一.產品介紹
石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)以體軀(qu)被毛(mao)青(qing)(qing)色為特征,是長期(qi)自(zi)然選(xuan)擇和飼(si)(si)養馴(xun)化(hua)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)肉毛(mao)兼用型地方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。約(yue)有(you)二(er)百(bai)五十(shi)多(duo)年飼(si)(si)養歷史(shi),由于(yu)該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性情(qing)溫(wen)馴(xun),當(dang)地人(ren)稱(cheng)之為“憨綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”。我州(zhou)在2006年畜禽(qin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調查時,根(gen)據產地、外貌(mao)特征命名為石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),經(jing)(jing)(jing)省(sheng)州(zhou)多(duo)次組(zu)織專家組(zu)親臨石(shi)屏縣(xian)作(zuo)詳(xiang)細調查,認定(ding)為云南(nan)省(sheng)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)珍稀種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)畜資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。 石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)屬(shu)于(yu)目(mu)前(qian)所報道的(de)(de)(de)我國地方(fang)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中毛(mao)色優(you)美,體形適中的(de)(de)(de)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。根(gen)據毛(mao)色青(qing)(qing)色的(de)(de)(de)外貌(mao)特征,并經(jing)(jing)(jing)“毛(mao)化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)分”檢測,推(tui)(tui)定(ding)在該(gai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群中含有(you)毛(mao)質青(qing)(qing)色基因(yin)。該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)具(ju)有(you)行動(dong)靈(ling)活(huo)(huo)、善爬坡攀巖(yan)、耐(nai)寒(han)、耐(nai)粗飼(si)(si),適應性強(qiang),抗病力強(qiang),飼(si)(si)養成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)低等(deng)優(you)點。雖然屬(shu)于(yu)未(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)選(xuan)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)原生(sheng)態羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但(dan)具(ju)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)屠宰(zai)率、凈肉率,皮薄,肉色鮮(xian)紅(hong),肉質細膩(ni),無膻味,味香(xiang)可(ke)口,營養豐(feng)富,在生(sheng)產上具(ju)有(you)較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應用及經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)開發利用前(qian)景。但(dan)石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)從(cong)何地而(er)來(lai),如何演變到目(mu)前(qian)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尚無據可(ke)考。據乾隆二(er)十(shi)四年(1759年)《石(shi)屏州(zhou)志(卷三(san))》毛(mao)部記載:“馬、牛、羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)……”,推(tui)(tui)測約(yue)有(you)二(er)百(bai)五十(shi)多(duo)年飼(si)(si)養歷史(shi)。據當(dang)地彝族(zu)老(lao)人(ren)講(jiang),祖祖輩(bei)輩(bei)就(jiu)飼(si)(si)養該(gai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。由于(yu)主產區是彝族(zu)聚集的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)寒(han)山區,交通(tong)不便,彝族(zu)群眾(zhong)一般的(de)(de)(de)婚喪(sang)嫁娶(qu)及舉行各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)要活(huo)(huo)動(dong)都要宰(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),婦女喜(xi)歡用青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)皮做(zuo)墊背、用毛(mao)氈子(zi)御(yu)寒(han)防雨防潮。由于(yu)受當(dang)地彝族(zu)群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)、風俗習慣及自(zi)然環境(jing)條件的(de)(de)(de)影響,經(jing)(jing)(jing)過長期(qi)自(zi)然選(xuan)擇和飼(si)(si)養馴(xun)化(hua),形成(cheng)(cheng)了體型外貌(mao)較為一致的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)這一獨(du)特地方(fang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)受到各級部門的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)重(zhong)視,2009年列(lie)入(ru)云南(nan)省(sheng)畜禽(qin)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),2010年列(lie)入(ru)國家畜禽(qin)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。