一.自然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史(shi)因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌 全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可耕(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)54.25萬畝,人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)近4.5畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型分(fen)(fen)(fen)為五個(ge)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)(山(shan)地(di)(di)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、山(shan)地(di)(di)棕壤(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、水稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)),主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)為褐土(tu)(tu),占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)84.32%,分(fen)(fen)(fen)布于海拔(ba)900—2000米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)低(di)山(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)和河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)第二次土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查,繁(fan)(fan)峙縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“缺磷少氮鉀有余(yu)”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)養(yang)份狀況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有機質1.62-3.23%、全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.68-0.74%、有效磷0.056%、速效鉀3-4.6毫克(ke)/100克(ke),屬(shu)二級以(yi)上耕(geng)地(di)(di),非常(chang)適宜黍(shu)子生長。 繁(fan)(fan)峙縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu)(qu),境(jing)內山(shan)巒重(zhong)疊,丘(qiu)陵(ling)起伏,東(dong)、南、北(bei)三(san)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)環山(shan),滹沱河(he)由(you)東(dong)向西貫穿全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)河(he)谷中(zhong)部流(liu)向代縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),中(zhong)部狹長的(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)谷地(di)(di)為忻(xin)定盆地(di)(di)北(bei)部邊緣的(de)(de)一部分(fen)(fen)(fen),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)勢由(you)西向東(dong)逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)高(gao),平(ping)均海拔(ba)1000米(mi)(mi),最高(gao)海拔(ba)3058米(mi)(mi),最低(di)700米(mi)(mi)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)整個(ge)大(da)地(di)(di)呈彎(wan)弓(gong)形(xing)狀。境(jing)內地(di)(di)形(xing)大(da)致可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為三(san)類(lei):河(he)谷平(ping)川(chuan)區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)11.91%)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)24.55%)、石(shi)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)63.54%)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)平(ping)川(chuan)少,山(shan)地(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵(ling)多(duo)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)88.09%),地(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)貌復雜。
(2)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況: 全縣共有(you)兩(liang)大(da)(da)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu):滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)。滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)域子牙(ya)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)主(zhu)要支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)之(zhi)一(yi),發源于縣境(jing)東部(bu)的(de)太戲山(shan)下,向(xiang)西流(liu)入代(dai)縣,境(jing)內(nei)(nei)全長約80公(gong)里(li),有(you)大(da)(da)小(xiao)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)15條;青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)大(da)(da)清河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)最(zui)上游的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)之(zhi)一(yi),由神堂堡(bao)鄉向(xiang)東南流(liu)入河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)阜(fu)平縣。滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)青洋(yang)(yang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)以及滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)峨河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)長流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu),其(qi)他河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)季節性河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)。縣內(nei)(nei)滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)階(jie)地(di)為極富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu),兩(liang)邊山(shan)溝溝谷出口(kou)處的(de)洪積扇地(di)帶為富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu),山(shan)前丘(qiu)陵區(qu)為中等富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)。地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)靜(jing)位(wei)儲(chu)量25.79億立方(fang)米/年,調節儲(chu)量1.08億立方(fang)米/年,動儲(chu)量3.12億立方(fang)米/年,開采(cai)儲(chu)量4.2億立方(fang)米/年,最(zui)大(da)(da)控制深度100-172.17米。各類(lei)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優良,屬輕碳(tan)酸鈣鎂型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi),非常適合(he)飲用與(yu)灌溉,優質(zhi)豐富(fu)的(de)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源非常有(you)利于黍子的(de)生長。
