歷史淵源
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)栽培石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴已有2000多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史,新疆南部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)喀什與和(he)(he)田地(di)(di)區,很可(ke)能是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴的(de)(de)(de)原生或次生起源(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心。據《博物志》記載:“漢張騫(qian)出(chu)使西(xi)域(yu),得涂林安石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴種(zhong)以歸。”喀什與和(he)(he)田各綠洲地(di)(di)帶百年(nian)以上的(de)(de)(de)古石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴樹隨處可(ke)見。石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴主(zhu)產地(di)(di)有喀什地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)喀什市、疏(shu)附(fu)縣(xian)(xian)、疏(shu)勒縣(xian)(xian)、葉城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian);和(he)(he)田地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)、策(ce)勒縣(xian)(xian)等。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疏(shu)附(fu)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)伯什克(ke)(ke)然木鄉(xiang)、皮(pi)山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)亞(ya)曼(皮(pi)亞(ya)勒瑪)鄉(xiang)、葉城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)伯西(xi)熱(re)克(ke)(ke)鄉(xiang)3個地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴品質最佳,種(zhong)植(zhi)歷(li)史也最長。1996年(nian),疏(shu)附(fu)縣(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)皮(pi)山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)分(fen)別獲得了國(guo)(guo)家農業(ye)部(bu)特產辦頒發的(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)喀什噶爾石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”和(he)(he)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)皮(pi)亞(ya)曼石(shi)(shi)(shi)榴之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)稱號(hao)。
石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)在(zai)維(wei)吾(wu)(wu)爾語中(zhong)(zhong)被稱(cheng)為(wei)“阿娜(na)爾”。“阿娜(na)”是母親的(de)(de)意思,在(zai)文學作(zuo)品中(zhong)(zhong),用“阿娜(na)爾”形容女性的(de)(de)窈窕(tiao)美(mei)麗(li)(li)和比(bi)喻(yu)人的(de)(de)心靈純(chun)美(mei)。許多維(wei)吾(wu)(wu)爾族(zu)(zu)姑娘(niang)(niang)取名為(wei)“阿娜(na)爾汗”或“阿娜(na)爾古麗(li)(li)”。傳說,美(mei)麗(li)(li)的(de)(de)姑娘(niang)(niang)千千萬,最美(mei)的(de)(de)還是阿娜(na)爾汗,瘋狂的(de)(de)追(zhui)求者將(jiang)她(ta)奉為(wei)人間女神(shen),能聞(wen)一聞(wen)她(ta)身(shen)上的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)花香,嘗一嘗她(ta)手中(zhong)(zhong)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)汁(zhi)的(de)(de)甘甜,即使死也心甘情愿。在(zai)維(wei)吾(wu)(wu)爾族(zu)(zu)傳統艾迪萊斯綢(chou)的(de)(de)圖案(an)中(zhong)(zhong),絕大部(bu)分都有(you)石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)或石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)枝條,因此(ci)維(wei)吾(wu)(wu)爾族(zu)(zu)姑娘(niang)(niang)穿的(de)(de)艾迪萊斯綢(chou)裙是名副其實的(de)(de)“石(shi)(shi)榴(liu)裙”。
品種品質
喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)主要有(you)“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)甜(tian)(tian)石(shi)榴(liu)(liu)”和“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)酸石(shi)榴(liu)(liu)”;喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葉城縣伯西熱克鄉(xiang)、鐵提鄉(xiang)和洛(luo)克鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)“達乃(nai)克阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)(即大籽(zi)甜(tian)(tian)石(shi)榴(liu)(liu))”為主,還(huan)有(you)“塔特勒(le)克阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)”、“阿(a)奇(qi)克阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)”、“拉西阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)”和“黑歇(xie)克阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)”。著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮食(shi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“達乃(nai)克阿(a)娜(na)爾(er)”、“皮亞曼(man)石(shi)榴(liu)(liu)”等。“葉城酸石(shi)榴(liu)(liu)”、“喀(ka)(ka)什(shen)(shen)紅(hong)籽(zi)酸石(shi)榴(liu)(liu)”等品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)出汁率多(duo)在50%以(yi)上,味酸甜(tian)(tian),果汁玫瑰紅(hong)色,適于加工制汁。
塔特(te)勒克石(shi)榴(塔特(te)勒克阿娜爾);果(guo)(guo)(guo)實圓(yuan)或短圓(yuan)錐形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂圓(yuan)、近梗處果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)微(wei)收攏,果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮底(di)色(se)淡黃,上被(bei)深(shen)紅色(se)采霞,果(guo)(guo)(guo)個(ge)大,汁(zhi)味(wei)(wei)甜。阿切克石(shi)榴;果(guo)(guo)(guo)實近扁圓(yuan)形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮有明顯的六(liu)梭,靠果(guo)(guo)(guo)梗部突出(chu)成鈍尖(jian),底(di)色(se)黃綠,上被(bei)紫紅彩(cai)霞,果(guo)(guo)(guo)個(ge)大,汁(zhi)多味(wei)(wei)酸(suan)。海(hai)謝克石(shi)榴:果(guo)(guo)(guo)個(ge)小(xiao),近球(qiu)形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮底(di)色(se)黃,上被(bei)紫紅色(se)彩(cai)霞,光(guang)亮美觀,味(wei)(wei)甜,品(pin)質中等。
