一.產品介紹
小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)北方(fang)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河流域(yu),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要糧(liang)食(shi)作物,全(quan)世(shi)界小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)栽培面積約(yue)10多(duo)(duo)億(yi)畝,我國(guo)(guo)(guo)最多(duo)(duo),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)最高。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)耐(nai)旱(han),品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)繁多(duo)(duo),有(you)白、紅、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)、黑、橙(cheng)、紫各種(zhong)(zhong)顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),俗(su)稱(cheng)“粟有(you)五彩”。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗旱(han)能(neng)力(li)超群。它(ta)既(ji)耐(nai)干旱(han)、貧瘠,又不(bu)怕酸(suan)堿,所以(yi)在我國(guo)(guo)(guo)南北干旱(han)地(di)區(qu)、貧瘠山(shan)(shan)區(qu)都有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植。適合在干旱(han)而(er)缺乏灌溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)西地(di)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)植歷史悠久,春(chun)秋時期就有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植,約(yue)有(you)8千多(duo)(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽培歷史。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)清代全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)四大(da)(da)(da)貢米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),被(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)”。相傳乾隆皇(huang)帝出巡(xun),路經章(zhang)丘(qiu),西關(guan)高如(ru)恂接駕獻“龍米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)金湯”,甚得(de)(de)乾隆稱(cheng)贊,被(bei)封為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貢米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)前洪積土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)層深厚,土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)壤(rang)(rang),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)肥沃,加之(zhi)其(qi)(qi)地(di)理環(huan)境和氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)適宜谷(gu)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)和發育,具(ju)(ju)備(bei)了形成優(you)良品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得(de)(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)。因(yin)谷(gu)味隨生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期長(chang)短而(er)增減,故在種(zhong)(zhong)植方(fang)法上(shang)(shang),均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)旱(han)田春(chun)播。耕前施足農家肥,耙平耢細,谷(gu)雨(yu)前后下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在120天(tian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)籽大(da)(da)(da)粒(li)圓,色澤(ze)金黃(huang)(huang)(huang),性粘味香(xiang),營(ying)(ying)養豐富(fu),較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)其(qi)(qi)他品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)養分含(han)量(liang)高。特別是(shi)煮稀飯時,表面有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層黃(huang)(huang)(huang)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質(zhi)(zhi)油,食(shi)之(zhi)香(xiang)味可(ke)口,是(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)婦(fu)(fu)、老(lao)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳補食(shi)品(pin)。用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)磨面做(zuo)粥別具(ju)(ju)風味,濟南市有(you)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“八寶粥”“王家甜(tian)沫”等,均用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)做(zuo)原(yuan)料。據(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農科(ke)院(yuan)化驗,此種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)含(han)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)11.2%、脂(zhi)肪5.26%、賴(lai)氨(an)酸(suan)0.25%、淀粉74.95%、維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)A和維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)B1及(ji)維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)(su)B2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)也超過(guo)其(qi)(qi)它(ta)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本植物 ,屬禾本科(ke)。