產地環境
產(chan)區(qu)地(di)勢(shi)復雜,西(xi)高東(dong)(dong)低,海拔(ba)為500—1200m,坡(po)度(du)為30度(du)左右,山(shan)間(jian)有零星盆(pen)地(di),鄰近的川、湘兩省屬(shu)(shu)云貴(gui)高原東(dong)(dong)斜坡(po)向四川盆(pen)地(di)及(ji)湘西(xi)丘陵(ling)的過渡(du)地(di)帶(dai)。氣(qi)候溫(wen)暖濕潤,年平均氣(qi)溫(wen)為15.5—21度(du),年降(jiang)水量為1030一1355mm,80%的降(jiang)水量集中在(zai)4一10月份,無霜期為250一290 d。河流主(zhu)要屬(shu)(shu)烏(wu)江水系,河網密度(du)大。土壤(rang)多為酸性(xing)黃壤(rang)土及(ji)紅(hong)壤(rang)土。農作物一年二、三(san)熟,主(zhu)要有水稻、玉米、甘薯、小(xiao)麥、油菜等(deng)。農業副產(chan)品豐富,為山(shan)羊(yang)的發展提供了良(liang)好的飼料條件。
生長性能貴州白(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)初生(sheng)重(zhong),公羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.7kg,母羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.6kg;3月齡公羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)8.1kg,3月齡母羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)7.5kg;周(zhou)歲(sui)公羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)19.6kg,相當于成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公羊(yang)的60.22%,周(zhou)歲(sui)母羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)18.3kg,相當于成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)的56.18%。成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)公羊(yang)體重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)32.8kg,成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)母羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能貴州(zhou)白山羊肉質細嫩,肌肉間(jian)有脂肪(fang)分布,膻味輕。一(yi)般(ban)在秋、冬兩(liang)季屠宰。成年羯羊體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)47.53kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)23.26kg,內(nei)臟脂肪(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)19.02kg,屠宰率(包括內(nei)臟脂肪(fang))平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)57.92形(xing),凈(jing)(jing)肉率平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)40.02%;一(yi)歲揭羊體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)24.11kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.45kg,內(nei)臟脂肪(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)8.83kg,屠宰率(包括內(nei)臟脂肪(fang))平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)(jing)肉率平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質貴(gui)州白山羊的(de)皮(pi)板厚薄均勻(yun),柔(rou)韌、纖維致密,毛孔細小(xiao),拉力強,張(zhang)幅面積在3000~6000平(ping)方厘(li)米之間(jian),干皮(pi)重為500~700g。
繁殖性能貴(gui)州白山(shan)羊(yang)性成熟(shu)早,母(mu)羊(yang)初情期(qi)在3~4月(yue)齡(ling),發情周期(qi)為17~20d,發情持續期(qi)為2d。5個月(yue)齡(ling)就開始配種。公羊(yang)一歲后(hou)閹(yan)割肥育(yu),故(gu)產(chan)區很少見到飼養大公羊(yang)。貴(gui)州白山(shan)羊(yang)常年(nian)產(chan)羔,1~3月(yue)份產(chan)羔占全年(nian)的一半。母(mu)羊(yang)產(chan)后(hou)45d即可發情配種,能年(nian)產(chan)兩(liang)胎(tai)。從(cong)1~7胎(tai)(4歲左右)產(chan)羔率(lv)逐漸上升,為124.27~180.0%,7胎(tai)后(hou)下降。貴(gui)州白山(shan)羊(yang)平均產(chan)羔率(lv)為273.60%,年(nian)繁殖存活(huo)率(lv)平均為243.19%。
觀測結果顯示,選育群和自繁(fan)群羊均具有明顯的早熟(shu)性能, 其(qi)各項(xiang)指標符(fu)合貴(gui)州白山羊品(pin)種繁(fan)殖生理(li)特征, 說(shuo)明貴(gui)州白山羊品(pin)種繁(fan)殖生理(li)指標具有穩定的遺(yi)傳性。
養殖技術
要(yao)養(yang)(yang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)貴州白(bai)(bai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang),就得從羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)抓(zhua)起,羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)長至幾周(zhou)齡(ling)后(hou),母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)奶(nai)已不(bu)能滿足其(qi)營養(yang)(yang)需(xu)(xu)要(yao),因此需(xu)(xu)早(zao)期(qi)訓(xun)練羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)吃草(cao)吃料,進(jin)行(xing)補飼(si)(si)。一般從7-10日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)開始誘食,15-30日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)日(ri)(ri)喂(wei)50-70克(ke),30-60日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)達(da)到100克(ke),60-90日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)達(da)到200克(ke),保證羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)全(quan)活(huo)全(quan)壯,快速生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長,為早(zao)期(qi)斷奶(nai)和后(hou)期(qi)育(yu)肥打好(hao)(hao)(hao)基(ji)礎(chu)。