一.產品介紹
上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)外果(guo)大(da)(da)端正,果(guo)形(xing)圓形(xing)或近(jin)圓形(xing),果(guo)皮青綠光滑,肉質細嫩(nen),汁多渣少,甜酸適中,酥脆可口。 上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)是我國著名(ming)的地方良種(zhong)(zhong)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)樹,據(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信區志》記載,“縣(xian)人(ren)栽(zai)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)已有(you)300多年(nian)歷史”,“上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)可與(yu)宣城和玉(yu)山消(xiao)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)相媲美”。據(ju)《上(shang)饒(rao)市農業志》記載,“康熙(xi)二十三年(nian)(1684)《廣(guang)(guang)信區志》載,‘梨(li)(li)(li)(li),近(jin)人(ren)頗知種(zhong)(zhong)植,收(shou)蓄之法,風味雖不(bu)逮宣城(安(an)徽),與(yu)玉(yu)山青消(xiao)可相頡(jie)。’”據(ju)《廣(guang)(guang)信府(fu)(fu)志》物產篇(pian)略載,“梨(li)(li)(li)(li)為玉(yu)山青消(xiao),頗稱甘脆,近(jin)來上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)亦佳。”《廣(guang)(guang)信府(fu)(fu)志》編修始于清(qing)同(tong)治十二年(nian)(公元(yuan)1873年(nian)),可見上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)栽(zai)培至少有(you)300余年(nian)歷史。每(mei)年(nian)上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)熟季節,全國各地水果(guo)商販絡繹不(bu)絕云(yun)集上(shang)饒(rao),上(shang)饒(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)(li)供(gong)不(bu)應求(qiu),享譽大(da)(da)江南北。
二.自然生態(tai)環境(jing)和(he)人(ren)文歷史(shi)因(yin)素
上(shang)(shang)饒(rao)境(jing)內中(zhong)山、低(di)(di)山、丘陵與河谷(gu)平(ping)原從(cong)南北兩端向(xiang)中(zhong)部呈階梯狀遞降,大(da)(da)致平(ping)行于信(xin)江對稱分(fen)布(bu),明顯(xian)構成南北高、中(zhong)部低(di)(di)的馬鞍狀地(di)(di)勢。山地(di)(di)丘陵旱地(di)(di)土壤多屬(shu)黃(huang)紅壤,PH值在(zai)5.5—6.5之(zhi)間,有(you)效(xiao)土層(ceng)厚至00厘米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)(shang),土質(zhi)肥沃、透氣(qi)(qi)、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、保(bao)肥,有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)高,富含硅、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵等(deng)大(da)(da)量(liang)的有(you)益元(yuan)素。信(xin)江、饒(rao)北瀘(lu)溪(xi)、丁(ding)溪(xi)、櫧溪(xi)等(deng)大(da)(da)小(xiao)河流(liu)5條貫穿全(quan)境(jing),年平(ping)均(jun)經流(liu)量(liang)8.6億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi);大(da)(da)、中(zhong)、小(xiao)型(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)星羅(luo)棋布(bu),有(you)效(xiao)庫(ku)容達.77億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi);地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄量(liang)充(chong)(chong)沛,年平(ping)均(jun)總(zong)儲(chu)量(liang)為(wei)4.76億(yi)立(li)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。屬(shu)亞熱帶季(ji)風性濕潤氣(qi)(qi)候,四季(ji)分(fen)明,雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)充(chong)(chong)沛,光照充(chong)(chong)足,但受季(ji)風影(ying)響,溫(wen)度和降水(shui)(shui)(shui)變化幅較(jiao)大(da)(da),干濕比較(jiao)明顯(xian)。年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)7.8℃,年平(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)(shi)數為(wei)79小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),年平(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)777毫米(mi)(mi),無霜期(qi)平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)84天,形成了上(shang)(shang)饒(rao)早梨獨特的自然生態(tai)環境(jing)。
三.地域范圍
上饒(rao)位于江西東北部,信(xin)江上游(you),地處(chu)贛(gan)、浙(zhe)、閩、皖四(si)省要沖,交通(tong)便利,四(si)通(tong)八達。上饒(rao)早梨農產(chan)品地理標志地域保護范圍包括花(hua)廳鎮、田墩鎮、五府山鎮、四(si)十八鎮、應家(jia)鄉、尊橋鄉、皂頭(tou)鎮、楓(feng)嶺頭(tou)鎮 、華壇山鎮、石人(ren)鄉、清水鄉共11個鄉(鎮);保護范圍為東經(jing)117°41′18〞-118°14′23〞,北緯27°58′58〞-28°50′15〞之間。保護面(mian)積1200公頃,年產(chan)量(liang)1.2萬噸。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
