地理環境
遼闊(kuo)松嫩(nen)大平原(yuan) 又面又甜馬(ma)鈴薯
訥河市位(wei)于黑龍江(jiang)省齊齊哈爾(er)市北部,大(da)小興安(an)嶺腳下,松(song)嫩大(da)平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)北端,地(di)(di)(di)理(li)位(wei)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)東經124°18′~125°59′,北緯47°51′~48°56′。北靠嫩江(jiang)市,東與(yu)五大(da)連池市、克山縣接壤,南與(yu)依安(an)、富(fu)裕兩縣為(wei)(wei)鄰,西與(yu)甘南縣和內蒙古自治區(qu)的莫力達(da)瓦達(da)斡爾(er)族(zu)自治旗隔江(jiang)相望,是一個以平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)主,丘陵為(wei)(wei)輔的平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。訥河地(di)(di)(di)處世界三大(da)黑土帶(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)一,地(di)(di)(di)域遼闊,土地(di)(di)(di)肥沃,資源豐富(fu),人杰地(di)(di)(di)靈,是松(song)嫩平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)上的一顆(ke)明珠,有“中(zhong)國馬鈴(ling)薯之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”“中(zhong)國甜菜(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”“中(zhong)國民間文化藝(yi)術之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”“全國衛生(sheng)城”等美譽。
馬鈴(ling)薯(shu),茄科茄屬,一(yi)年(nian)生(sheng)草本植物,別稱“地蛋”“洋芋”“土豆”等,高15~18厘米,是中(zhong)國5達主食之一(yi),其營養價值(zhi)高、適(shi)(shi)應(ying)力強、產量大(da),是全球第三(san)大(da)重要(yao)的糧食作物,僅次于(yu)小麥(mai)和玉米。訥(ne)河地屬中(zhong)溫(wen)帶大(da)陸性季(ji)風(feng)氣候,四季(ji)分明,光照充足,干物質積累快,水域遼闊,雨(yu)水充沛,雨(yu)熱同季(ji),晝夜溫(wen)差大(da),無霜期長,適(shi)(shi)合馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)的生(sheng)長和繁殖。
訥(ne)河擁有世(shi)界上僅存的(de)三大(da)塊黑(hei)土(tu)地之(zhi)一,黑(hei)土(tu)耕(geng)層可達0.5~1.0米,土(tu)壤類型(xing)主要(yao)是(shi)黑(hei)土(tu)和黑(hei)鈣土(tu),部分沙壤土(tu),富(fu)含(han)有機質(zhi)。地形(xing)屬漫川(chuan)漫崗,易排灌(guan),土(tu)質(zhi)肥沃(wo)。加之(zhi)長期使用農(nong)家肥、生物(wu)肥、生物(wu)農(nong)藥以及推(tui)行土(tu)壤耕(geng)暄制(zhi)度(du)、輪作制(zhi)度(du),土(tu)壤變(bian)得(de)更加疏松,通透性好(hao)(hao),不板結,馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)膨(peng)大(da)時地溫穩(wen)定偏低,保持在18℃以下,使馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)塊莖內病(bing)毒(du)(du)增(zeng)殖(zhi)速(su)度(du)減慢,病(bing)毒(du)(du)含(han)量(liang)減少,有利于馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)膨(peng)大(da),是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)優良品質(zhi)得(de)以充分體現。由于訥(ne)河土(tu)壤中養分含(han)量(liang)高(gao),比(bi)例適(shi)中,微量(liang)元素豐富(fu),適(shi)于馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)植,并且由無污染(ran)的(de)嫩江和礦物(wu)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)的(de)五大(da)連池(chi)水系提(ti)供水源,這種(zhong)得(de)天獨厚的(de)自然條件,使訥(ne)河產的(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)具(ju)有外形(xing)大(da)而光鮮,內含(han)淀粉高(gao)、產量(liang)高(gao)、品質(zhi)好(hao)(hao)、口感好(hao)(hao)、營養豐富(fu)、不易退化、無污染(ran)等優點。
文化背景
訥河(he)馬鈴薯的四種文化
有一(yi)句(ju)話是這樣(yang)說的(de):“文化(hua)在歷史中(zhong)孕育”。馬(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)的(de)歷史文化(hua),可以(yi)追溯到(dao)16世紀。馬(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)原產(chan)于南美洲,隨(sui)著殖民(min)主義的(de)擴張,先后(hou)在英國(guo)及(ji)(ji)歐洲普及(ji)(ji),后(hou)又傳到(dao)美國(guo)大量(liang)種植(zhi)。1600年(nian)左(zuo)右引(yin)入中(zhong)國(guo)種植(zhi),至今(jin)已(yi)有400多(duo)年(nian)的(de)歷史。清光緒三十二年(nian)(1906年(nian))后(hou),冀遼(liao)一(yi)帶的(de)農民(min)因謀生移居(ju)訥河(he),將馬(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)帶到(dao)訥河(he),從此(ci),馬(ma)鈴薯(shu)(shu)在訥河(he)大地上生根開花(hua)。
馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植文化(hua)。即(ji)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、栽(zai)培(pei)技術。馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)有幾百個(ge)(ge)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),后來(lai)人們又不斷地(di)(di)(di)培(pei)育(yu)新品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),現(xian)在(zai)世界(jie)上(shang)有幾千(qian)個(ge)(ge)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。利(li)用返(fan)回式(shi)衛星將馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)搭載至太空,利(li)用宇宙(zhou)空間輻射、高真空、超低(di)溫、地(di)(di)(di)球磁場(chang)等因素(su),對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行(xing)誘變,然后進行(xing)篩選和培(pei)育(yu),形成(cheng)了高產(chan)(chan)、早熟(shu)、、豐產(chan)(chan)、適(shi)應(ying)性廣(guang)、有效成(cheng)分含量高的(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。