早(zao)期(qi)斷奶(nai)在(zai)100日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)進(jin)行(xing),最遲不(bu)要(yao)超過4月齡(ling),這樣可縮短產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔間隔(ge),增加母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)利用(yong)年(nian)限內所(suo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)胎(tai)數,養(yang)(yang)殖戶在(zai)加強喂(wei)養(yang)(yang)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),對于育(yu)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)方(fang)面,利用(yong)肉用(yong)優(you)良品種(zhong)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地(di)母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)開展二元或三(san)元雜(za)(za)交,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)優(you)良雜(za)(za)種(zhong)羔羊(yang)(yang)(yang),育(yu)肥生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)商品肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜(za)(za)種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)僅生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長快,飼(si)(si)料報酬高,而且(qie)肉質好(hao)(hao)(hao)、鮮(xian)嫩、售價(jia)高,經濟效益好(hao)(hao)(hao)。要(yao)養(yang)(yang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang),還(huan)有(you)就是要(yao)有(you)充足的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料,因此必須廣(guang)開飼(si)(si)料來源(yuan),保證白(bai)(bai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料常年(nian)不(bu)斷。在(zai)解決山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)料來源(yuan)問題上,廣(guang)大農民在(zai)實踐中積累了豐富的(de)(de)(de)經驗。他們的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)是:廣(guang)泛收(shou)集(ji)(ji),種(zhong)植(zhi)放(fang)養(yang)(yang)和加工(gong)貯存。可以(yi)(yi)采集(ji)(ji)野草(cao),同(tong)時(shi)還(huan)需(xu)(xu)因地(di)制宜,種(zhong)植(zhi)一些(xie)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料草(cao),如優(you)優(you)玉米(mi)草(cao)、優(you)優(you)苜蓿等高產(chan)(chan)(chan)牧草(cao)品種(zhong)。加工(gong)貯存方(fang)式,大體(ti)有(you)三(san)種(zhong):一是曬干貯存:在(zai)夏秋(qiu)季節,將羊(yang)(yang)(yang)吃不(bu)完的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)綠飼(si)(si)料,曬成青(qing)干草(cao),供山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)枯草(cao)季節利用(yong)。二是制成青(qing)貯料:將優(you)質青(qing)草(cao)等進(jin)行(xing)青(qing)貯,在(zai)冬季代(dai)替(ti)青(qing)料喂(wei)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)。三(san)是窖藏(zang)部分新(xin)鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)飼(si)(si)料和多(duo)(duo)汁(zhi)飼(si)(si)料,以(yi)(yi)備補料之(zhi)用(yong)。貴州規模化飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)白(bai)(bai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)場開始利用(yong)設施(shi)養(yang)(yang)殖,以(yi)(yi)往(wang)農戶養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)采用(yong)樁(zhuang)拴系,露(lu)天飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)群往(wang)往(wang)出現(xian)夏壯、秋(qiu)肥、冬瘦、春乏的(de)(de)(de)狀況。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)若想增加養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)效益,就應(ying)推(tui)廣(guang)設施(shi)養(yang)(yang)殖,建造(zao)布局結構合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)舍或暖棚(peng)。這樣無論在(zai)炎(yan)夏還(huan)是寒(han)冬,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)群都有(you)一個舒適的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)環境,促其(qi)快速生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長與增重。飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)合理(li)建造(zao)與布局,可大大降低疾病的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。把錢花在(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)舍建設上比花錢買藥(yao)吃更經濟,何況用(yong)藥(yao)過多(duo)(duo)會產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)物殘留。
養(yang)殖戶在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)了(le)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)喂(wei)養(yang)管(guan)(guan)理后,防病(bing)(bing)的(de)管(guan)(guan)理可不能少,因(yin)為(wei)疾病(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)養(yang)羊(yang)(yang)生產的(de)一大威(wei)脅,應重點(dian)搞好(hao)傳染病(bing)(bing)的(de)預防接(jie)種工作,堅持預防為(wei)主的(de)原則。定期驅除羊(yang)(yang)體內外(wai)寄生蟲,注意(yi)圈舍的(de)衛生消毒,在(zai)(zai)日(ri)常管(guan)(guan)理中(zhong)經常觀察(cha)羊(yang)(yang)只精神、飲食、糞便等是(shi)(shi)否正常,做(zuo)到沒病(bing)(bing)早防,有病(bing)(bing)早發現、早治療。
地理分布
貴(gui)州白(bai)山(shan)羊是貴(gui)州省優良的地(di)方山(shan)羊品種之一,原產于黔東(dong)北烏江中下(xia)游的沿河(he)、思南(nan)和務川等縣,分(fen)布(bu)在貴(gui)州省的遵義、銅(tong)仁兩地(di),黔東(dong)南(nan)苗族(zu)(zu)侗族(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)州、黔南(nan)布(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)苗族(zu)(zu)自治(zhi)州也(ye)有(you)分(fen)布(bu)。
養殖歷史
貴州白(bai)山羊是一(yi)個(ge)古老的(de)山羊品(pin)種(zhong),據明嘉靖(公元1522—1567)年間《思南府志》記載:“羊,皆山羊,罕綿(mian)羊”。又據《史記》、《后漢(han)書》等記敘,在現今的(de)思南、印江、沿河一(yi)帶,漢(han)代以前飼(si)養牲畜(chu)已具(ju)規模,黃(huang)牛、山羊已為當(dang)地(di)主要家畜(chu)。由(you)此可(ke)見(jian),貴州飼(si)養白(bai)山羊已有悠久(jiu)的(de)歷史。
價值
貴州白山羊肉質(zhi)細嫩,肌肉間有脂肪分布。具(ju)有極(ji)高的營(ying)養價值。
該品種具有產肉性能(neng)好(hao),繁殖力(li)強,板(ban)皮質量好(hao)等特性。貴州白山羊肉質細(xi)嫩,肌肉間有脂肪(fang)分布(bu),板(ban)皮拉力(li)強而柔(rou)軟,纖維(wei)致(zhi)密。