1、外(wai)在(zai)感官特征:上饒(rao)早梨果(guo)大(da)端正(zheng),果(guo)形(xing)圓(yuan)形(xing)或近圓(yuan)形(xing);果(guo)皮青綠光(guang)滑(套袋后黃白色);肉質細嫩,汁(zhi)多渣少,甜酸適中,酥(su)脆可口。
2、內在品質(zhi)指標(biao):可溶性固形物15.5%—16.6%,總(zong)酸0.10%—0.12%,固酸比142—151,維(wei)生(sheng)素C8.1mg/100g—9.2mg/100g,總(zong)糖8.56%—9.24%,蛋白質(zhi)0.23%—0.28%,粗纖維(wei)0.41%—0.46%,銅(tong)0.62mg/kg —0.73mg/kg,鐵0.85mg/kg—0.95mg/kg,磷1.1×102mg/kg—1.3×102mg/kg,鈣2.11mg/100g—3.55mg/100g。 3、質(zhi)量(liang)安全要求(qiu): ①產地環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)符合NY5013-2006 《無公害食(shi)品林果(guo)類(lei)產品產地環(huan)境技術條件》要求(qiu)。 ②產品質(zhi)量(liang)符合NY 5011-2006《無公害食(shi)品仁果(guo)類(lei)水(shui)果(guo)》要求(qiu)。
五.特定生產方式
1、園地選(xuan)擇(ze):排灌暢通(tong),土層深厚(hou)、通(tong)透(tou)性好(hao)、保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥力強、植被豐富、地勢相對平(ping)坦,生態(tai)環境優越(yue),土壤。
2、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇:上饒早(zao)梨品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)用當(dang)地傳(chuan)統優質品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。上饒早(zao)梨(又稱六月雪)為主栽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),搭配授(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有甫梨、平(ping)頭青,主栽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與授(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)搭配比例為3:1。
3、關(guan)鍵技術措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi):為保證上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)品質特(te)色,要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)以下環節的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產技術措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi): ①定(ding)植(zhi):按株(zhu)行3m×5m或(huo)4m×4m挖定(ding)植(zhi)穴,定(ding)植(zhi)穴內(nei)重(zhong)施(shi)(shi)(shi) 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),先填(tian)入稻草、雜草等粗(cu)有(you)(you)機(ji)質,加(jia)蓋(gai)表(biao)土(tu);每株(zhu)再施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟豬(zhu)牛欄(lan)堆肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或(huo)沼(zhao)(zhao)渣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)50-60千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、菜子餅2-3千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1-2千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石灰2千(qian)克(ke)(ke)并與表(biao)土(tu)混合填(tian)入。填(tian)土(tu)需高(gao)出地面(mian)30厘(li)(li)米-40厘(li)(li)米,做成(cheng)饅頭形(xing)。栽前梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)苗的(de)粗(cu)根需剪(jian)(jian)截(jie)2厘(li)(li)米-3厘(li)(li)米,解除(chu)(chu)嫁(jia)接處薄(bo)膜,嫁(jia)接口露出地面(mian)5厘(li)(li)米-10厘(li)(li)米,踏實(shi)(shi)(shi)根際土(tu)壤,澆足(zu)定(ding)根水(shui)。 ②整形(xing):采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)拉枝(zhi)(zhi)、輕剪(jian)(jian)、緩(huan)放(fang)等方法(fa)修剪(jian)(jian)。定(ding)植(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)5年(nian)(nian)梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)達到高(gao)2.5米左右,冠徑3.5米-4米,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)5個,副枝(zhi)(zhi)3個,結果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)分部(bu)均勻合理(li)。