皮亞(ya)曼(man)1號:果(guo)(guo)(guo)實近(jin)圓形(xing),呈棱狀,個大。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實縱(zong)橫(heng)徑為9.7cm×11.5cm,一級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重697g,最大單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重875g。萼(e)片(pian)6個,開張,萼(e)筒(tong)長(chang)3.2cm,徑粗1.0cm。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實梗洼處(chu)略凹陷,果(guo)(guo)(guo)面底色(se)淡(dan)黃(huang),充分著色(se)部分玫瑰(gui)花色(se),其余(yu)部分紅(hong)色(se)呈點狀分布,充分著色(se)部分占果(guo)(guo)(guo)面95%以上(shang),外形(xing)美觀(guan)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮厚0.4cm,心室7個,隔膜薄,淡(dan)黃(huang)色(se)。籽粒紅(hong)色(se),較大,百(bai)粒重50.2g。出(chu)汁率37.71%,味(wei)甜,果(guo)(guo)(guo)汁玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)色(se),色(se)素含量高。
皮亞曼(man)2號:果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)近圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),果(guo)(guo)(guo)個大(da)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)縱橫徑為11.5cm×11.5cm,一級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)726g,最(zui)大(da)單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)1050g。萼(e)(e)片6~7個,開(kai)(kai)張(zhang),萼(e)(e)筒長(chang)3cm,徑粗(cu)1.8cm。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)梗洼處(chu)平。果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)底(di)色淡黃(huang)色,充(chong)分著(zhu)(zhu)色部分玫瑰花色,其(qi)余(yu)部分紅(hong)色呈(cheng)點狀(zhuang)或放(fang)射狀(zhuang)分布。充(chong)分著(zhu)(zhu)色部分占果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)95%以上,外形(xing)(xing)(xing)極美觀(guan)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮厚(hou)0.5cm,心室6個,隔(ge)膜較薄(bo),淡黃(huang)白色。籽粒重(zhong)占果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)重(zhong)的45.7%。汁(zhi)多(duo),味(wei)甜(tian),可溶性固形(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)含量18.9%。品質上等。出汁(zhi)率(lv)34.44%,味(wei)甜(tian),果(guo)(guo)(guo)汁(zhi)玫瑰紅(hong)色,色素含量高。大(da)籽甜(tian)石榴,維吾爾語稱為“達(da)乃克阿娜爾”,分布在葉(xie)城、喀什市(shi)。樹(shu)勢中(zhong),開(kai)(kai)張(zhang)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)碩大(da),圓(yuan)球形(xing)(xing)(xing),皮底(di)色淡黃(huang)披粉紅(hong)彩。漿果(guo)(guo)(guo)粒大(da)透(tou)亮,汁(zhi)多(duo)味(wei)甜(tian),品質極上。平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)500克,最(zui)大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)750在。9月下旬(xun)成(cheng)熟,可溶性固形(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)16.2%。
酸(suan)石榴,維(wei)吾(wu)爾語名稱為“阿(a)奇(qi)克阿(a)娜兒”,分布在葉城(cheng)、喀(ka)什(shen)、庫車、吐(tu)魯番。樹(shu)勢強(qiang),直立。果型大,扁圓形。皮色黃綠、披紅霞。漿果粒中,鮮紅色,汁(zhi)多味酸(suan)。單果重500克左右(you),9月下旬(xun)成熟。可溶性固型物16%,較而貯(zhu)藏。
生產情況
自(zi)1999年(nian),喀什(shen)地區(qu)及時(shi)調(diao)整(zheng)農(nong)業(ye)和農(nong)村經(jing)(jing)濟結構(gou),林果業(ye)被確定為(wei)促進(jin)農(nong)村經(jing)(jing)濟發展、增(zeng)加農(nong)民收(shou)入的重要支柱產業(ye)得(de)到空前發展。據統計(ji),到2012年(nian),喀什(shen)地區(qu)石榴(liu)面(mian)積11.2萬(wan)畝,結果面(mian)積8.6萬(wan)畝,產量(liang)3.2萬(wan)噸(dun)。主要分布(bu)在葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、疏附(fu)(fu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、莎車縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和喀什(shen)市(shi)。按面(mian)積大(da)(da)小,各縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市(shi)分布(bu)情況(kuang)為(wei):葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)最大(da)(da),占(zhan)總面(mian)積40.1%;其次為(wei)喀什(shen)市(shi)、疏附(fu)(fu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和莎車縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),占(zhan)總面(mian)積的50.9%;疏勒(le)、伽師和岳普湖三縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)占(zhan)8.2%;巴(ba)楚、麥(mai)蓋(gai)提(ti)、澤(ze)普和英(ying)吉沙四(si)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)面(mian)積小,占(zhan)總面(mian)積的0.9%。疏附(fu)(fu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是喀什(shen)地區(qu)石榴(liu)的主產縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。2000年(nian),疏附(fu)(fu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)喀什(shen)噶(ga)爾石榴(liu)被國(guo)(guo)(guo)家林業(ye)局授(shou)予“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)喀什(shen)噶(ga)爾石榴(liu)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”稱號,2006年(nian)通過了(le)有(you)機食(shi)品(pin)認證(zheng)。2009年(nian)8月葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城石榴(liu)等獲得(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家頒發的有(you)機產品(pin)認證(zheng)證(zheng)書。葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)石榴(liu)面(mian)積達(da)4.49萬(wan)畝,結果面(mian)積達(da)1.97萬(wan)畝,產量(liang)達(da)8570噸(dun),品(pin)種(zhong)以(yi)大(da)(da)籽甜石榴(liu)為(wei)主,主要分布(bu)在葉(xie)(xie)(xie)城縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)伯西(xi)熱克鄉(xiang)、洛克鄉(xiang)、鐵提(ti)鄉(xiang)。