,合理密植要(yao)按照地(di)(di)力條件和品種特性確(que)定合理密度,一般下等地(di)(di)播量5—7斤(jin),畝保苗(miao)1—1.2萬(wan)株(zhu);中等地(di)(di)播7—8斤(jin),畝保苗(miao)1.2—1.5萬(wan)株(zhu);上等地(di)(di)播8—10斤(jin)畝留苗(miao)1.5—1.8萬(wan)株(zhu)。
5.加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)田間(jian)管理我(wo)縣黑豆(dou)均(jun)采用地(di)膜覆(fu)蓋種植,一般在中(zhong)等肥(fei)力水(shui)平的地(di)塊上種植。特別是稍粘重(zhong)土壤在播后(hou)遇(yu)雨(yu)時(shi)就會形(xing)成(cheng)膜孔板結(jie),要及時(shi)放(fang)苗(miao),防(fang)(fang)止造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的缺苗(miao)斷壟(long)。黑豆(dou)出苗(miao)后(hou)30-50天內地(di)表未被覆(fu)蓋,此時(shi)氣候干燥,雜草也正(zheng)是盛(sheng)發時(shi)期,黑豆(dou)此時(shi)根系生長較強(qiang)(qiang),地(di)上部分(fen)(fen)卻生長緩慢,這時(shi)應(ying)抓緊時(shi)間(jian)中(zhong)耕除草,鋤凈壟(long)間(jian)雜草,防(fang)(fang)止雜草和幼(you)苗(miao)爭奪養(yang)分(fen)(fen),抑制幼(you)苗(miao)生長。
6.提高(gao)認識,防病防蟲目(mu)前,由于抗病品種的(de)推(tui)廣,黑豆病害基本(ben)可以控制。但黑豆田的(de)豆芫菁和金龜子仍不同程(cheng)度的(de)發生,應注意防治(zhi)。每畝用20%的(de)速滅殺丁乳(ru)油25—50ml兌水(shui)80—100公(gong)斤(jin)噴霧即可。
7.適期早收,防止返青(qing)(qing)黑豆(dou)適時(shi)(shi)早收有一定增產作(zuo)用,一般可增產5%,而(er)且黑豆(dou)后期雨(yu)多(duo)時(shi)(shi),往(wang)往(wang)發(fa)生返青(qing)(qing)現象,造成減產。因(yin)此在黑豆(dou)莖(jing)下部(bu)葉變(bian)(bian)黃,部(bu)分(fen)脫落,有75%的莢果(guo)變(bian)(bian)黃褐(he)色,子(zi)粒多(duo)數搖(yao)動時(shi)(shi)沙沙作(zuo)響時(shi)(shi)及時(shi)(shi)受獲。