近年(nian)(nian)來(lai),訥河(he)市政府投資數千(qian)萬建立(li)(li)了兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)脫毒(du)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)擴(kuo)繁(fan)(fan)中心和一(yi)個(ge)(ge)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脫毒(du)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工廠化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地(di)(di)(di),建造日光節能溫室工廠化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)車(che)間860平(ping)方(fang)米,網(wang)室5萬平(ping)方(fang)米,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)窖5000平(ping)方(fang)米;4個(ge)(ge)良(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)現(xian)有耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面積3萬畝作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)二級良(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)育(yu)基地(di)(di)(di);14個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)專業(ye)村共有耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面積10萬畝,作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)三(san)級良(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)育(yu)基地(di)(di)(di),年(nian)(nian)繁(fan)(fan)育(yu)脫毒(du)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)20萬噸,直接供種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到農戶,建立(li)(li)健全了三(san)級良(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)育(yu)體系。關(guan)于馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)栽(zai)培(pei),我國應(ying)用露地(di)(di)(di)栽(zai)培(pei)技術和覆膜(mo)栽(zai)培(pei)技術較廣(guang)。1993年(nian)(nian),訥河(he)成(cheng)立(li)(li)了勸(quan)農場(chang),開始(shi)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)繁(fan)(fan)育(yu),有了原(yuan)始(shi)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植方(fang)式(shi)——“牛(niu)馬耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)彎(wan)鉤犁”。現(xian)在(zai),訥河(he)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)栽(zai)培(pei)主要采取四輪拖(tuo)拉機輔助的(de)傳(chuan)統點種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)栽(zai)培(pei)方(fang)式(shi),以農家肥和生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)肥為(wei)主,每公(gong)頃施(shi)農家肥22.5~30立(li)(li)方(fang)米,配合(he)施(shi)用生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)肥,每畝用量在(zai)1~1.5千(qian)克,科學合(he)理施(shi)用化(hua)肥。推行(xing)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、豆(dou)、雜(經)“三(san)區四圃”輪作(zuo)(zuo)制度(du)和地(di)(di)(di)塊一(yi)年(nian)(nian)一(yi)旋耕(geng),三(san)年(nian)(nian)一(yi)深翻的(de)土壤耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)制度(du),土壤有機質含量增加,土質疏松(song),通透性好,耐旱、易排(pai)水(shui),從而(er)保(bao)證(zheng)訥河(he)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植。
馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)藏文(wen)化。主要(yao)采取窖(jiao)藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。“酸菜缸,土豆(dou)窖(jiao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統文(wen)化仍在(zai)延(yan)續(xu)。隨著(zhu)訥(ne)河移民增多(duo),土地開墾面(mian)積(ji)增大,馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)種薯(shu)(shu)需求也逐漸增多(duo)。為(wei)了(le)預防(fang)貯(zhu)藏過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干腐病、軟腐病、黑心病等,人們采取了(le)以(yi)預防(fang)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施,從大田收(shou)獲到入(ru)窖(jiao),整個過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)個環節都(dou)嚴格把(ba)關,大力解(jie)決(jue)貯(zhu)藏過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理問題,積(ji)累了(le)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗。近年來,訥(ne)河根(gen)據(ju)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)市(shi)(shi)場空(kong)間大、需求量彈性小(xiao)、銷售(shou)季節性強的(de)(de)(de)(de)商品特(te)征,把(ba)馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)貯(zhu)藏作為(wei)緩(huan)解(jie)集中(zhong)上(shang)市(shi)(shi)與外(wai)運壓力,穩定商品薯(shu)(shu)市(shi)(shi)場價格,解(jie)決(jue)淀粉加(jia)工(gong)企業原料供應(ying)均衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)突破口,提(ti)出了(le)“深(shen)挖窖(jiao)、廣積(ji)薯(shu)(shu)、均上(shang)市(shi)(shi)、保加(jia)工(gong)、穩價格、增收(shou)入(ru)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施,搞好(hao)薯(shu)(shu)農和加(jia)工(gong)企業及(ji)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)對接(jie),從而提(ti)高農民和企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。