它(ta)性喜溫暖,適應(ying)性強。大(da)(da)(da)寧紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)——山(shan)(shan)西大(da)(da)(da)寧縣(xian)(xian),號稱(cheng)“上(shang)(shang)堂(tang)糧(liang)倉”,位于呂梁山(shan)(shan)余脈,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河水東岸,平均海拔1500米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),無霜期長(chang),晝夜溫差大(da)(da)(da),屬于丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)帶,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)獨特,谷(gu)子生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)。昕水河縱貫全(quan)境,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫和,水資源是(shi)鄰縣(xian)(xian)不(bu)可(ke)相比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域(yu)環(huan)境正適合小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),而(er)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)都種(zhong)(zhong)植在山(shan)(shan)腰和丘(qiu)陵(ling)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)塊平地(di)上(shang)(shang),獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植環(huan)境和傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植方(fang)法保證了小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)“天(tian)然、綠色、無污染”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)特性。作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)寧縣(xian)(xian)特產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),由于種(zhong)(zhong)植條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)要求(qiu)苛刻(ke),產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)低,一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)被(bei)當地(di)人視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)饋贈親友(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳品(pin),市場上(shang)(shang)很少流通(tong)。紅皮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)谷(gu)殼成大(da)(da)(da)紅色,熬(ao)粥營(ying)(ying)養價值豐富(fu),有(you)“代參湯”之(zhi)美稱(cheng)。據(ju)(ju)測定,每100克(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)9.7克(ke)(ke)(ke),脂(zhi)肪3.5克(ke)(ke)(ke),碳水化合物72.8克(ke)(ke)(ke),鈣29毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),磷240毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),鐵(tie)4.8毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),胡蘿卜素(su)(su)(su)0.19毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),硫胺素(su)(su)(su)0.57毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),核(he)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)0.12毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke),煙酸(suan)1.6毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)且這些(xie)營(ying)(ying)養素(su)(su)(su)在人體內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)化吸(xi)收率也較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高,蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)化吸(xi)收率為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.4%,脂(zhi)肪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)90.8%,碳水化合物為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)99.4%。不(bu)但有(you)滋養腎氣(qi),清熱解渴、健胃除濕、和胃安眠(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效,還具(ju)(ju)有(you)滋陰(yin)養血(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng),可(ke)以(yi)使(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)婦(fu)(fu)虛(xu)寒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體質(zhi)(zhi)得(de)(de)到調養,幫助她們恢復(fu)體力(li),長(chang)期食(shi)用能(neng)達到滋養腎氣(qi)、和胃安眠(mian)、滋陰(yin)養血(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效,實為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孕婦(fu)(fu)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孩、老(lao)人和體虛(xu)者滋養進補及(ji)日常(chang)營(ying)(ying)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佳品(pin)。
二.自(zi)然生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)人文歷史因素(su)
