產地環境
裕民縣(xian)地(di)(di)處中(zhong)國西北部,位(wei)于北緯45。41’~46。30’,東(dong)經82。12’~83。30’,阿爾(er)泰山(shan)和天(tian)山(shan)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的塔額(e)盆地(di)(di)。裕民縣(xian)土地(di)(di)面積6530平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里,地(di)(di)形南高(gao)北低,東(dong)高(gao)西低,巴(ba)爾(er)魯克山(shan)橫(heng)臥中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)。海(hai)拔高(gao)度390~3052米(mi)(mi),山(shan)地(di)(di)、丘陵、沖積平(ping)(ping)(ping)原、沼澤地(di)(di)等分布其間(jian)(jian),地(di)(di)貌及(ji)自(zi)然條件復(fu)雜多樣。有50萬(wan)(wan)畝耕地(di)(di)及(ji)707萬(wan)(wan)畝草場,24條河流橫(heng)穿縣(xian)境。裕民縣(xian)屬典型(xing)溫(wen)帶(dai)大陸性氣候(hou),晝夜溫(wen)差(cha)大,日照時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)長,年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)6.7℃,年平(ping)(ping)(ping)均降水(shui)量280毫米(mi)(mi),積雪(xue)深(shen)度34.4厘米(mi)(mi),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均日照時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)3122.6小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),無(wu)霜期156天(tian)。為(wei)紅花的種植提供了良好的條件。
品種特性
紅花(hua)為一(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)或多年(nian)生(sheng)草(cao)本,直根(gen)系植(zhi)物。紅花(hua)油(you)(you)質清亮,食用(yong)可(ke)口(kou),有醫療作用(yong),可(ke)治(zhi)高血壓、動(dong)脈硬化等(deng)心血管疾病(bing)。紅花(hua)油(you)(you)碘價高(150),是較(jiao)高級(ji)的干性油(you)(you)類。工業上廣泛用(yong)以造涂(tu)料、肥皂(zao)、印(yin)刷油(you)(you)和增強(qiang)感(gan)光材(cai)(cai)料柔(rou)和性油(you)(you)劑等(deng)。去殼制油(you)(you)后的紅花(hua)粕(po)蛋(dan)白(bai)質含(han)量(liang)為19%,是牲(sheng)畜的優良飼料。從(cong)中提(ti)取食用(yong)蛋(dan)白(bai),是一(yi)種(zhong)有前途的植(zhi)物蛋(dan)白(bai)資源。紅花(hua)花(hua)絲(si)含(han)有紅花(hua)黃(huang)色素及紅花(hua)試,是傳(chuan)統(tong)的中藥材(cai)(cai),有活血化淤(yu),通經止痛(tong)之(zhi)功效,主治(zhi)閉經、難產、死胎、疲血作痛(tong)、痛(tong)腫(zhong)、跌打損傷(shang)等(deng)癥。
裕民無刺紅花屬油花兼用型。為喜溫油料作物,但對溫度的適應范圍較寬,一般≥5℃、積溫2000一2900℃,即可滿足生長發育需要,溫帶地區也可栽培。種子在4C以上可以發芽,5℃時發芽良好,溫度升高,發芽加速。在5℃、9℃、15℃條件下,發茅需時分別為16.2天、8.7天和3.7天。幼苗能耐一6.6℃的低溫。分枝后不耐0℃的低溫。開花后若能有24一32℃氣溫,可獲得好收成。幼苗綠色。主莖葉片大,分枝葉片小,葉片淡綠色,橢園形,較厚,葉緣無刺。株高80一100厘米,分枝高度35一40厘米,一(yi)(yi)次有效分枝6一(yi)(yi)9個(ge)(ge),二次有效分枝7一(yi)(yi)10個(ge)(ge),花紅色,全(quan)株種球10一(yi)(yi)30個(ge)(ge),單(dan)株粒(li)400一(yi)(yi)440粒(li),籽(zi)粒(li)白色,四棱卵園(yuan)形,有冠(guan)毛或(huo)無(wu)冠(guan)毛,千粒(li)重38一(yi)(yi)45克,皮(pi)殼率52.8%,含油率28一(yi)(yi)30%。生(sheng)長(chang)期125一(yi)(yi)135天。生(sheng)長(chang)勢強,生(sheng)長(chang)整齊,適應性廣(guang)、抗寒、抗旱、耐(nai)瘠薄、耐(nai)鹽堿,輕感紅花銹病。一(yi)(yi)般畝產(chan)(chan)籽(zi)95公斤(jin),采花8公斤(jin);高者(zhe)可產(chan)(chan)籽(zi)120公斤(jin)以上,采花10公斤(jin)。
有(you)(you)(you)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)與無(wu)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)只是(shi)生長(chang)形態上的(de)(de)差別(bie),這(zhe)種差別(bie)所導致的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(絲(si))采摘方式對紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)后(hou)(hou)續生長(chang)有(you)(you)(you)著較大(da)的(de)(de)影響。有(you)(you)(you)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)由(you)于其植物(wu)干莖和葉(xie)片均生長(chang)有(you)(you)(you)刺(ci)(ci)(ci),使得(de)人工采摘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(絲(si))極其困難,在后(hou)(hou)續紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)與紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)共同生長(chang)的(de)(de)2個(ge)(ge)月中(zhong),紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)的(de)(de)生長(chang)特別(bie)是(shi)果(guo)實飽和度受(shou)到(dao)(dao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(絲(si))共同生長(chang)的(de)(de)影響,導致紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)營養指標(biao)(biao)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)一定的(de)(de)影響。而無(wu)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)效解決了這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)問題(ti)。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(絲(si))被(bei)方便地采摘后(hou)(hou),不(bu)僅可以得(de)到(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)(you)效利用,更主要(yao)地,使得(de)“獨享干莖養份”的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)后(hou)(hou)續生長(chang)指標(biao)(biao)得(de)到(dao)(dao)保證。因(yin)此,無(wu)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi)的(de)(de)大(da)小、飽滿度、光澤度均優于有(you)(you)(you)刺(ci)(ci)(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)籽(zi),無(wu)論是(shi)出油(you)率(lv)還是(shi)亞油(you)酸、維(wei)生素(su)E的(de)(de)含量等(deng)指標(biao)(biao),都有(you)(you)(you)了很大(da)的(de)(de)提升。