石(shi)屏縣(xian)畜牧技術(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣站參與(yu)(yu)實(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)《紅(hong)河(he)(he)州(zhou)畜禽(qin)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調查與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)項目(mu)》,其中石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)獲2009年度(du)云南(nan)省(sheng)農業技術(shu)推(tui)(tui)廣一等(deng)獎。《石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調查與(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)項目(mu)》榮獲2010年度(du)紅(hong)河(he)(he)州(zhou)科技進步(bu)(bu)三(san)等(deng)獎。2011年已(yi)在哨沖(chong)鎮(zhen)水瓜沖(chong)村(cun)委會拖龍(long)黑村(cun)建青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場一個,石(shi)屏青(qing)(qing)綿(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)將得到進一步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)加強(qiang)。
二(er).自(zi)然生態環境和人文歷史因素(su)
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:養殖(zhi)區土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型以水(shui)稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)、沖積(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、赤(chi)紅壤(rang)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)紅壤(rang)、砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和羊(yang)肝(gan)石土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主。地(di)(di)(di)(di)形西北(bei)高東(dong)南低中間凹,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈走(zou)向(xiang)多由西南至東(dong)北(bei)。東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)老黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),南部(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)大(da)冷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),西北(bei)部(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)坡龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、尼(ni)白木克山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),中部(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)硯瓦山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、筆架(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川相間,高差較大(da),群山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)迭起,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)清水(shui)秀。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)占全縣土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總面積(ji)的(de)95%;平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di)有石屏縣壩(ba)(ba)、寶秀壩(ba)(ba)、壩(ba)(ba)心壩(ba)(ba)、龍朋壩(ba)(ba)等四個較大(da)的(de)壩(ba)(ba)子,平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)僅占全縣土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總面積(ji)的(de)5%。境內(nei)最高海拔(ba)2551.3米(mi),最低海拔(ba)259米(mi),石屏青綿羊(yang)最適宜在海拔(ba)2000米(mi)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區養殖(zhi)。
(2)水(shui)文情況:養殖區(qu)屬紅(hong)河和珠(zhu)江流域之間的(de)(de)分水(shui)嶺地帶,共有(you)(you)河溝35條,水(shui)資源豐富(fu),水(shui)質清潔(jie),沒(mei)有(you)(you)人為和工礦污染。主河流紅(hong)河由西(xi)北向東(dong)南貫穿縣境(jing),境(jing)內有(you)(you)云南省(sheng)九大高原湖泊之一的(de)(de)異(yi)龍湖和赤瑞湖兩個天然湖泊,水(shui)面達43.4平方(fang)公里,蓄(xu)水(shui)量(liang)1.12億立(li)方(fang)米,有(you)(you)水(shui)庫、壩(ba)塘381個,蓄(xu)水(shui)量(liang)3260立(li)方(fang)米。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:養殖區屬云(yun)南(nan)省高(gao)原(yuan)亞熱帶山地(di)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)區,由于地(di)處高(gao)原(yuan),低(di)(di)緯、北(bei)回歸線(xian)橫(heng)穿南(nan)部地(di)區,地(di)勢垂直差異顯著(zhu),同時(shi)受西(xi)南(nan)印度洋和東南(nan)太(tai)平(ping)洋及西(xi)北(bei)大陸干(gan)暖氣(qi)(qi)流的(de)影(ying)響,季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)較為(wei)典(dian)型(xing),具有(you)“四季皆有(you)夏,一雨(yu)變成(cheng)秋”的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點。