一.產品介紹
上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)外(wai)果大(da)端正(zheng),果形圓(yuan)形或近圓(yuan)形,果皮青(qing)綠光滑(hua),肉(rou)質細嫩,汁多渣少,甜酸適(shi)中,酥脆可(ke)口。 上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)是我國著名的地(di)方良種梨(li)(li)(li)(li)樹,據(ju)(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信區(qu)志(zhi)》記載,“縣(xian)人栽(zai)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)已有300多年(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)”,“上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)可(ke)與宣(xuan)城(cheng)和玉山消(xiao)(xiao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)媲美”。據(ju)(ju)《上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)市農業志(zhi)》記載,“康(kang)熙二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1684)《廣(guang)(guang)信區(qu)志(zhi)》載,‘梨(li)(li)(li)(li),近人頗知種植,收蓄(xu)之(zhi)法(fa),風味雖不(bu)逮宣(xuan)城(cheng)(安徽),與玉山青(qing)消(xiao)(xiao)可(ke)相(xiang)頡。’”據(ju)(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信府志(zhi)》物產篇略(lve)載,“梨(li)(li)(li)(li)為玉山青(qing)消(xiao)(xiao),頗稱甘脆,近來上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)亦佳。”《廣(guang)(guang)信府志(zhi)》編(bian)修始于清(qing)同治十二年(nian)(nian)(公元1873年(nian)(nian)),可(ke)見(jian)上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)栽(zai)培至少有300余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。每年(nian)(nian)上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)成熟季節,全國各地(di)水(shui)果商販絡繹不(bu)絕(jue)云集上(shang)饒(rao)(rao),上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)供不(bu)應求,享譽大(da)江(jiang)南北(bei)。
二.自然生態(tai)環境和人文歷史因素(su)
上饒(rao)境內中山(shan)、低山(shan)、丘陵與河谷平(ping)原從南(nan)北兩端(duan)向中部(bu)呈(cheng)階梯狀(zhuang)(zhuang)遞降(jiang)(jiang),大(da)致平(ping)行于信江對稱分(fen)布,明顯(xian)構成南(nan)北高、中部(bu)低的(de)馬鞍狀(zhuang)(zhuang)地勢。山(shan)地丘陵旱地土壤多屬黃(huang)紅壤,PH值在5.5—6.5之間,有效(xiao)土層厚至(zhi)00厘米(mi)以上,土質肥(fei)沃、透(tou)氣、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)、保(bao)肥(fei),有機質含量高,富含硅、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等大(da)量的(de)有益(yi)元素。信江、饒(rao)北瀘(lu)溪(xi)、丁溪(xi)、櫧(zhu)溪(xi)等大(da)小(xiao)河流5條(tiao)貫穿全境,年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)經流量8.6億(yi)(yi)立方米(mi);大(da)、中、小(xiao)型水(shui)(shui)庫星羅棋(qi)布,有效(xiao)庫容達.77億(yi)(yi)立方米(mi);地下水(shui)(shui)蓄量充(chong)沛,年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)總儲量為(wei)(wei)4.76億(yi)(yi)立方米(mi)。屬亞熱帶季風性濕(shi)(shi)潤氣候,四季分(fen)明,雨水(shui)(shui)充(chong)沛,光照充(chong)足,但受季風影響,溫度和降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)變(bian)化幅較大(da),干濕(shi)(shi)比較明顯(xian)。年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫為(wei)(wei)7.8℃,年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照時數為(wei)(wei)79小(xiao)時,年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)777毫米(mi),無(wu)霜期平(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)84天,形(xing)成了(le)上饒(rao)早(zao)梨獨特的(de)自然生(sheng)態環境。
三.地域范圍
上饒(rao)(rao)位于江西東(dong)北(bei)部,信江上游,地處贛、浙(zhe)、閩、皖四(si)省要(yao)沖,交通便(bian)利,四(si)通八達。上饒(rao)(rao)早梨農產品地理標志地域保護(hu)(hu)范圍包括花(hua)廳鎮(zhen)、田(tian)墩鎮(zhen)、五(wu)府山鎮(zhen)、四(si)十八鎮(zhen)、應家(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、尊(zun)橋鄉(xiang)(xiang)、皂頭鎮(zhen)、楓嶺頭鎮(zhen) 、華(hua)壇山鎮(zhen)、石(shi)人鄉(xiang)(xiang)、清水鄉(xiang)(xiang)共(gong)11個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(鎮(zhen));保護(hu)(hu)范圍為東(dong)經117°41′18〞-118°14′23〞,北(bei)緯27°58′58〞-28°50′15〞之間(jian)。保護(hu)(hu)面(mian)積1200公頃,年產量(liang)1.2萬(wan)噸。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性(xing)特征(zheng)
1、外在感官特征(zheng):上饒早梨果(guo)大端正,果(guo)形圓形或近圓形;果(guo)皮青綠(lv)光滑(套袋(dai)后(hou)黃白色);肉質細嫩,汁多渣(zha)少,甜酸適中,酥脆可口。
2、內在品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao):可溶(rong)性固形(xing)物15.5%—16.6%,總(zong)(zong)酸0.10%—0.12%,固酸比142—151,維生素C8.1mg/100g—9.2mg/100g,總(zong)(zong)糖8.56%—9.24%,蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)0.23%—0.28%,粗纖維0.41%—0.46%,銅0.62mg/kg —0.73mg/kg,鐵0.85mg/kg—0.95mg/kg,磷1.1×102mg/kg—1.3×102mg/kg,鈣(gai)2.11mg/100g—3.55mg/100g。 3、質(zhi)(zhi)量安全要(yao)求(qiu): ①產地(di)環(huan)(huan)境質(zhi)(zhi)量符合NY5013-2006 《無公害食品(pin)林果(guo)類產品(pin)產地(di)環(huan)(huan)境技術條件》要(yao)求(qiu)。 ②產品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量符合NY 5011-2006《無公害食品(pin)仁(ren)果(guo)類水(shui)果(guo)》要(yao)求(qiu)。
五.特定生產方式
1、園地選擇:排(pai)灌暢通,土層深厚、通透性好、保(bao)水保(bao)肥力強、植被豐富、地勢相對平(ping)坦,生態(tai)環境優(you)越,土壤。
2、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選擇:上(shang)饒(rao)早(zao)梨品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選用(yong)當地(di)傳統優質品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。上(shang)饒(rao)早(zao)梨(又稱六月雪)為主栽(zai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),搭配(pei)授粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有甫梨、平頭青(qing),主栽(zai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)與授粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)搭配(pei)比例為3:1。
