一.產品介紹
小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)北方黃(huang)河(he)流域,是中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要糧食作物(wu)(wu),全世界小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)栽培面(mian)積約(yue)10多(duo)(duo)(duo)億(yi)畝(mu),我(wo)國(guo)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo),總產(chan)(chan)量最(zui)高(gao)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)耐旱(han)(han),品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)繁多(duo)(duo)(duo),有(you)(you)白、紅(hong)、黃(huang)、黑、橙、紫各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),俗稱“粟有(you)(you)五彩”。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)抗旱(han)(han)能力超(chao)群。它既耐干旱(han)(han)、貧瘠,又不怕酸堿,所以在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)南(nan)北干旱(han)(han)地(di)區、貧瘠山區都(dou)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)。適(shi)合(he)(he)在(zai)(zai)干旱(han)(han)而(er)(er)缺乏灌溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)山西(xi)地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)歷史悠久,春(chun)秋時期(qi)就(jiu)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi),約(yue)有(you)(you)8千多(duo)(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽培歷史。為(wei)(wei)(wei)清代(dai)全國(guo)四大(da)(da)(da)(da)貢米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之一(yi)(yi),被譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”。相(xiang)傳乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝出巡,路經章丘(qiu),西(xi)關高(gao)如(ru)恂接駕獻(xian)“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)金(jin)湯”,甚得(de)乾(qian)隆(long)稱贊(zan),被封為(wei)(wei)(wei)貢米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)帶為(wei)(wei)(wei)山前洪積土(tu),土(tu)層深厚(hou),土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃(huang)壤(rang),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)較肥(fei)沃,加之其地(di)理(li)環境和(he)(he)氣候(hou)條件(jian)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)適(shi)宜谷(gu)(gu)(gu)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)發育,具備(bei)了(le)形成優良品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)得(de)天獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。因(yin)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)味(wei)隨生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)而(er)(er)增減(jian),故在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)方法上(shang),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)旱(han)(han)田(tian)春(chun)播。耕前施(shi)足農(nong)家肥(fei),耙平(ping)耢細,谷(gu)(gu)(gu)雨(yu)前后下種(zhong)(zhong),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)120天以上(shang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)籽大(da)(da)(da)(da)粒(li)圓,色澤金(jin)黃(huang),性粘味(wei)香,營養(yang)豐富,較其他品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)分含量高(gao)。特(te)別是煮稀飯時,表面(mian)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)層黃(huang)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)油,食之香味(wei)可(ke)口,是產(chan)(chan)婦(fu)(fu)、老(lao)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佳補食品(pin)。用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)磨面(mian)做(zuo)粥別具風(feng)味(wei),濟南(nan)市有(you)(you)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“八寶粥”“王家甜沫”等,均用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)做(zuo)原(yuan)料。據中(zhong)國(guo)農(nong)科院(yuan)化(hua)(hua)驗,此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)含蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)11.2%、脂肪5.26%、賴氨酸0.25%、淀粉(fen)74.95%、維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)A和(he)(he)維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)B1及維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)B2的(de)(de)(de)(de)含量也(ye)超(chao)過(guo)其它小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)是一(yi)(yi)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu) ,屬禾(he)本科。