產地環境
裕民縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處中(zhong)國(guo)西北(bei)(bei)部,位于北(bei)(bei)緯45。41’~46。30’,東經(jing)82。12’~83。30’,阿爾(er)泰(tai)山(shan)(shan)和天(tian)山(shan)(shan)之間(jian)的(de)塔額盆地(di)(di)(di)。裕民縣(xian)(xian)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)(ji)6530平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里,地(di)(di)(di)形南高(gao)北(bei)(bei)低,東高(gao)西低,巴爾(er)魯(lu)克山(shan)(shan)橫臥中(zhong)間(jian)。海拔高(gao)度390~3052米,山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)、沖積(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)、沼(zhao)澤地(di)(di)(di)等分布其間(jian),地(di)(di)(di)貌及(ji)自(zi)然條件復雜多(duo)樣。有50萬畝(mu)耕地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)707萬畝(mu)草場,24條河流(liu)橫穿縣(xian)(xian)境。裕民縣(xian)(xian)屬(shu)典型(xing)溫(wen)帶大(da)陸(lu)性氣候,晝夜溫(wen)差大(da),日照時(shi)間(jian)長,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)6.7℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均降水量280毫米,積(ji)(ji)雪深度34.4厘米,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均日照時(shi)間(jian)3122.6小(xiao)時(shi),無霜期156天(tian)。為(wei)紅(hong)花的(de)種植提供了良(liang)好的(de)條件。
品種特性
紅(hong)花(hua)為(wei)一(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)或多年(nian)生(sheng)草本,直根系植物。紅(hong)花(hua)油(you)(you)質(zhi)清亮,食(shi)用可(ke)口,有(you)醫療(liao)作用,可(ke)治高(gao)血(xue)(xue)壓、動脈硬化(hua)(hua)等(deng)心血(xue)(xue)管疾病。紅(hong)花(hua)油(you)(you)碘價(jia)高(gao)(150),是(shi)較高(gao)級的(de)(de)干性油(you)(you)類。工業(ye)上廣泛用以造涂料(liao)、肥皂、印刷油(you)(you)和(he)增強感(gan)光材料(liao)柔和(he)性油(you)(you)劑等(deng)。去殼制(zhi)油(you)(you)后(hou)的(de)(de)紅(hong)花(hua)粕蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含量為(wei)19%,是(shi)牲畜的(de)(de)優良飼料(liao)。從中提(ti)取食(shi)用蛋(dan)白(bai),是(shi)一(yi)種有(you)前途的(de)(de)植物蛋(dan)白(bai)資源。紅(hong)花(hua)花(hua)絲(si)含有(you)紅(hong)花(hua)黃色素(su)及(ji)紅(hong)花(hua)試,是(shi)傳統的(de)(de)中藥材,有(you)活血(xue)(xue)化(hua)(hua)淤,通經止痛(tong)(tong)之功效,主治閉(bi)經、難產、死胎、疲血(xue)(xue)作痛(tong)(tong)、痛(tong)(tong)腫、跌(die)打損傷等(deng)癥。
裕民無刺紅花屬油花兼用型。為喜溫油料作物,但對溫度的適應范圍較寬,一般≥5℃、積溫2000一2900℃,即可滿足生長發育需要,溫帶地區也可栽培。種子在4C以上可以發芽,5℃時發芽良好,溫度升高,發芽加速。在5℃、9℃、15℃條件下,發茅需時分別為16.2天、8.7天和3.7天。幼苗能耐一6.6℃的低溫。分枝后不耐0℃的低溫。開花后若能有24一32℃氣溫,可獲得好收成。幼苗綠色。主莖葉片大,分枝葉片小,葉片淡綠色,橢園形,較厚,葉緣無刺。株高80一100厘米,分枝高度35一40厘米,一次(ci)有效(xiao)分(fen)枝(zhi)6一9個,二次(ci)有效(xiao)分(fen)枝(zhi)7一10個,花(hua)(hua)(hua)紅色,全株(zhu)種球10一30個,單株(zhu)粒400一440粒,籽(zi)粒白色,四棱卵園形,有冠(guan)毛或無冠(guan)毛,千粒重38一45克,皮殼率52.8%,含油(you)率28一30%。生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)125一135天。生(sheng)長(chang)勢(shi)強(qiang),生(sheng)長(chang)整(zheng)齊,適(shi)應性廣(guang)、抗寒、抗旱、耐(nai)(nai)瘠(ji)薄(bo)、耐(nai)(nai)鹽堿,輕感紅花(hua)(hua)(hua)銹病。一般畝(mu)產籽(zi)95公(gong)斤(jin),采花(hua)(hua)(hua)8公(gong)斤(jin);高者可產籽(zi)120公(gong)斤(jin)以上,采花(hua)(hua)(hua)10公(gong)斤(jin)。
有(you)刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)與無刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)只是(shi)生(sheng)長形態上(shang)的(de)(de)差(cha)別(bie),這(zhe)種差(cha)別(bie)所導致的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(絲)采摘方式(shi)對(dui)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽后(hou)(hou)續(xu)(xu)生(sheng)長有(you)著較大的(de)(de)影響。有(you)刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)由于其(qi)植(zhi)物干莖(jing)和葉片均(jun)(jun)生(sheng)長有(you)刺(ci),使得(de)人工采摘紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(絲)極其(qi)困難(nan),在后(hou)(hou)續(xu)(xu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)與紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽共(gong)同生(sheng)長的(de)(de)2個(ge)月(yue)中,紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽的(de)(de)生(sheng)長特別(bie)是(shi)果實飽(bao)和度(du)受(shou)到(dao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(絲)共(gong)同生(sheng)長的(de)(de)影響,導致紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽中的(de)(de)營養指標受(shou)到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)影響。而無刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)則有(you)效解決了這(zhe)個(ge)問題。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)(絲)被(bei)方便地采摘后(hou)(hou),不(bu)僅可以得(de)到(dao)有(you)效利用,更主要(yao)地,使得(de)“獨享干莖(jing)養份”的(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽后(hou)(hou)續(xu)(xu)生(sheng)長指標得(de)到(dao)保證。因此,無刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽的(de)(de)大小、飽(bao)滿度(du)、光澤(ze)度(du)均(jun)(jun)優(you)于有(you)刺(ci)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)花(hua)籽,無論是(shi)出油率(lv)還是(shi)亞(ya)油酸、維生(sheng)素E的(de)(de)含量等(deng)指標,都有(you)了很大的(de)(de)提升。