地標地理
大方縣位于貴州省(sheng)西北(bei)部,畢節地(di)(di)區中部,地(di)(di)處高海拔(ba)低(di)緯度地(di)(di)區,屬(shu)暖溫(wen)帶(dai)潤濕季(ji)風氣候,雨量(liang)充(chong)沛(pei),冬無嚴寒,夏無酷暑,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)11.8℃,無霜期257天,平(ping)(ping)均霧(wu)日159.2天,縣內(nei)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均積溫(wen)4704℃,日照(zhao)數1335.5小時,年(nian)降雨量(liang)1150.4毫米。境內(nei)以巖(yan)溶(rong)地(di)(di)貌(mao)為主,山(shan)巒重(zhong)疊,地(di)(di)形復(fu)雜(za),切割甚深,最高海拔(ba)2325米,最低(di)處720米,平(ping)(ping)均海拔(ba)1500米左右(you);地(di)(di)貌(mao)類型復(fu)雜(za)多變(bian),山(shan)地(di)(di)、丘陵、盆(pen)地(di)(di)、洼地(di)(di)交錯(cuo)分(fen)布,具有地(di)(di)勢高、地(di)(di)形起伏(fu)大、山(shan)大坡陡、溝多谷(gu)深的(de)高原(yuan)山(shan)地(di)(di)特點(dian)。
大(da)方(fang)縣內天(tian)麻(ma)分布(bu)與栽培(pei)地的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)多為山地黃棕壤(rang),其(qi)土(tu)(tu)質疏(shu)松,偏(pian)酸性,pH值5-6;并(bing)含有硒(xi)、鉬、銣、錳、鋅(xin)等微量元素(su),特(te)別適合天(tian)麻(ma)生(sheng)長。
大方縣(xian)自然條件復(fu)雜,生物類(lei)型(xing)繁(fan)多,立(li)地條件的(de)垂直分(fen)異明顯(xian),天(tian)然植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)多樣(yang)。最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)是中亞熱帶(dai)落(luo)葉(xie)闊葉(xie)林(lin),主要(yao)是屬(shu)于山(shan)(shan)地、丘陵(ling)落(luo)葉(xie)闊葉(xie)林(lin)中的(de)山(shan)(shan)楊、光皮(pi)樺(hua)群系,這是原生地帶(dai)性(xing)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被常(chang)綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林(lin)等植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被受到(dao)破壞后形成的(de)次生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被,其(qi)(qi)喬木(mu)層主要(yao)是山(shan)(shan)楊、光皮(pi)樺(hua),有的(de)還雜以松樹(shu),結構較為簡單(dan);但灌(guan)木(mu)層種類(lei)較多,常(chang)見(jian)有映山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)、效果南燭、茅栗、金絲梅(mei)、榛子、類(lei)型(xing)為巖溶(rong)灌(guan)木(mu)、西(xi)南山(shan)(shan)茶、矮楊梅(mei)、麻(ma)櫟(li)(幼樹(shu))等;草本層主要(yao)有蕨(jue)、鐵芒(mang)萁、槲蕨(jue)、芒(mang)、牡蒿、秋鼠(shu)鞠草等。其(qi)(qi)他(ta)還見(jian)有針葉(xie)林(lin)(松、杉林(lin))、杜鵑花(hua)矮林(lin)、巖溶(rong)灌(guan)叢(cong)(cong)、灌(guan)叢(cong)(cong)草坡等植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)。
文化背景
天麻原名赤(chi)箭(jian),《本(ben)(ben)經》載:“赤(chi)箭(jian)味辛溫(wen),……一(yi)名離(li)母,一(yi)名鬼督郵,生川(chuan)谷。”《吳(wu)晉本(ben)(ben)草(cao)》載:“鬼督郵一(yi)名神草(cao),一(yi)名閻(yan)狗。”《本(ben)(ben)草(cao)圖(tu)經》載:“合(he)離(li)草(cao),獨搖。”《本(ben)(ben)草(cao)綱目》載:“白龍皮,赤(chi)箭(jian)芝。
中國人(ren)食用(yong)和藥用(yong)天麻的歷史(shi)至少有(you)(you)兩千多(duo)年(nian)(nian),在《神農(nong)本草(cao)經》里,天麻“名曰赤(chi)箭,列(lie)草(cao)部(bu)上(shang)品(pin)”,“久服益氣力,長陰肥健,輕身(shen)增年(nian)(nian)”。《本草(cao)綱目》中載天麻有(you)(you)“久服益氣,輕身(shen)長年(nian)(nian)”的功效。大書法家柳公(gong)權有(you)(you)《求赤(chi)箭貼》取(qu)天麻作扶老之用(yong)。白居(ju)易《齋(zhai)居(ju)》詩(shi)云:“黃芪數匙粥,赤(chi)箭一(yi)甌湯。”可見(jian)在唐代(dai),天麻是身(shen)價很(hen)高(gao)的營養保(bao)健品(pin)。
到了宋代(dai)(dai),天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)日(ri)漸偏于藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用,著名的(de)(de)以天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作(zuo)為皇帝用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)方劑如(ru)《圣濟總錄》的(de)(de)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)散、《魏氏家藏(zang)方》的(de)(de)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)丸(wan),均出現在(zai)(zai)宋代(dai)(dai)。《日(ri)華(hua)子(zi)本(ben)草》:“助陽氣(qi),補五勞七傷(shang),通血脈,開竅(qiao)。”《開寶(bao)本(ben)草》:“主(zhu)諸風(feng)(feng)濕痹,四(si)肢(zhi)拘攣,小兒(er)風(feng)(feng)癇(xian)、驚氣(qi)。利腰膝,強(qiang)筋力(li)。”《本(ben)草匯言》:“主(zhu)頭風(feng)(feng),頭痛,頭暈虛(xu)旋,癲(dian)癇(xian)強(qiang)痙,四(si)肢(zhi)攣急(ji),語言不順(shun),一切中(zhong)風(feng)(feng),風(feng)(feng)痰(tan)”,故天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)素(su)有(you)“定(ding)風(feng)(feng)神草”之譽。其它如(ru)《用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)法象》、《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)歌訣四(si)百味(wei)》、《名醫別錄》、《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)論(lun)》、《本(ben)草新編》、《得(de)配(pei)本(ben)草》、《醫宗必讀》、《本(ben)草分經》、《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)鑒》、《本(ben)草衍義補遺(yi)》都對天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用有(you)詳(xiang)細敘述。