它性喜(xi)溫(wen)(wen)暖(nuan),適(shi)應性強(qiang)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)寧紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)地(di)——山西(xi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)寧縣,號(hao)稱“上(shang)堂糧倉”,位于(yu)呂梁山余脈,黃(huang)河(he)水東岸,平(ping)均海(hai)拔1500米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以上(shang),無霜期(qi)長(chang)(chang),晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da)(da)(da),屬于(yu)丘(qiu)陵地(di)帶,氣候(hou)土(tu)壤(rang)獨(du)特(te),谷(gu)(gu)(gu)子生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)較長(chang)(chang)。昕水河(he)縱貫(guan)全境,氣候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)(he),水資源是鄰縣不可(ke)相(xiang)比的(de)(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域環境正適(shi)合(he)(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),而(er)(er)大(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)都(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)山腰和(he)(he)丘(qiu)陵間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)塊平(ping)地(di)上(shang),獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)環境和(he)(he)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)方法保證了(le)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)“天然、綠色、無污染”的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)特(te)性。作為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)寧縣特(te)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)要求苛刻,產(chan)(chan)量低,一(yi)(yi)直被當地(di)人(ren)(ren)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)饋贈親友的(de)(de)(de)(de)佳品(pin),市場上(shang)很少流通。紅(hong)皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)殼成大(da)(da)(da)(da)紅(hong)色,熬粥營養(yang)價值豐富,有(you)(you)“代(dai)參(can)湯”之美稱。據測定,每(mei)100克(ke)(ke)中(zhong)含蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)9.7克(ke)(ke),脂肪3.5克(ke)(ke),碳水化(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)72.8克(ke)(ke),鈣29毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),磷240毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),鐵4.8毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),胡蘿卜素(su)(su)(su)0.19毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),硫胺素(su)(su)(su)0.57毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),核黃(huang)素(su)(su)(su)0.12毫(hao)克(ke)(ke),煙(yan)酸1.6毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)且這(zhe)些營養(yang)素(su)(su)(su)在(zai)(zai)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)消化(hua)(hua)吸收(shou)率也(ye)較高(gao),蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)消化(hua)(hua)吸收(shou)率為(wei)(wei)(wei)83.4%,脂肪為(wei)(wei)(wei)90.8%,碳水化(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)99.4%。不但有(you)(you)滋養(yang)腎(shen)氣,清熱解渴(ke)、健胃除濕、和(he)(he)胃安眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)功效,還具有(you)(you)滋陰養(yang)血的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能,可(ke)以使(shi)產(chan)(chan)婦(fu)(fu)虛寒的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得(de)到調養(yang),幫助她們恢復體(ti)力,長(chang)(chang)期(qi)食用(yong)能達到滋養(yang)腎(shen)氣、和(he)(he)胃安眠、滋陰養(yang)血的(de)(de)(de)(de)功效,實為(wei)(wei)(wei)孕(yun)婦(fu)(fu)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孩(hai)、老(lao)人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)體(ti)虛者(zhe)滋養(yang)進補及日常營養(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佳品(pin)。
二.自然生態環境(jing)和(he)人文歷(li)史(shi)因素