3、關鍵技術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):為(wei)(wei)保證上(shang)饒早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)品質特色,要(yao)加強以(yi)下環節的(de)(de)生(sheng)產技術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi): ①定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植:按株行3m×5m或4m×4m挖定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植穴,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植穴內重施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi) 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),先填入稻草、雜草等(deng)(deng)粗(cu)有機質,加蓋表(biao)土(tu);每株再施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)豬(zhu)牛(niu)欄堆(dui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或沼渣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50-60千(qian)(qian)克(ke)、菜子餅2-3千(qian)(qian)克(ke)、磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1-2千(qian)(qian)克(ke)、石灰(hui)2千(qian)(qian)克(ke)并與表(biao)土(tu)混合(he)(he)填入。填土(tu)需高出(chu)地面30厘米(mi)-40厘米(mi),做(zuo)成(cheng)饅(man)頭形(xing)(xing)(xing)。栽前梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)苗的(de)(de)粗(cu)根(gen)(gen)(gen)需剪截2厘米(mi)-3厘米(mi),解除嫁接處薄膜,嫁接口(kou)露出(chu)地面5厘米(mi)-10厘米(mi),踏實(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)(gen)際土(tu)壤,澆足定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)根(gen)(gen)(gen)水(shui)。 ②整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing):采(cai)用(yong)拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、輕剪、緩(huan)放等(deng)(deng)方法(fa)修剪。定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)植生(sheng)長(chang)5年(nian)(nian)梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)達到(dao)高2.5米(mi)左(zuo)右(you),冠徑3.5米(mi)-4米(mi),主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)5個,副枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3個,結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分部(bu)均勻合(he)(he)理(li)(li)。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)從4月中旬開始抹除枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、干和鋸口(kou)上(shang)直立的(de)(de)背上(shang)新(xin)梢(shao)(shao),對生(sheng)長(chang)過旺的(de)(de)新(xin)梢(shao)(shao)應在6-7片葉(xie)時(shi)摘(zhai)心,及時(shi)疏(shu)(shu)除病(bing)蟲(chong)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、重疊枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),改善通風條件,促(cu)進果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)膨(peng)大。 ③定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo):因(yin)樹(shu)疏(shu)(shu)花疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)套(tao)(tao)袋(dai),提(ti)高好(hao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率。疏(shu)(shu)花疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),從抑制花芽(ya)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)開始,到(dao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)負載量達到(dao)要(yao)求為(wei)(wei)止(zhi)(zhi)。做(zuo)到(dao)疏(shu)(shu)弱留強、疏(shu)(shu)密(mi)留稀(xi)、疏(shu)(shu)小留大、疏(shu)(shu)腋(ye)留頂(ding)、疏(shu)(shu)下留上(shang),疏(shu)(shu)小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸形(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),多留外(wai)圍(wei)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),少留冠內果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。套(tao)(tao)袋(dai)是(shi)防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)危害(hai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)、提(ti)高果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品質量的(de)(de)關健措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。上(shang)饒早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)傳統以(yi)柿(shi)油紙袋(dai)包(bao)裹為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),梨(li)(li)(li)袋(dai)以(yi)陳袋(dai)包(bao)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最好(hao),陳袋(dai)包(bao)的(de)(de)梨(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)熟(shu)后白凈如玉(yu)。 ④日(ri)常(chang)管理(li)(li):一是(shi)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),配合(he)(he)使用(yong)生(sheng)物菌肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),少施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),提(ti)高果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)品質。幼樹(shu)套(tao)(tao)種綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),夏(xia)季(ji)割刈綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進行樹(shu)盤覆(fu)蓋,秋(qiu)季(ji)結(jie)合(he)(he)擴(kuo)穴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)將綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)深埋,改善果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園土(tu)壤狀況。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),主(zhu)要(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)芽(ya)前肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、壯(zhuang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、采(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。芽(ya)前肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于萌芽(ya)初(chu),壯(zhuang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于新(xin)梢(shao)(shao)停止(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)長(chang)時(shi),采(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)于果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)采(cai)收后。每次每株施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菜籽(zi)餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)-1.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)、沼液肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20千(qian)(qian)克(ke)-30千(qian)(qian)克(ke)。二是(shi)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)治(zhi),堅持“預防(fang)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),綜(zong)合(he)(he)防(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)(de)方針。根(gen)(gen)(gen)據病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)發生(sheng)、發展規(gui)律,因(yin)地制宜(yi),合(he)(he)理(li)(li)運用(yong)農業、生(sheng)物、物理(li)(li)防(fang)治(zhi)等(deng)(deng)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),有效(xiao)控制病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai),提(ti)高上(shang)饒早(zao)梨(li)(li)(li)品質。