一.自然生(sheng)態環境和(he)人文歷史因素(su)
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌 全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)54.25萬畝(mu),人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)近4.5畝(mu),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型分(fen)為(wei)五(wu)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)棕壤(rang)(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、水(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)84.32%,分(fen)布(bu)于海拔900—2000米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)和河(he)谷平川(chuan)(chuan)區(qu)。按全國第(di)二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普(pu)查,繁(fan)峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總的(de)(de)特點是“缺磷(lin)(lin)少(shao)氮鉀(jia)有余(yu)”,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)養份狀況是有機質1.62-3.23%、全氮0.68-0.74%、有效磷(lin)(lin)0.056%、速效鉀(jia)3-4.6毫克/100克,屬二級以上耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適(shi)宜黍子(zi)生(sheng)長。 繁(fan)峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區(qu),境內山(shan)巒(luan)重疊,丘(qiu)(qiu)陵起(qi)伏,東、南、北三(san)面(mian)(mian)(mian)環山(shan),滹沱河(he)由東向西貫(guan)穿全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)河(he)谷中(zhong)部(bu)流向代縣(xian)(xian)(xian),中(zhong)部(bu)狹長的(de)(de)河(he)流谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)忻定盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)北部(bu)邊(bian)緣的(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由西向東逐漸增高(gao)(gao),平均海拔1000米(mi)(mi),最(zui)高(gao)(gao)海拔3058米(mi)(mi),最(zui)低700米(mi)(mi)。全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)整個大(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)呈彎弓形狀。境內地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形大(da)致(zhi)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)三(san)類:河(he)谷平川(chuan)(chuan)區(qu)(占全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)11.91%)、丘(qiu)(qiu)陵區(qu)(占全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)24.55%)、石山(shan)區(qu)(占全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)63.54%)。全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特點是平川(chuan)(chuan)少(shao),山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵多(占全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)88.09%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌復雜。
(2)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情(qing)況(kuang): 全縣(xian)共有兩(liang)大河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu):滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)和青洋河(he)(he)(he)(he)。滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)是海河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域子牙河(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系主要(yao)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)一,發源于縣(xian)境(jing)東(dong)部的(de)太(tai)戲山(shan)(shan)下(xia),向西(xi)流(liu)(liu)入代縣(xian),境(jing)內全長(chang)約80公里,有大小支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)15條;青洋河(he)(he)(he)(he)是大清(qing)河(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系最(zui)上游的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)之(zhi)一,由神堂堡(bao)鄉(xiang)向東(dong)南流(liu)(liu)入河(he)(he)(he)(he)北省阜平縣(xian)。滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)和青洋河(he)(he)(he)(he)以及滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)峨河(he)(he)(he)(he)是長(chang)流(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),其他河(he)(he)(he)(he)是季節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)。縣(xian)內滹(hu)(hu)沱(tuo)(tuo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)階地(di)為(wei)極富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)區,兩(liang)邊山(shan)(shan)溝(gou)溝(gou)谷出口處的(de)洪積(ji)扇地(di)帶(dai)為(wei)富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)區,山(shan)(shan)前丘陵區為(wei)中等(deng)富(fu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)區。地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)靜位儲量(liang)(liang)25.79億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian),調節儲量(liang)(liang)1.08億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian),動(dong)儲量(liang)(liang)3.12億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian),開采儲量(liang)(liang)4.2億(yi)立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/年(nian),最(zui)大控制深度100-172.17米(mi)(mi)。各(ge)類地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優(you)良,屬輕碳酸鈣(gai)鎂型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi),非(fei)常適合飲用與(yu)灌溉,優(you)質(zhi)豐富(fu)的(de)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源非(fei)常有利(li)于黍子的(de)生長(chang)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況(kuang): 繁峙縣(xian)屬(shu)于暖溫帶半干旱(han)大(da)陸性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),一年(nian)四季分明,春季干旱(han)、低溫、風大(da),夏季高溫、多(duo)雨(yu)、日照(zhao)長(chang),秋季少雨(yu)、天(tian)高晴爽,冬季寒冷、少雪(xue)、多(duo)風。