大寧(ning)縣(xian)地處山西省呂(lv)梁山南(nan)端,黃河(he)水(shui)(shui)東岸,境內(nei)垣坡連(lian)綿(mian),南(nan)北高山對峙,東高西凸,形如盆(pen)地,屬于大陸性(xing)(xing)暖(nuan)溫帶亞干旱氣候區,氣候溫和(he)(he),四季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)明(ming)。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)干旱多風(feng),夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)炎(yan)熱多雨,秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)陰雨連(lian)綿(mian),冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)寒冷干燥。年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)(wei)10.7℃,最高氣溫38.5℃,最低氣溫-20.3℃.;年(nian)平(ping)均降水(shui)(shui)量、536.9mm;年(nian)平(ping)均日照數>2466小時,年(nian)平(ping)均無霜期212天(tian)。小米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)植區域地形平(ping)坦,土壤類型為(wei)(wei)栗褐(he)土,黃土母質,PH值(zhi)(zhi)在8.23~8.25之間,土壤肥(fei)沃,有(you)機質含量在0.25~1.91%之間,全氮含量0.013~0.11%,速(su)效(xiao)氮18~22ppm,全磷0.034~0.11%,速(su)效(xiao)磷0.8~36ppm,速(su)效(xiao)鉀2.53~114ppm。 大寧(ning)縣(xian)境內(nei)有(you)昕水(shui)(shui)河(he)、義亭河(he)、岔口河(he)三條(tiao)河(he)流,種(zhong)(zhong)植區域地表水(shui)(shui)系為(wei)(wei)昕水(shui)(shui)河(he)。日常產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的生(sheng)(sheng)活廢水(shui)(shui)較少且采用隨地潑灑的方式,不會對地下水(shui)(shui)造成影(ying)響。河(he)流水(shui)(shui)質PH值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)8.0~8.04,呈(cheng)弱(ruo)堿性(xing)(xing),地下水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質為(wei)(wei)中性(xing)(xing)。作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)植灌溉用水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)質符合無公害和(he)(he)綠色(se)食品(pin)相應標準NY-x123-2000的要求,適宜種(zhong)(zhong)植和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)紅皮(pi)(pi)小米(mi)系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。大寧(ning)縣(xian)獨特的氣候條(tiao)件,使得此區域所(suo)產(chan)(chan)谷子,具有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)周期長(chang),利于干物質積累的特點,形成了紅皮(pi)(pi)小米(mi)色(se)澤嫩(nen)黃、漿大醇香、入口柔潤的獨特品(pin)質。
三.產(chan)地環境
大(da)寧(ning)縣(xian)位于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)呂(lv)梁(liang)山(shan)(shan)南(nan)端(duan),地理(li)坐標(biao)為(wei)東經110°27′55″—111°0′40″,北(bei)緯36°16′40″—36°36′25″之間。東西(xi)長50公里,南(nan)北(bei)寬38公里,總面(mian)積967平方公里。縣(xian)境北(bei)與(yu)(yu)永和(he)縣(xian)接壤,南(nan)同(tong)吉縣(xian)毗連;東與(yu)(yu)蒲縣(xian)、隰(xi)縣(xian)為(wei)鄰(lin),西(xi)與(yu)(yu)陜西(xi)省(sheng)延(yan)長縣(xian)隔黃河相(xiang)望(wang)。境內(nei)溝(gou)壑(he)縱橫(heng),山(shan)(shan)巒逶迤,梁(liang)峁(mao)層疊,垣(yuan)坡連綿。南(nan)北(bei)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)對峙,中部(bu)昕水(shui)橫(heng)貫,東高(gao)西(xi)凸(tu),形如(ru)盆地,有(you)“三川十塬(yuan)溝(gou)四千(qian),周圍大(da)山(shan)(shan)包一(yi)圈”之說。海拔最低為(wei)481 米,最高(gao)為(wei)1719米。境內(nei)有(you)昕水(shui)河、義亭河和(he)岔口(kou)河三條河流(liu)。從川到山(shan)(shan)形成中部(bu)河川區、南(nan)北(bei)部(bu)土石山(shan)(shan)區,東部(bu)殘塬(yuan)溝(gou)壑(he)區和(he)西(xi)部(bu)破碎殘塬(yuan)溝(gou)壑(he)區等四種地貌(mao)單元(yuan)。
大寧縣屬大陸性(xing)暖(nuan)溫帶亞干(gan)旱氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu),氣(qi)候(hou)溫和,四季(ji)分明。春季(ji)干(gan)旱多風,夏季(ji)炎熱多雨(yu),秋季(ji)陰雨(yu)連綿,冬季(ji)寒(han)冷(leng)干(gan)燥,年(nian)(nian)日照數平均為2466.7小時,年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫為10.7 ℃,氣(qi)溫年(nian)(nian)較差為31.8 ℃,年(nian)(nian)無霜期(qi)212天(tian),年(nian)(nian)平均降水量427mm。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)主導風向為西南風。氣(qi)候(hou)條件優越(yue),盛產糧(liang)棉。
四.品質特點
大寧紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)米歷來有“賽(sai)參湯”之美稱,期(qi)顆(ke)粒均勻飽滿,色(se)澤(ze)嫩黃(huang)柔(rou)和,營養(yang)豐富易煮(zhu)熟(普(pu)通小(xiao)(xiao)米需20-30分(fen)(fen),紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)米只需8-10分(fen)(fen)既可達到最佳,入口細膩綿滑,余香(xiang)讓人(ren)(ren)回(hui)味無窮(qiong)。長期(qi)食用能達到滋養(yang)腎氣,和胃安(an)眠(mian),滋陰養(yang)血的功效(xiao),為(wei)(wei)孕產婦(fu),小(xiao)(xiao)孩,老(lao)人(ren)(ren)和體虛者(zhe)滋養(yang)進補(bu)及日常營養(yang)的佳品(pin)。作為(wei)(wei)大寧縣特產的紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)米,由于種植條件要求苛(ke)刻,產量低,一直被(bei)當地(di)人(ren)(ren)視為(wei)(wei)饋贈親(qin)友的佳品(pin),市場上很(hen)少流通。