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)從(cong)4月中旬開(kai)始抹除(chu)(chu)枝(zhi)(zhi)、干和鋸口上(shang)直立的(de)背(bei)上(shang)新(xin)梢,對生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)過旺(wang)的(de)新(xin)梢應在6-7片(pian)葉時摘心,及時疏(shu)(shu)除(chu)(chu)病蟲(chong)枝(zhi)(zhi)、弱(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi)、重(zhong)疊枝(zhi)(zhi),改善通風條件,促進(jin)(jin)果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)膨大(da)。 ③定(ding)果(guo):因樹(shu)(shu)疏(shu)(shu)花疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)套(tao)袋(dai),提(ti)高(gao)好果(guo)率(lv)。疏(shu)(shu)花疏(shu)(shu)果(guo),從(cong)抑制(zhi)花芽(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)開(kai)始,到果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)負載量達到要(yao)求(qiu)為止(zhi)(zhi)。做到疏(shu)(shu)弱(ruo)留(liu)(liu)強(qiang)(qiang)、疏(shu)(shu)密留(liu)(liu)稀、疏(shu)(shu)小留(liu)(liu)大(da)、疏(shu)(shu)腋留(liu)(liu)頂(ding)、疏(shu)(shu)下留(liu)(liu)上(shang),疏(shu)(shu)小果(guo)、畸形(xing)果(guo),多留(liu)(liu)外(wai)圍(wei)果(guo)和主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)的(de)果(guo),少(shao)留(liu)(liu)冠內(nei)果(guo)和弱(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)。套(tao)袋(dai)是防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)病蟲(chong)危害(hai)果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)、提(ti)高(gao)果(guo)品質量的(de)關(guan)健措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)傳統以柿(shi)油紙(zhi)袋(dai)包(bao)裹為主(zhu),梨(li)(li)(li)袋(dai)以陳袋(dai)包(bao)效果(guo)最好,陳袋(dai)包(bao)的(de)梨(li)(li)(li)成(cheng)熟后白凈如玉。 ④日常管理(li):一是合理(li)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),配合使用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)菌肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),少(shao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),提(ti)高(gao)果(guo)的(de)品質。幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)套(tao)種綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),夏(xia)季(ji)割刈綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進(jin)(jin)行樹(shu)(shu)盤覆蓋(gai),秋季(ji)結合擴(kuo)穴施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)將綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)深埋,改善果(guo)園土(tu)壤狀況。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),主(zhu)要(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)芽(ya)前肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、壯果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、采(cai)(cai)果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。芽(ya)前肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于萌芽(ya)初,壯果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于新(xin)梢停止(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)時,采(cai)(cai)果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)于果(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)收后。每次每株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)菜籽餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1千(qian)克(ke)(ke)-1.5千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、沼(zhao)(zhao)液(ye)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)-30千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。二是病蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)治,堅持“預防(fang)(fang)為主(zhu),綜合防(fang)(fang)治”的(de)方針。根據病蟲(chong)害(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)、發展(zhan)規律,因地制(zhi)宜(yi),合理(li)運用(yong)(yong)農業、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)、物(wu)理(li)防(fang)(fang)治等措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)效控制(zhi)病蟲(chong)害(hai),提(ti)高(gao)上(shang)饒(rao)(rao)早梨(li)(li)(li)品質。