大(da)寧縣(xian)地(di)處(chu)山(shan)西省(sheng)呂梁山(shan)南端,黃(huang)河水(shui)(shui)(shui)東岸,境內(nei)垣坡連綿,南北高山(shan)對峙,東高西凸,形如盆(pen)地(di),屬于大(da)陸性暖溫(wen)帶亞干(gan)旱氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候區,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和(he)(he),四(si)季(ji)分明。春季(ji)干(gan)旱多(duo)(duo)風,夏季(ji)炎(yan)熱(re)多(duo)(duo)雨(yu),秋季(ji)陰雨(yu)連綿,冬季(ji)寒(han)冷干(gan)燥。年平均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為10.7℃,最高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)38.5℃,最低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-20.3℃.;年平均降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量、536.9mm;年平均日照(zhao)數>2466小(xiao)時,年平均無霜(shuang)期212天。小(xiao)米種(zhong)(zhong)植區域(yu)地(di)形平坦,土壤類型為栗褐土,黃(huang)土母質(zhi)(zhi),PH值(zhi)在(zai)8.23~8.25之(zhi)間,土壤肥(fei)沃,有機質(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量在(zai)0.25~1.91%之(zhi)間,全(quan)氮含(han)量0.013~0.11%,速(su)效氮18~22ppm,全(quan)磷(lin)0.034~0.11%,速(su)效磷(lin)0.8~36ppm,速(su)效鉀(jia)2.53~114ppm。 大(da)寧縣(xian)境內(nei)有昕(xin)(xin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)河、義亭河、岔口河三(san)條河流,種(zhong)(zhong)植區域(yu)地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)為昕(xin)(xin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)河。日常產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)生活廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)較少且采用隨地(di)潑(po)灑的(de)(de)(de)方式,不會(hui)對地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)造成影響。河流水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)PH值(zhi)為8.0~8.04,呈弱堿性,地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)為中(zhong)性。作為種(zhong)(zhong)植灌溉用水(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)符合無公(gong)害和(he)(he)綠色食品(pin)(pin)相應標準NY-x123-2000的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,適宜種(zhong)(zhong)植和(he)(he)生產(chan)(chan)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)米系(xi)列產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)。大(da)寧縣(xian)獨特的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件,使得(de)此區域(yu)所產(chan)(chan)谷子(zi),具有生產(chan)(chan)周期長,利于干(gan)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)積累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)特點,形成了(le)紅(hong)皮小(xiao)米色澤嫩黃(huang)、漿大(da)醇香、入口柔潤的(de)(de)(de)獨特品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)。
三.產地環境
大寧縣位于(yu)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省呂梁山(shan)(shan)南端,地(di)理坐標為東經110°27′55″—111°0′40″,北(bei)(bei)緯36°16′40″—36°36′25″之間。東西(xi)(xi)長50公(gong)里,南北(bei)(bei)寬38公(gong)里,總面積967平方(fang)公(gong)里。縣境北(bei)(bei)與永和縣接壤,南同(tong)吉(ji)縣毗連(lian);東與蒲縣、隰縣為鄰,西(xi)(xi)與陜西(xi)(xi)省延長縣隔黃河相望。境內(nei)溝壑(he)(he)縱(zong)橫(heng),山(shan)(shan)巒逶迤,梁峁層疊,垣坡連(lian)綿。南北(bei)(bei)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)對峙,中(zhong)部(bu)昕(xin)水橫(heng)貫,東高(gao)西(xi)(xi)凸,形(xing)如盆(pen)地(di),有“三(san)川(chuan)十(shi)塬溝四千,周圍大山(shan)(shan)包一圈(quan)”之說(shuo)。海拔(ba)最低(di)為481 米(mi),最高(gao)為1719米(mi)。境內(nei)有昕(xin)水河、義亭河和岔口河三(san)條河流(liu)。從(cong)川(chuan)到山(shan)(shan)形(xing)成中(zhong)部(bu)河川(chuan)區、南北(bei)(bei)部(bu)土石山(shan)(shan)區,東部(bu)殘塬溝壑(he)(he)區和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)破碎(sui)殘塬溝壑(he)(he)區等(deng)四種地(di)貌單元。
大(da)寧縣屬大(da)陸性暖溫(wen)帶亞干旱氣(qi)(qi)候區,氣(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和(he),四季(ji)分明。春季(ji)干旱多(duo)風(feng),夏(xia)季(ji)炎熱多(duo)雨,秋季(ji)陰雨連(lian)綿,冬季(ji)寒冷(leng)干燥,年日照數平均為(wei)2466.7小時,年平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)10.7 ℃,氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)年較差為(wei)31.8 ℃,年無霜期212天(tian),年平均降水量427mm。全年主導風(feng)向為(wei)西南風(feng)。氣(qi)(qi)候條件(jian)優越,盛產糧棉。
四.品質特點
大寧紅皮小(xiao)米歷來有“賽(sai)參湯”之美稱,期(qi)(qi)顆粒均(jun)勻(yun)飽滿,色澤嫩黃柔和,營(ying)養(yang)豐富易煮熟(普通小(xiao)米需20-30分,紅皮小(xiao)米只(zhi)需8-10分既可達到最佳,入(ru)口細膩綿滑,余香讓人回味無(wu)窮。長期(qi)(qi)食(shi)用能達到滋養(yang)腎氣,和胃(wei)安眠(mian),滋陰養(yang)血的功(gong)效(xiao),為(wei)孕產(chan)婦,小(xiao)孩,老(lao)人和體虛(xu)者(zhe)滋養(yang)進補(bu)及(ji)日常(chang)營(ying)養(yang)的佳品(pin)。作為(wei)大寧縣特產(chan)的紅皮小(xiao)米,由于種植(zhi)條件要(yao)求苛刻,產(chan)量低(di),一直被當(dang)地人視為(wei)饋(kui)贈親友的佳品(pin),市場(chang)上很少流通。