歷史淵源
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)栽培石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)已有2000多(duo)年(nian)的歷(li)史,新疆(jiang)南部的喀(ka)什與和(he)(he)田地(di)(di)區,很可(ke)(ke)能是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)的原生(sheng)或次(ci)生(sheng)起源中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。據《博物(wu)志》記(ji)載:“漢張騫出使西域,得涂林(lin)安石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)種以歸。”喀(ka)什與和(he)(he)田各綠洲(zhou)地(di)(di)帶百年(nian)以上的古石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)樹隨處可(ke)(ke)見。石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)主產地(di)(di)有喀(ka)什地(di)(di)區的喀(ka)什市、疏附(fu)縣、疏勒縣、葉(xie)城(cheng)縣;和(he)(he)田地(di)(di)區的皮山(shan)縣、策(ce)勒縣等。其中(zhong)(zhong)疏附(fu)縣的伯什克(ke)然(ran)木鄉(xiang)、皮山(shan)縣的皮亞(ya)(ya)曼(man)(皮亞(ya)(ya)勒瑪)鄉(xiang)、葉(xie)城(cheng)縣的伯西熱克(ke)鄉(xiang)3個地(di)(di)區的石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)品質最佳,種植(zhi)歷(li)史也最長。1996年(nian),疏附(fu)縣和(he)(he)皮山(shan)縣分別獲(huo)得了國(guo)(guo)家農業部特(te)產辦頒(ban)發的“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)喀(ka)什噶爾石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)之鄉(xiang)”和(he)(he)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)皮亞(ya)(ya)曼(man)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)之鄉(xiang)”的稱號(hao)。
石榴在(zai)維吾爾(er)(er)語(yu)中(zhong)被稱為(wei)“阿(a)(a)娜爾(er)(er)”。“阿(a)(a)娜”是(shi)母親(qin)的(de)(de)意思,在(zai)文學作(zuo)品中(zhong),用“阿(a)(a)娜爾(er)(er)”形(xing)容女性(xing)的(de)(de)窈(yao)窕美麗(li)和比(bi)喻(yu)人的(de)(de)心靈純美。許(xu)多維吾爾(er)(er)族(zu)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)取名為(wei)“阿(a)(a)娜爾(er)(er)汗”或(huo)“阿(a)(a)娜爾(er)(er)古麗(li)”。傳說,美麗(li)的(de)(de)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)千千萬,最(zui)美的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)阿(a)(a)娜爾(er)(er)汗,瘋狂的(de)(de)追求者將她(ta)奉為(wei)人間女神,能(neng)聞一(yi)聞她(ta)身上的(de)(de)石榴花香,嘗一(yi)嘗她(ta)手(shou)中(zhong)石榴汁的(de)(de)甘甜(tian),即使死也心甘情愿。在(zai)維吾爾(er)(er)族(zu)傳統艾迪萊斯綢的(de)(de)圖案中(zhong),絕(jue)大部分都有石榴或(huo)石榴枝條(tiao),因此維吾爾(er)(er)族(zu)姑(gu)(gu)(gu)娘(niang)(niang)穿的(de)(de)艾迪萊斯綢裙是(shi)名副其實(shi)的(de)(de)“石榴裙”。
品種品質
喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)市的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)主要有“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)甜(tian)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)”和(he)(he)(he)“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)酸(suan)(suan)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)”;喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)葉(xie)城(cheng)縣伯西熱克(ke)(ke)鄉(xiang)、鐵提鄉(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)洛克(ke)(ke)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)以“達(da)乃(nai)克(ke)(ke)阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)(即大(da)籽(zi)甜(tian)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu))”為(wei)主,還有“塔特勒克(ke)(ke)阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)”、“阿(a)奇克(ke)(ke)阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)”、“拉(la)西阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)”和(he)(he)(he)“黑(hei)歇克(ke)(ke)阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)”。著名的(de)(de)鮮食品(pin)種(zhong)有“達(da)乃(nai)克(ke)(ke)阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(er)(er)(er)”、“皮亞曼石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)”等。“葉(xie)城(cheng)酸(suan)(suan)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)”、“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)紅籽(zi)酸(suan)(suan)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)”等品(pin)種(zhong)出汁率(lv)多在50%以上(shang),味酸(suan)(suan)甜(tian),果(guo)汁玫(mei)瑰紅色,適于加(jia)工制汁。
塔(ta)特(te)勒克石榴(塔(ta)特(te)勒克阿(a)娜爾(er));果實圓(yuan)或短圓(yuan)錐形,果頂圓(yuan)、近梗處(chu)果面微收攏(long),果皮(pi)底(di)色淡黃(huang),上(shang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)深紅色采霞(xia),果個大(da),汁味甜。阿(a)切克石榴;果實近扁圓(yuan)形,果皮(pi)有明顯(xian)的(de)六梭,靠(kao)果梗部突出(chu)成鈍(dun)尖,底(di)色黃(huang)綠,上(shang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)紫紅彩霞(xia),果個大(da),汁多味酸。海謝克石榴:果個小,近球形,果皮(pi)底(di)色黃(huang),上(shang)被(bei)(bei)(bei)紫紅色彩霞(xia),光(guang)亮美觀(guan),味甜,品質中等。