各地年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫為(wei)5.4℃-9.8℃,全年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)量為(wei)350-1000毫米(mi)(mi),無(wu)霜(shuang)期為(wei)90—160天(tian)。一月最(zui)(zui)冷,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫0— -4.7℃,七月最(zui)(zui)熱,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫24℃—27.4℃,10℃以上的(de)(de)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)積溫2091.5— 3455.1℃。歷年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)總(zong)時(shi)數為(wei)2906.5小時(shi),最(zui)(zui)多(duo)年(nian)可達3153.2小時(shi),最(zui)(zui)少年(nian)為(wei)2527.1小時(shi),作物生(sheng)長(chang)季節4-9月份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)1588.3小時(shi)。年(nian)太陽總(zong)輻射能(neng)為(wei)144.3千卡/厘米(mi)(mi)2,比相鄰的(de)(de)五臺縣(xian)、代縣(xian)分別(bie)多(duo)11.4和(he)3.2千卡/厘米(mi)(mi)2,分別(bie)比北京、長(chang)江(jiang)中下(xia)游一帶多(duo)9.3和(he)29.3千卡/厘米(mi)(mi)2。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)以風大(da)、低溫、降(jiang)水(shui)變(bian)率(lv)大(da),春旱(han)年(nian)份多(duo),無(wu)霜(shuang)期短為(wei)主要特(te)點,總(zong)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)涼(liang)爽、降(jiang)雨(yu)集中、西北風長(chang)年(nian)不斷、光照(zhao)充足、晝夜溫差大(da)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)正好符合黍子(zi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)發育。
二.地域范圍
繁(fan)(fan)峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)位(wei)于晉北(bei)東(dong)(dong)部。東(dong)(dong)與(yu)(yu)靈(ling)丘交界、西(xi)與(yu)(yu)代縣(xian)(xian)接壤,南與(yu)(yu)五(wu)臺(tai)縣(xian)(xian)和(he)河北(bei)省阜平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)相(xiang)連,北(bei)與(yu)(yu)應(ying)縣(xian)(xian)和(he)渾源為鄰。繁(fan)(fan)峙(zhi)黃(huang)米地理標志(zhi)產品保護范圍包括繁(fan)(fan)峙(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)境內繁(fan)(fan)城鎮(zhen)、下茹越(yue)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、杏(xing)園鄉(xiang)(xiang)、集義莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、光裕堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、砂河鎮(zhen)等6個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)149個村(cun)。東(dong)(dong)至砂河鎮(zhen)上角峪村(cun),西(xi)至繁(fan)(fan)城鎮(zhen)西(xi)魏村(cun),北(bei)至下茹越(yue)蘇孟莊村(cun),南至杏(xing)園鄉(xiang)(xiang)公主村(cun),東(dong)(dong)經113°11′—113°38′,北(bei)緯(wei)39°08′—39°18′。近幾年(nian)黍子年(nian)種植面(mian)積保持在5260公頃以上,年(nian)總產7100噸。
三.產品品質(zhi)特性特征
(1)外在感(gan)官特征: 新鮮黃米(mi)呈(cheng)金黃色,米(mi)粒均勻團圓,黃米(mi)蒸(zheng)熟后、黃米(mi)磨面做成的糕口 感(gan)軟筋,味(wei)道清(qing)香。
(2)內在(zai)品(pin)質指標(biao): 繁峙黃米(mi)蛋白質含量在(zai)11.5%--13%之間(jian),直鏈淀(dian)粉含量在(zai)1.6%--2.3%之間(jian),鋅(Zn)含量在(zai)16.35mg/kg—27.73 mg/kg之間(jian)。
(3)安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu) 繁(fan)峙(zhi)黃米(mi)產(chan)品(pin)符(fu)合無公害食品(pin)NY5305-2005粟米(mi)類產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)地環(huan)境條件,以及(ji)GB4285農藥(yao)安全(quan)使用(yong)準(zhun)則等相關(guan)標準(zhun)和要(yao)求(qiu)。
四(si).特(te)定生產方式
(1)整地:秋收后及時深(shen)耕(geng),深(shen)度15cm以上,春季地表化凍4-8厘米時頂(ding)凌耙耱,隨后磙地鎮(zhen)壓(ya)。
(2)施足底肥:每畝施1000-1500公斤腐熟(shu)農家肥,化肥9-11公斤(其中純N5.3-6.5,P2O53.7-4.5公斤)作為基(ji)肥。
(3)選(xuan)茬(cha)口(kou):選(xuan)擇豆類、薯類、玉(yu)米(mi)等(deng)茬(cha)口(kou)進行3年以上輪作。
(4)選種:選擇(ze)晉黍3號、4號等相同品質(zhi)特點,抗性(xing)和產(chan)量性(xing)狀優的品種。
(5)種(zhong)(zhong)子處理:播種(zhong)(zhong)前種(zhong)(zhong)子用清水漂洗,清除(chu)秕(bi)粒雜質,晾干后(hou)用40%拌種(zhong)(zhong)雙可濕性(xing)粉劑(ji)按照種(zhong)(zhong)子重量0.4%干拌,防治黍子絲黑穗病。
(6)下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期為5月(yue)20日(ri)-6月(yue)20日(ri),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法采用(yong)耬播(bo),行距20-25cm,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量每畝1-1.5kg,深度4—5cm,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)整壓。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)遇雨,雨后(hou)用(yong)輕耙及時耙地破(po)除板結。
(7)中(zhong)耕除草(cao):生育期間(jian)中(zhong)耕2-3次(ci),第一次(ci)在3-4片葉時進(jin)行(xing)(xing),結合(he)間(jian)苗中(zhong)耕5-6厘(li)米(mi)深(shen),徹底清除雜(za)草(cao);10-15天(tian)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)第二次(ci)中(zhong)耕,深(shen)8-10厘(li)米(mi),鋤盡(jin)行(xing)(xing)株(zhu)間(jian)的(de)雜(za)草(cao)及野黍(shu)子,并(bing)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)適當(dang)培土;第三次(ci)中(zhong)耕在抽穗前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing),深(shen)2-3厘(li)米(mi),根據田間(jian)雜(za)草(cao)和土壤(rang)情況靈活掌握。
(8)分次追(zhui)(zhui)肥:黍子生育期間(jian)追(zhui)(zhui)肥1-2次,第(di)一次在(zai)分蘗(bo)至拔(ba)節期進行(xing),每(mei)畝追(zhui)(zhui)施尿(niao)(niao)素10-15公斤,第(di)二次在(zai)抽穗前,每(mei)畝追(zhui)(zhui)施尿(niao)(niao)素6-10公斤。
(9)及時收獲(huo)(huo);9月下旬,上部(bu)籽(zi)粒完(wan)全成熟,下部(bu)籽(zi)粒開始變黃時,及時收獲(huo)(huo),收獲(huo)(huo)后曬干至水(shui)分低于13%時,防(fang)潮防(fang)蟲儲存(cun),儲存(cun)期1年。
(10)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)。根據銷售(shou)情況(kuang)去殼加(jia)工(gong)(gong)為黃米,加(jia)工(gong)(gong)為黃米后及時(shi)銷售(shou)食用,儲存期(qi)3個(ge)月。