歷年(nian)(nian)最(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)32℃,最(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-3.9℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)18℃;最(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)(7月(yue)(yue))平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)27.7℃,最(zui)冷月(yue)(yue)(1月(yue)(yue))平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃;≥10℃的(de)有(you)效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen)5950.0℃,無霜期316天;年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數2200小時(shi),日(ri)照(zhao)百分率為(wei)52%,有(you)效(xiao)率達(da)83%;年(nian)(nian)輻射(she)量(liang)135.2千卡/厘(li)米(mi)(mi);最(zui)高(gao)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)1200毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),最(zui)低(di)(di)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)800毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)均(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)961.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),其(qi)中5~10月(yue)(yue)份降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)占全年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)的(de)81.3%。
三.地域范圍
石屏(ping)青綿(mian)羊主產于(yu)紅(hong)河哈(ha)尼(ni)族彝族自治(zhi)州石屏(ping)縣(xian)境內,涉及異(yi)龍鎮(zhen)(zhen)、寶秀鎮(zhen)(zhen)、壩心鎮(zhen)(zhen)、龍朋(peng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、哨沖鎮(zhen)(zhen)、龍武鎮(zhen)(zhen)、牛街鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大橋鄉、新(xin)城鄉9 個鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen),地(di)理坐(zuo)標為東經102°08′—102°43′,北緯23°19′—24°06′之間,南北長88公(gong)(gong)里(li)、東西寬59公(gong)(gong)里(li),養殖區域范圍3037平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)里(li),年存欄(lan)50000只(zhi)。
四.產品品質特性特征(zheng)
(1)外在感官(guan)特征體(ti)形(xing):石屏青(qing)綿羊(yang)體(ti)格中等,結(jie)(jie)(jie)構勻稱,體(ti)質結(jie)(jie)(jie)實(shi),近(jin)于長方形(xing)。具有行動靈活(huo)、善爬坡攀巖的獨特性(xing)能。 毛(mao)(mao)(mao)色(se)(se):石屏青(qing)綿羊(yang)以(yi)體(ti)軀被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)青(qing)色(se)(se)為(wei)特征,被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)覆蓋良好,頸(jing)、背、體(ti)側被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)以(yi)青(qing)色(se)(se)為(wei)主,占85%,棕褐色(se)(se)占15%。頭部、腹下、前(qian)肢(zhi)腕關節以(yi)下、后肢(zhi)飛節以(yi)下毛(mao)(mao)(mao)短(duan)而粗(cu)(cu),為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)刺(ci)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)油汗適中,平(ping)均毛(mao)(mao)(mao)長7.41cm,膚色(se)(se)為(wei)白色(se)(se)。 頭:頭大小(xiao)(xiao)適中,額寬,呈(cheng)三角(jiao)形(xing)。鼻梁隆起(qi),耳(er)小(xiao)(xiao)靈活(huo)不下垂,眼小(xiao)(xiao)有神;公母羊(yang)均無(wu)須,多為(wei)無(wu)角(jiao)(占90%),少(shao)(shao)量有角(jiao)(占10%)或退化角(jiao),角(jiao)較粗(cu)(cu),呈(cheng)倒八字,灰黑(hei)色(se)(se)。頸(jing):頸(jing)長短(duan)粗(cu)(cu)細(xi)適中,無(wu)肉垂、無(wu)皺褶。 體(ti)軀:胸寬深、肋(lei)微拱(gong)起(qi),背腰平(ping)直,尻部稍(shao)斜,后軀稍(shao)高,腹平(ping)不下垂。 四肢(zhi):四肢(zhi)細(xi)長,蹄質堅硬結(jie)(jie)(jie)實(shi),多為(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se),少(shao)(shao)量灰黑(hei)色(se)(se)。
(2)內在品質指標:石屏青(qing)綿羊皮薄,肉(rou)色(se)鮮紅,肉(rou)質細膩,無膻(shan)味,味香(xiang)可(ke)口,營養豐(feng)富。其中,蛋(dan)白質含(han)量≥18.5%、粗脂(zhi)肪含(han)量≤25%、氨基(ji)酸總(zong)量≥17.5%、水分含(han)量≤78%。
(3)質(zhi)量安全規定:明確登記產品市場(chang)準(zhun)入(ru)所遵(zun)循的國(guo)家強制性技(ji)術(shu)規范名稱、具(ju)體(ti)內容和(he)相關(guan)法(fa)律法(fa)規規定。嚴格按中華人(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)國(guo)家標準(zhun)GB9961-2001《鮮(xian)凍胴體(ti)羊(yang)肉》執行。