《中(zhong)國本(ben)草》列天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)產地(di),首(shou)指貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)。《中(zhong)國地(di)道藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材》將(jiang)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)列為“貴(gui)(gui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”之首(shou)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong),大方天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)又是貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong)的(de)(de)佼佼者,無論(lun)外觀性(xing)狀或(huo)內在(zai)(zai)質量均在(zai)(zai)首(shou)位,又有(you)“貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)數(shu)大方”之說。
大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)縣(xian)(xian)歷(li)來就(jiu)有(you)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)的習慣,由于大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)野生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)資(zi)源豐富,且藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)價值(zhi)高(gao),天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)在(zai)民(min)間(jian)(jian)被稱為“夜郎神草(cao)”,《本(ben)草(cao)綱目》稱“天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)久(jiu)服可健步輕身(shen)”。《大(da)(da)定(即今大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang))府志·方(fang)(fang)物(wu)篇(藥(yao)類)》記載上貢藥(yao)品(pin)有(you)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)、麝香等(deng)(deng)(deng)10余(yu)種(zhong),其(qi)中天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)在(zai)明洪武年間(jian)(jian)為奢香夫人進貢朝廷之佳品(pin)。在(zai)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),老百姓用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)粉蒸雞蛋(dan)、天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)泡酒、天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)燉湯、天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)泡茶(cha)、蜂蜜(mi)浸天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)等(deng)(deng)(deng),到(dao)了現(xian)代,又(you)發(fa)展了一系(xi)列的天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)佳肴,使天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)飲食(shi)(shi)文化更加(jia)豐富。在(zai)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),老百姓有(you)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)水洗頭治(zhi)療(liao)脫發(fa),《大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)縣(xian)(xian)衛生(sheng)志》1989版有(you)民(min)間(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)劑利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)治(zhi)療(liao)腦震(zhen)蕩(dang)、腦震(zhen)蕩(dang)后遺(yi)癥;《貴(gui)州省畢節地區中藥(yao)資(zi)源普查資(zi)料(liao)匯編》1987版記載用(yong)(yong)(yong)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)治(zhi)療(liao)頭暈(yun)目眩、小(xiao)兒驚風、風濕(shi)痹痛(tong)、痢(li)疾、真(zhen)中風回(hui)醒(xing)后偏癱(tan)腦弦硬(ying)血壓等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)清代天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)就(jiu)作為大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)地產名貴(gui)藥(yao)材運(yun)銷省外,并(bing)且于光緒年間(jian)(jian)出口。
大方民間有(you)很多關于天麻(ma)的故事。老百姓在(zai)糧食短(duan)缺的情況下,上山采(cai)天麻(ma)充饑,食用后無(wu)意發現疲勞消除,精神(shen)飽滿,頭暈(yun)(yun)頭痛(tong)(tong)癥狀(zhuang)得到(dao)改善。長期(qi)以來,當地老百姓把天麻(ma)作為防病治病、烹制佳(jia)肴、采(cai)集出售的特有(you)產(chan)品,因此他(ta)們說“天麻(ma)是個寶,請客送禮它最好,燉雞煲湯(tang)接貴客,頭暈(yun)(yun)頭痛(tong)(tong)缺不了”
文化積淀
