地標地理
大(da)(da)方縣位于貴州省西北部(bu),畢節地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區中部(bu),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處高(gao)海拔低(di)緯(wei)度地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區,屬暖溫(wen)(wen)帶潤(run)濕季風氣候(hou),雨量(liang)充沛,冬無(wu)嚴寒(han),夏無(wu)酷(ku)暑,年平均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)11.8℃,無(wu)霜期257天,平均(jun)霧日(ri)159.2天,縣內年平均(jun)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)4704℃,日(ri)照數1335.5小(xiao)時,年降雨量(liang)1150.4毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)。境內以巖溶(rong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌為主,山(shan)巒重疊,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形復(fu)雜,切割(ge)甚(shen)深,最(zui)高(gao)海拔2325米(mi)(mi)(mi),最(zui)低(di)處720米(mi)(mi)(mi),平均(jun)海拔1500米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌類型復(fu)雜多(duo)變,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、丘陵、盆地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)交錯分(fen)布,具有地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形起伏大(da)(da)、山(shan)大(da)(da)坡陡、溝多(duo)谷深的高(gao)原山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)特點。
大(da)方縣內(nei)天麻(ma)分布(bu)與(yu)栽培地的土(tu)壤(rang)多為山地黃棕壤(rang),其土(tu)質疏(shu)松,偏酸性,pH值5-6;并含有硒、鉬、銣、錳、鋅等(deng)微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su),特別適合天麻(ma)生長。
大方縣自然條件(jian)復(fu)雜(za),生物類(lei)型(xing)繁多,立地(di)條件(jian)的(de)垂直分(fen)異明顯,天然植被(bei)類(lei)型(xing)多樣。最常見(jian)的(de)是(shi)(shi)中亞熱帶落(luo)葉闊(kuo)葉林,主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)屬于山(shan)(shan)地(di)、丘(qiu)陵落(luo)葉闊(kuo)葉林中的(de)山(shan)(shan)楊、光皮(pi)樺(hua)群(qun)系(xi),這是(shi)(shi)原生地(di)帶性(xing)植被(bei)常綠(lv)闊(kuo)葉林等植被(bei)受到破(po)壞后形(xing)成的(de)次(ci)生植被(bei),其喬(qiao)木(mu)層主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)楊、光皮(pi)樺(hua),有(you)(you)的(de)還雜(za)以松樹,結構較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)簡單(dan);但灌(guan)木(mu)層種(zhong)類(lei)較(jiao)(jiao)多,常見(jian)有(you)(you)映山(shan)(shan)紅、效果南燭、茅(mao)栗(li)、金絲梅、榛子、類(lei)型(xing)為(wei)巖(yan)溶(rong)灌(guan)木(mu)、西(xi)南山(shan)(shan)茶、矮楊梅、麻(ma)櫟(幼樹)等;草本層主要(yao)有(you)(you)蕨、鐵芒萁、槲蕨、芒、牡蒿(hao)、秋鼠鞠(ju)草等。其他還見(jian)有(you)(you)針葉林(松、杉(shan)林)、杜鵑(juan)花矮林、巖(yan)溶(rong)灌(guan)叢、灌(guan)叢草坡等植被(bei)類(lei)型(xing)。
文化背景
天麻(ma)原(yuan)名赤箭,《本經(jing)》載(zai):“赤箭味辛溫(wen),……一名離母,一名鬼督郵,生(sheng)川谷。”《吳晉本草》載(zai):“鬼督郵一名神草,一名閻狗。”《本草圖經(jing)》載(zai):“合離草,獨搖。”《本草綱(gang)目(mu)》載(zai):“白(bai)龍(long)皮,赤箭芝。
中國人食用(yong)和藥用(yong)天(tian)麻(ma)的(de)歷史至少有兩千多年(nian),在《神(shen)農本草經》里,天(tian)麻(ma)“名曰赤箭(jian),列草部上品”,“久服益氣力,長陰肥(fei)健,輕身增年(nian)”。《本草綱目》中載(zai)天(tian)麻(ma)有“久服益氣,輕身長年(nian)”的(de)功效。大書法(fa)家柳(liu)公權有《求赤箭(jian)貼》取天(tian)麻(ma)作扶老之用(yong)。白居易《齋(zhai)居》詩(shi)云:“黃芪數匙(chi)粥,赤箭(jian)一甌湯。”可見在唐代,天(tian)麻(ma)是身價很高(gao)的(de)營養保健品。
到了(le)宋(song)代,天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)日漸偏于藥(yao)(yao)用,著名的以天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)作為皇帝用藥(yao)(yao)的方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑如(ru)《圣濟總錄(lu)》的天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)散、《魏氏(shi)家藏方(fang)(fang)(fang)》的天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)丸(wan),均出(chu)現在(zai)宋(song)代。《日華子本(ben)草(cao)》:“助陽(yang)氣,補五勞(lao)七(qi)傷,通血(xue)脈,開竅。”《開寶本(ben)草(cao)》:“主諸風(feng)(feng)濕痹,四肢拘(ju)攣,小兒風(feng)(feng)癇、驚氣。利腰膝,強筋(jin)力。”《本(ben)草(cao)匯言》:“主頭(tou)風(feng)(feng),頭(tou)痛,頭(tou)暈虛旋,癲癇強痙,四肢攣急,語(yu)言不順,一切中(zhong)風(feng)(feng),風(feng)(feng)痰(tan)”,故天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)素有“定(ding)風(feng)(feng)神草(cao)”之譽。其它如(ru)《用藥(yao)(yao)法(fa)象》、《藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)歌訣四百味》、《名醫別錄(lu)》、《藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)論》、《本(ben)草(cao)新編(bian)》、《得配本(ben)草(cao)》、《醫宗必讀》、《本(ben)草(cao)分(fen)經(jing)》、《藥(yao)(yao)鑒》、《本(ben)草(cao)衍義補遺》都對天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)的藥(yao)(yao)用有詳細敘述。