馬鈴薯的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)文化。與(yu)新型(xing)工(gong)(gong)業科技(ji)聯(lian)系在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)。時代在(zai)發(fa)展,社(she)會在(zai)進步,20世紀80年代以來,馬鈴薯加(jia)工(gong)(gong)業在(zai)世界各地悄然(ran)興起(qi)。訥河也同全國一(yi)(yi)樣,由過(guo)去傳統的(de)(de)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)條(tiao)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)到淀粉(fen)(fen)(fen)廠的(de)(de)興起(qi),馬鈴薯已(yi)從鮮食和飼料向(xiang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)業發(fa)展,馬鈴薯副食品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)產業日益增多。如(ru)淀粉(fen)(fen)(fen)、粉(fen)(fen)(fen)絲、粉(fen)(fen)(fen)皮(pi)、粉(fen)(fen)(fen)條(tiao)、薯片(pian)、薯條(tiao)、速凍食品等。
品牌建設
龍頭企業(ye)乘(cheng)快馬 港進(jin)粉(fen)絲聞天下(xia)
目前,訥河(he)擁有(you)大小馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯加(jia)工企業幾(ji)十(shi)家,其中(zhong)以黑(hei)龍(long)江港(gang)進(jin)食品科技(ji)開(kai)發(fa)有(you)限公(gong)司(si)為首(shou)的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯深(shen)加(jia)工產(chan)(chan)品暢銷(xiao)國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)(wai),已取(qu)得十(shi)分可觀的(de)(de)經濟效益。該公(gong)司(si)組建(jian)于1993年,是港(gang)進(jin)集團的(de)(de)一(yi)個子公(gong)司(si),坐落在美(mei)麗富饒的(de)(de)嫩江之濱——黑(hei)龍(long)江省訥河(he)市,公(gong)司(si)占地面積34000平(ping)(ping)方米,總資產(chan)(chan)5000萬(wan)元(yuan),是集馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯制品研發(fa)、生產(chan)(chan)和銷(xiao)售于一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)農產(chan)(chan)品深(shen)加(jia)工龍(long)頭企業。公(gong)司(si)依托訥河(he)市豐(feng)厚的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯資源優勢,引進(jin)三(san)套(tao)日本馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯粉絲生產(chan)(chan)線設備,生產(chan)(chan)過程實(shi)現(xian)全封閉式(shi)、流水線作(zuo)業,技(ji)術工藝處于國(guo)內(nei)領先,國(guo)際一(yi)流水平(ping)(ping)。公(gong)司(si)每年可生產(chan)(chan)方形直條掛面式(shi)精致(zhi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯粉絲5000噸(dun),粉皮300噸(dun)。現(xian)擁有(you)“港(gang)進(jin)”“水晶”“薯鄉”“遼塔”“港(gang)精”等(deng)在國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)享(xiang)有(you)盛名的(de)(de)系列商標品牌(pai)。
“港進(jin)”牌粉(fen)絲(si)(si)是以訥河市特產優質(zhi)馬鈴(ling)薯淀粉(fen)為原(yuan)料(liao),采用先進(jin)設備和工(gong)藝精制而成(cheng),具有(you)耐煮、不(bu)化條(tiao)、不(bu)回生等(deng)優點;無明礬粉(fen)絲(si)(si)是不(bu)含(han)明礬的新(xin)一代(dai)綠色營養粉(fen)絲(si)(si),不(bu)含(han)任(ren)何(he)添加劑(ji),是純天(tian)然綠色食品,是傳統粉(fen)絲(si)(si)、粉(fen)條(tiao)的更(geng)新(xin)換代(dai)產品,填補了國內外粉(fen)絲(si)(si)品種的空白(bai)。
在馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)栽培生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的過程中(zhong),訥河(he)(he)(he)市委(wei)市政府(fu)高度重(zhong)視,成立了訥河(he)(he)(he)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)理(li)標志管(guan)理(li)領導小組,同事(shi)成立了種(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)測站、綠色食品管(guan)理(li)辦(ban)公(gong)室(shi)、農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全檢(jian)測中(zhong)心、農業執法(fa)大(da)隊,主要(yao)負責種(zhong)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)測、農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)測、農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品投入品管(guan)理(li)(種(zhong)子、農藥、化肥),馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)基地(di)落實(shi),地(di)理(li)標志管(guan)理(li)等,從而確保(bao)了訥河(he)(he)(he)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)貨(huo)真價實(shi)、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全可靠、地(di)理(li)標志使用規(gui)范等。2003年3月,訥河(he)(he)(he)市馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)協(xie)會(hui)正(zheng)式成立,下設20個分(fen)會(hui),協(xie)會(hui)有高級農藝師(shi)9名(ming)(ming),農藝師(shi)37名(ming)(ming),技術(shu)員(yuan)210名(ming)(ming),會(hui)員(yuan)1218名(ming)(ming),會(hui)員(yuan)單位28個,負責訥河(he)(he)(he)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)科研、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)、新技術(shu)推廣、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品銷(xiao)售及宣傳等。該(gai)協(xie)會(hui)各項(xiang)規(gui)章制度健全,檢(jian)測手(shou)段先(xian)進,技術(shu)指導到位,銷(xiao)售渠道暢通,組織原則嚴密(mi),對訥河(he)(he)(he)馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)、加(jia)工、貯運、銷(xiao)售起到重(zhong)要(yao)作用。