(3)氣候(hou)情況: 繁(fan)峙縣屬于暖溫(wen)帶半(ban)干旱大(da)陸性氣候(hou),一(yi)年(nian)(nian)四季分明,春(chun)季干旱、低(di)溫(wen)、風(feng)(feng)大(da),夏季高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、多(duo)雨、日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)長(chang)(chang),秋季少雨、天高(gao)(gao)晴爽(shuang),冬季寒冷、少雪、多(duo)風(feng)(feng)。各(ge)地年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)為5.4℃-9.8℃,全年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降水量為350-1000毫米,無霜期(qi)(qi)為90—160天。一(yi)月最冷,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)0— -4.7℃,七(qi)月最熱(re),平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)24℃—27.4℃,10℃以上的年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)積溫(wen)2091.5— 3455.1℃。歷年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)總時(shi)(shi)數為2906.5小時(shi)(shi),最多(duo)年(nian)(nian)可達3153.2小時(shi)(shi),最少年(nian)(nian)為2527.1小時(shi)(shi),作物生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)季節(jie)4-9月份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)1588.3小時(shi)(shi)。年(nian)(nian)太陽總輻射能(neng)為144.3千卡(ka)/厘(li)米2,比相鄰的五臺縣、代縣分別(bie)多(duo)11.4和(he)3.2千卡(ka)/厘(li)米2,分別(bie)比北京、長(chang)(chang)江中下游(you)一(yi)帶多(duo)9.3和(he)29.3千卡(ka)/厘(li)米2。氣候(hou)以風(feng)(feng)大(da)、低(di)溫(wen)、降水變率大(da),春(chun)旱年(nian)(nian)份多(duo),無霜期(qi)(qi)短(duan)為主要特(te)點,總之氣候(hou)涼爽(shuang)、降雨集中、西北風(feng)(feng)長(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)不斷、光照(zhao)充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差大(da)這樣的氣候(hou)條件(jian)正好符合黍子的生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發育。
二.地域范圍
繁(fan)峙(zhi)縣位于晉北東(dong)部。東(dong)與(yu)靈(ling)丘交界、西與(yu)代(dai)縣接壤,南與(yu)五臺縣和河(he)(he)北省阜平縣相(xiang)連,北與(yu)應縣和渾源為鄰。繁(fan)峙(zhi)黃(huang)米地(di)理標志(zhi)產品(pin)保(bao)護范圍包括繁(fan)峙(zhi)縣境內(nei)繁(fan)城(cheng)鎮、下(xia)茹越鄉(xiang)、杏園鄉(xiang)、集義(yi)莊鄉(xiang)、光(guang)裕堡鄉(xiang)、砂河(he)(he)鎮等6個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮149個(ge)村(cun)。東(dong)至(zhi)砂河(he)(he)鎮上角峪(yu)村(cun),西至(zhi)繁(fan)城(cheng)鎮西魏村(cun),北至(zhi)下(xia)茹越蘇孟莊村(cun),南至(zhi)杏園鄉(xiang)公主(zhu)村(cun),東(dong)經113°11′—113°38′,北緯39°08′—39°18′。近幾年黍子年種植(zhi)面(mian)積保(bao)持在5260公頃以上,年總產7100噸。
三(san).產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外(wai)在感(gan)官特(te)征: 新鮮黃(huang)米(mi)呈金黃(huang)色,米(mi)粒均勻團圓(yuan),黃(huang)米(mi)蒸熟后(hou)、黃(huang)米(mi)磨面(mian)做(zuo)成的(de)糕口 感(gan)軟筋(jin),味(wei)道清香。
(2)內(nei)在(zai)品質(zhi)指標: 繁峙(zhi)黃米蛋白質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)在(zai)11.5%--13%之間(jian),直鏈淀(dian)粉含(han)量(liang)在(zai)1.6%--2.3%之間(jian),鋅(Zn)含(han)量(liang)在(zai)16.35mg/kg—27.73 mg/kg之間(jian)。
(3)安全要求 繁峙黃米產(chan)品符合無公害食品NY5305-2005粟米類產(chan)品產(chan)地環境條(tiao)件,以及GB4285農藥安全使用準(zhun)則等相(xiang)關標準(zhun)和要求。
四.特定生產(chan)方式
(1)整(zheng)地(di):秋收(shou)后及時深耕,深度15cm以(yi)上,春季地(di)表化凍4-8厘米時頂凌耙耱,隨后磙地(di)鎮壓。
(2)施(shi)足(zu)底肥(fei):每畝施(shi)1000-1500公斤腐熟農家肥(fei),化肥(fei)9-11公斤(其中純N5.3-6.5,P2O53.7-4.5公斤)作為(wei)基(ji)肥(fei)。
(3)選(xuan)茬(cha)口(kou):選(xuan)擇豆類、薯類、玉米等茬(cha)口(kou)進(jin)行(xing)3年以上輪作。
(4)選種:選擇晉黍(shu)3號、4號等相同品質特點,抗性和產量性狀(zhuang)優的品種。
(5)種子(zi)處理:播(bo)種前種子(zi)用清(qing)水漂(piao)洗,清(qing)除秕粒雜質(zhi),晾干(gan)后用40%拌(ban)種雙可(ke)濕(shi)性粉(fen)劑按照種子(zi)重量0.4%干(gan)拌(ban),防治黍子(zi)絲黑穗病(bing)。
(6)下種:播(bo)(bo)種期為5月20日(ri)-6月20日(ri),播(bo)(bo)種方法采用(yong)耬播(bo)(bo),行距20-25cm,播(bo)(bo)種量每(mei)畝1-1.5kg,深度(du)4—5cm,播(bo)(bo)種后整(zheng)壓。播(bo)(bo)種后遇雨(yu),雨(yu)后用(yong)輕耙及時耙地破除板結。
(7)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao)(cao):生育期間中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)2-3次,第一次在3-4片葉時進行(xing)(xing)(xing),結合(he)間苗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)5-6厘米(mi)深(shen),徹(che)底清除(chu)雜草(cao)(cao);10-15天后進行(xing)(xing)(xing)第二次中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng),深(shen)8-10厘米(mi),鋤盡行(xing)(xing)(xing)株間的雜草(cao)(cao)及野黍(shu)子(zi),并(bing)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)適(shi)當培土;第三次中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)在抽穗前進行(xing)(xing)(xing),深(shen)2-3厘米(mi),根據田間雜草(cao)(cao)和土壤情況靈(ling)活掌握。
(8)分次(ci)(ci)追肥:黍子生育期(qi)間追肥1-2次(ci)(ci),第(di)一次(ci)(ci)在分蘗至拔(ba)節期(qi)進行,每畝(mu)追施尿(niao)素10-15公斤,第(di)二次(ci)(ci)在抽穗前,每畝(mu)追施尿(niao)素6-10公斤。
(9)及(ji)時收獲;9月下旬,上部籽粒完全成熟(shu),下部籽粒開(kai)始(shi)變(bian)黃時,及(ji)時收獲,收獲后曬干至水分低于13%時,防(fang)潮防(fang)蟲儲存(cun),儲存(cun)期(qi)1年(nian)。
(10)加(jia)工(gong)。根據(ju)銷(xiao)售(shou)情(qing)況去殼加(jia)工(gong)為黃(huang)米,加(jia)工(gong)為黃(huang)米后及時銷(xiao)售(shou)食用(yong),儲存期3個月。