《中(zhong)國本(ben)草(cao)》列天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)產地,首(shou)指貴州。《中(zhong)國地道藥(yao)(yao)材》將天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)列為“貴藥(yao)(yao)”之首(shou)。而在(zai)貴州天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong),大方(fang)(fang)(fang)天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)又是貴州天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong)的佼佼者,無(wu)論外觀性(xing)狀或內(nei)在(zai)質量均在(zai)首(shou)位,又有“貴州天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)數大方(fang)(fang)(fang)”之說。
大(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang)縣(xian)歷來就有食用、藥(yao)用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)的習慣,由(you)于(yu)大(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang)野生天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)資源(yuan)豐富,且藥(yao)用價值(zhi)高(gao),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)在(zai)(zai)民間被稱(cheng)為(wei)“夜郎神草(cao)”,《本(ben)草(cao)綱目(mu)》稱(cheng)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)久服可健步輕身”。《大(da)定(即今大(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang))府(fu)志·方(fang)(fang)(fang)物(wu)篇(藥(yao)類(lei))》記(ji)載上貢藥(yao)品有天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、麝香(xiang)等(deng)10余(yu)種,其中(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)在(zai)(zai)明(ming)洪武年間為(wei)奢香(xiang)夫人進(jin)貢朝(chao)廷之佳品。在(zai)(zai)食用方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,老(lao)百姓(xing)用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)粉蒸雞蛋、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)泡酒、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)燉湯(tang)、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)泡茶、蜂蜜浸天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)等(deng),到了現代,又發展了一系列的天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)佳肴(yao),使天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)飲食文化更加豐富。在(zai)(zai)藥(yao)用方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,老(lao)百姓(xing)有利(li)用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)水洗頭(tou)治療脫發,《大(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang)縣(xian)衛(wei)生志》1989版有民間方(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)利(li)用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)治療腦(nao)震(zhen)(zhen)蕩、腦(nao)震(zhen)(zhen)蕩后(hou)遺癥(zheng);《貴(gui)州省(sheng)畢節地(di)區中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資源(yuan)普查資料匯編》1987版記(ji)載用天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)治療頭(tou)暈(yun)目(mu)眩(xuan)、小兒驚風(feng)、風(feng)濕(shi)痹痛、痢(li)疾、真中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)回醒后(hou)偏(pian)癱腦(nao)弦硬血壓等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)清代天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)就作為(wei)大(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)產名貴(gui)藥(yao)材運銷省(sheng)外,并且于(yu)光(guang)緒年間出口。
大方民間有(you)很(hen)多關于(yu)天(tian)麻(ma)的(de)故事。老(lao)(lao)百姓在糧(liang)食短缺的(de)情況下,上山采天(tian)麻(ma)充饑(ji),食用(yong)后無意發現疲勞消(xiao)除,精(jing)神飽滿,頭(tou)暈頭(tou)痛癥狀得到改善(shan)。長期(qi)以來,當地老(lao)(lao)百姓把天(tian)麻(ma)作為防病(bing)治病(bing)、烹(peng)制佳肴(yao)、采集出售的(de)特有(you)產品,因此他們說(shuo)“天(tian)麻(ma)是個寶,請客(ke)送禮(li)它最好,燉雞煲(bao)湯接貴客(ke),頭(tou)暈頭(tou)痛缺不了”
文化積淀
貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)(sheng)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)地產(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),有(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)(de)自然條(tiao)件,所產(chan)(chan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)品(pin)質(zhi)較(jiao)好,有(you)(you)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)佳品(pin)出(chu)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)”之(zhi)稱。日(ri)本(ben)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)(ming)藥(yao)學(xue)博(bo)士難波(bo)恒雄在(zai)其專著(zhu)(zhu)《漢方(fang)藥(yao)入門(men)》一(yi)(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)斷言(yan)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)佳品(pin)出(chu)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)”;我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)由(you)國(guo)家中(zhong)醫藥(yao)管理(li)局主持編篡的(de)(de)(de)權威著(zhu)(zhu)作《中(zhong)華本(ben)草》在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)項(xiang)下注(zhu)明(ming):“以貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)質(zhi)量(liang)較(jiao)好,銷全(quan)國(guo),并(bing)出(chu)口(kou)。”而(er)(er)大(da)(da)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)以其天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)素含量(liang)最(zui)而(er)(er)聞(wen)名(ming)(ming)全(quan)國(guo),又有(you)(you)“貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)數大(da)(da)方(fang)”之(zhi)說(shuo)。在(zai)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)中(zhong),“大(da)(da)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)”可(ke)以說(shuo)是(shi)“地道(dao)藥(yao)材中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地道(dao)藥(yao)材”,在(zai)省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)外(wai)享有(you)(you)盛(sheng)譽(yu)。據(ju)(ju)《大(da)(da)定府(fu)志》(方(fang)物篇)藥(yao)類記載,早在(zai)封建時代(dai)“上貢朝廷”的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)品(pin)就有(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)、麝香等10余種 ,清代(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)就作為大(da)(da)方(fang)地產(chan)(chan)名(ming)(ming)貴(gui)(gui)藥(yao)材運銷省(sheng)(sheng)外(wai),并(bing)且(qie)于光緒年(nian)間(jian)出(chu)口(kou)。據(ju)(ju)傳說(shuo)唐明(ming)皇李隆基(ji)每天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)清晨要調服(fu)一(yi)(yi)盅“赤箭粉(fen)”滋補身體,然后才臨朝理(li)政,可(ke)見當時大(da)(da)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)作為貢品(pin)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)是(shi)身價很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)營養保健品(pin)。上世紀80年(nian)代(dai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)“中(zhong)草藥(yao)普查(cha)”中(zhong),查(cha)明(ming)大(da)(da)方(fang)是(shi)省(sheng)(sheng)內(nei)野生天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)主產(chan)(chan)區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),而(er)(er)且(qie)質(zhi)量(liang)優良,外(wai)形(xing)美觀。從理(li)化、藥(yao)理(li)成分(fen)上來講,都比任何(he)地區(qu)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)含量(liang)高,因(yin)而(er)(er)在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)享有(you)(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)聲譽(yu),而(er)(er)被(bei)批名(ming)(ming)為出(chu)口(kou)商(shang)品(pin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為大(da)(da)方(fang)有(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)更(geng)為適宜的(de)(de)(de)自然環境(jing),而(er)(er)且(qie)大(da)(da)方(fang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)商(shang)品(pin)中(zhong)占優勢的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)經(jing)(jing)濟性狀更(geng)為優秀的(de)(de)(de)烏(wu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)變型。
中國(guo)營養(yang)(yang)學(xue)專(zhuan)家杜子端先生2002年考察大(da)(da)方(fang)天麻(ma)時曾提字:“天麻(ma)有益健康(kang),內(nei)外市場寬廣”,充分肯定了大(da)(da)方(fang)天麻(ma)的營養(yang)(yang)價值。大(da)(da)方(fang)縣內(nei)知名(ming)書法字也紛紛發揮藝術想象,為大(da)(da)方(fang)天麻(ma)題字。2006年1月(yue)22日在(zai)上海“藍天下(xia)的至愛”慈善拍賣會上,大(da)(da)方(fang)縣兩(liang)只重250克的干天麻(ma)拍出1萬元(yuan)的高價,這兩(liang)只天麻(ma)被全(quan)國(guo)婦女聯合會秦秘書長收藏。2008年大(da)(da)方(fang)天麻(ma)獲(huo)國(guo)家地理標志產品保護,同年被授予“中國(guo)天麻(ma)之(zhi)鄉”稱號。