皮亞曼1號:果(guo)實(shi)近圓形,呈棱狀,個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)。果(guo)實(shi)縱橫徑為9.7cm×11.5cm,一級(ji)果(guo)平(ping)均單果(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)697g,最大(da)(da)單果(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)875g。萼片6個(ge)(ge),開(kai)張,萼筒長(chang)3.2cm,徑粗1.0cm。果(guo)實(shi)梗洼(wa)處略凹陷,果(guo)面(mian)底(di)色淡黃(huang),充分(fen)(fen)著色部(bu)分(fen)(fen)玫瑰花(hua)色,其(qi)余部(bu)分(fen)(fen)紅(hong)色呈點狀分(fen)(fen)布,充分(fen)(fen)著色部(bu)分(fen)(fen)占果(guo)面(mian)95%以(yi)上,外形美觀。果(guo)皮厚0.4cm,心室7個(ge)(ge),隔(ge)膜薄(bo),淡黃(huang)色。籽粒紅(hong)色,較大(da)(da),百粒重(zhong)(zhong)50.2g。出汁(zhi)率(lv)37.71%,味(wei)甜,果(guo)汁(zhi)玫瑰紅(hong)色,色素含(han)量高。
皮(pi)亞曼2號:果(guo)(guo)(guo)實近圓形(xing),果(guo)(guo)(guo)個大。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實縱橫徑為11.5cm×11.5cm,一(yi)級果(guo)(guo)(guo)平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)726g,最大單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1050g。萼片6~7個,開張,萼筒長3cm,徑粗(cu)1.8cm。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實梗洼處平。果(guo)(guo)(guo)面底(di)色(se)淡黃色(se),充分(fen)(fen)著色(se)部分(fen)(fen)玫瑰花色(se),其余部分(fen)(fen)紅(hong)色(se)呈(cheng)點狀或放射狀分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。充分(fen)(fen)著色(se)部分(fen)(fen)占果(guo)(guo)(guo)面95%以(yi)上,外形(xing)極美觀。果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)厚0.5cm,心室(shi)6個,隔膜(mo)較(jiao)薄,淡黃白(bai)色(se)。籽(zi)粒重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占果(guo)(guo)(guo)實重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的45.7%。汁(zhi)多(duo)(duo),味甜(tian),可(ke)溶(rong)性固形(xing)物含(han)量(liang)18.9%。品質上等。出(chu)汁(zhi)率34.44%,味甜(tian),果(guo)(guo)(guo)汁(zhi)玫瑰紅(hong)色(se),色(se)素含(han)量(liang)高。大籽(zi)甜(tian)石榴,維吾(wu)爾語稱(cheng)為“達(da)乃克阿娜爾”,分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在葉城(cheng)、喀什市。樹勢中,開張。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實碩大,圓球形(xing),皮(pi)底(di)色(se)淡黃披(pi)粉(fen)紅(hong)彩。漿(jiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)粒大透亮,汁(zhi)多(duo)(duo)味甜(tian),品質極上。平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)500克,最大果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)750在。9月下旬成(cheng)熟,可(ke)溶(rong)性固形(xing)物16.2%。
酸石(shi)榴,維(wei)吾爾語名稱為“阿奇克(ke)阿娜兒”,分布在葉城、喀什、庫車、吐魯(lu)番。樹勢強,直(zhi)立(li)。果(guo)(guo)型(xing)大,扁圓形。皮(pi)色(se)黃(huang)綠、披(pi)紅霞。漿(jiang)果(guo)(guo)粒中,鮮紅色(se),汁多(duo)味酸。單果(guo)(guo)重500克(ke)左右,9月下旬成(cheng)熟。可溶性固型(xing)物16%,較而貯(zhu)藏。
生產情況
自1999年,喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)地區(qu)及(ji)時調整農(nong)業(ye)和(he)農(nong)村經濟結構,林果(guo)業(ye)被(bei)確(que)定為(wei)促進農(nong)村經濟發展、增加農(nong)民(min)收入的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)支柱產(chan)業(ye)得到空前(qian)發展。據統計,到2012年,喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)地區(qu)石(shi)(shi)榴面積(ji)11.2萬畝(mu),結果(guo)面積(ji)8.6萬畝(mu),產(chan)量3.2萬噸(dun)。主要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在葉(xie)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、疏(shu)(shu)(shu)附縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、莎車(che)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)市(shi)。按面積(ji)大小,各縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)分(fen)布情況為(wei):葉(xie)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最大,占總面積(ji)40.1%;其次為(wei)喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)市(shi)、疏(shu)(shu)(shu)附縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)莎車(che)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),占總面積(ji)的50.9%;疏(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)、伽師和(he)岳普(pu)湖三縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)占8.2%;巴楚(chu)、麥(mai)蓋提(ti)、澤普(pu)和(he)英(ying)吉(ji)沙四縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)面積(ji)小,占總面積(ji)的0.9%。疏(shu)(shu)(shu)附縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)葉(xie)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)地區(qu)石(shi)(shi)榴的主產(chan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。2000年,疏(shu)(shu)(shu)附縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)噶爾石(shi)(shi)榴被(bei)國(guo)家林業(ye)局授予(yu)“中國(guo)喀(ka)什(shen)(shen)噶爾石(shi)(shi)榴之鄉(xiang)”稱(cheng)號,2006年通過(guo)了(le)有(you)機食品認證(zheng)。2009年8月葉(xie)城(cheng)石(shi)(shi)榴等獲(huo)得國(guo)家頒發的有(you)機產(chan)品認證(zheng)證(zheng)書。葉(xie)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)石(shi)(shi)榴面積(ji)達4.49萬畝(mu),結果(guo)面積(ji)達1.97萬畝(mu),產(chan)量達8570噸(dun),品種(zhong)以大籽甜(tian)石(shi)(shi)榴為(wei)主,主要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在葉(xie)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)伯(bo)西熱(re)克鄉(xiang)、洛克鄉(xiang)、鐵提(ti)鄉(xiang)。