貴(gui)州省(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)地(di)(di)產產區之一(yi),有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)得天(tian)(tian)獨(du)厚的(de)(de)自然(ran)條件,所(suo)產天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)品(pin)質(zhi)較好(hao)(hao),有(you)(you)(you)“天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)佳品(pin)出貴(gui)州”之稱。日本著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)名藥(yao)(yao)學博士難(nan)波恒雄在(zai)其(qi)專著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《漢方藥(yao)(yao)入門(men)》一(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)斷言“天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)佳品(pin)出貴(gui)州”;我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家中(zhong)醫藥(yao)(yao)管理(li)局主(zhu)持編篡(cuan)的(de)(de)權威著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作《中(zhong)華本草》在(zai)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)項下注明:“以貴(gui)州產質(zhi)量較好(hao)(hao),銷(xiao)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并出口(kou)。”而(er)大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)以其(qi)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)素含量最而(er)聞名全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又有(you)(you)(you)“貴(gui)州天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)數大(da)(da)方”之說(shuo)(shuo)。在(zai)貴(gui)州天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong),“大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”可以說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“地(di)(di)道(dao)藥(yao)(yao)材中(zhong)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)道(dao)藥(yao)(yao)材”,在(zai)省(sheng)內(nei)外(wai)享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)盛譽。據《大(da)(da)定(ding)府志》(方物(wu)篇)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei)記載(zai),早在(zai)封建(jian)時代“上(shang)(shang)貢(gong)朝廷(ting)”的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)就(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、麝香等10余種 ,清(qing)代天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)就(jiu)作為大(da)(da)方地(di)(di)產名貴(gui)藥(yao)(yao)材運銷(xiao)省(sheng)外(wai),并且(qie)于光緒(xu)年(nian)間(jian)出口(kou)。據傳說(shuo)(shuo)唐明皇李隆基(ji)每(mei)天(tian)(tian)清(qing)晨要調服(fu)一(yi)盅“赤箭(jian)粉”滋補身體,然(ran)后才臨朝理(li)政,可見(jian)當(dang)時大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作為貢(gong)品(pin)已經是(shi)(shi)(shi)身價(jia)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)營養保(bao)健品(pin)。上(shang)(shang)世紀80年(nian)代我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“中(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)普查(cha)”中(zhong),查(cha)明大(da)(da)方是(shi)(shi)(shi)省(sheng)內(nei)野生天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)主(zhu)產區之一(yi),而(er)且(qie)質(zhi)量優良,外(wai)形美觀。從理(li)化(hua)、藥(yao)(yao)理(li)成分上(shang)(shang)來講,都比任(ren)何地(di)(di)區產的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)含量高(gao),因而(er)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外(wai)享(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)聲譽,而(er)被批(pi)名為出口(kou)商品(pin)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為大(da)(da)方有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)更為適宜的(de)(de)自然(ran)環境,而(er)且(qie)大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)商品(pin)中(zhong)占(zhan)優勢(shi)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經濟性狀更為優秀(xiu)的(de)(de)烏天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)變型。
中國(guo)營(ying)養學專家杜子端先生2002年考察(cha)大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)時曾(ceng)提字:“天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)有益健康,內外市場寬廣”,充分肯(ken)定了大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)的(de)(de)營(ying)養價值。大(da)(da)方縣(xian)內知名書法字也紛紛發揮藝術想象,為大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)題字。2006年1月22日在上海“藍(lan)天(tian)(tian)下的(de)(de)至愛”慈善拍賣會(hui)上,大(da)(da)方縣(xian)兩只重250克的(de)(de)干天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)拍出1萬元的(de)(de)高價,這(zhe)兩只天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)被(bei)全國(guo)婦女聯(lian)合會(hui)秦(qin)秘書長收藏(zang)。2008年大(da)(da)方天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)獲(huo)國(guo)家地(di)理標志產品保護,同年被(bei)授(shou)予“中國(guo)天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)之鄉”稱號(hao)。