一.產品介紹
向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)是甘南(nan)(nan)(nan)縣(xian)的特(te)產(chan)(chan)。古(gu)籍記載向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)約在(zai)明朝時引(yin)入中(zhong)國(guo),如(ru)今所(suo)知最早記載向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)的文(wen)獻(xian)為明朝人王象晉所(suo)著《群芳(fang)譜》。該(gai)書中(zhong)尚無“向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)”一(yi)名(ming),只在(zai)“花(hua)(hua)譜三菊(ju)”中(zhong)附“丈菊(ju)”之稱,原(yuan)文(wen)如(ru)下:“丈菊(ju)-名(ming)本番菊(ju)-名(ming)迎陽花(hua)(hua),莖長(chang)丈余,稈堅粗如(ru)竹(zhu),葉類麻,多直(zhi)生(sheng),雖有分枝(zhi),只生(sheng)一(yi)花(hua)(hua)大如(ru)盤(pan)盂,單瓣色黃(huang)心皆作(zuo)窠如(ru)蜂房(fang)狀,至(zhi)秋漸紫黑而堅,取其子中(zhong)之甚易生(sheng)”。“向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)”之名(ming),見(jian)于文(wen)震(zhen)亨《長(chang)物志(zhi)》。早在(zai)十(shi)九世(shi)紀50年(nian)代甘南(nan)(nan)(nan)縣(xian)已有了葵(kui)花(hua)(hua)的種植(zhi),到二(er)十(shi)世(shi)紀50、60年(nian)代開始了大面積(ji)種植(zhi)。2005年(nian)總播種面積(ji)達(da)到了80萬畝,占全(quan)省食(shi)(shi)用(yong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)種植(zhi)面積(ji)的1/3,占全(quan)國(guo)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)種植(zhi)面積(ji)的1/10,總產(chan)(chan)達(da)2.4億(yi)斤,銷售收入4.8億(yi)元,是全(quan)國(guo)最大的食(shi)(shi)用(yong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地和(he)銷售集散地。2000年(nian)8月,甘南(nan)(nan)(nan)縣(xian)被中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)產(chan)(chan)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)組委會命名(ming)為“中(zhong)國(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)”,2002年(nian)以(yi)齊(qi)齊(qi)哈(ha)爾港聯公司加(jia)(jia)工企業為主體(ti)的4萬畝向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)加(jia)(jia)工原(yuan)料基地通過國(guo)家(jia)綠(lv)(lv)色食(shi)(shi)品發展(zhan)中(zhong)心認證(zheng)為A級綠(lv)(lv)色食(shi)(shi)品,2011年(nian)甘南(nan)(nan)(nan)葵(kui)花(hua)(hua)籽被核定(ding)為中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)地理標志(zhi)保護產(chan)(chan)品,更將(jiang)甘南(nan)(nan)(nan)縣(xian)“向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)”美譽名(ming)揚四海(hai)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地貌情況(kuang):甘南(nan)縣地勢北部、西部為丘陵(ling)漫崗區,以(yi)(yi)黑土(tu)(tu)為主, 東部及南(nan)部為平原區,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)主要有草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)、暗棕壤(rang)、黑鈣土(tu)(tu),以(yi)(yi)草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)面積較多(duo),以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)粘土(tu)(tu)和砂壤(rang)質草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)為主,有機質含量(liang)3.6%一4%,PH值在6.0—8.0之間,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含鹽(yan)量(liang)0.3%以(yi)(yi)下,肥力中(zhong)(zhong)等偏上(shang)。
(2)水文(wen)情(qing)況:甘南縣(xian)(xian)屬(shu)嫩(nen)江和阿音河谷沖積平原,地(di)下(xia)水較豐富,主要是(shi)砂礫石層及亞粘土的(de)潛水,地(di)下(xia)水含水層厚度30~50米(mi)(mi),埋(mai)深(shen)3~5米(mi)(mi),降深(shen)5米(mi)(mi)的(de)單(dan)井(jing)日出水量(liang)(liang)2000~4000噸。全縣(xian)(xian)主要流(liu)域有一江三(san)河,即嫩(nen)江、音河、阿倫河、諾敏河。多(duo)年(nian)平均(jun)徑(jing)流(liu)深(shen)為60mm,徑(jing)流(liu)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)2,88億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),加(jia)之界外徑(jing)流(liu)進(jin)入我縣(xian)(xian)蓄(xu)(xu)存,地(di)表水總(zong)量(liang)(liang)9.67億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),可利用量(liang)(liang)8.9億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi),地(di)下(xia)總(zong)蓄(xu)(xu)水量(liang)(liang)7.10立(li)方米(mi)(mi),可開采量(liang)(liang)5.37億(yi)立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。沿岸土壤較肥(fei)沃(wo),是(shi)發展種(zhong)植業(ye)和牧(mu)業(ye)的(de)良好(hao)基(ji)地(di)。 按照(zhao)《農用水源環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測技術規范》(NY5332-2006)的(de)要求,對(dui)產地(di)的(de)灌(guan)溉(gai)用水進(jin)行監(jian)測,評(ping)價結果(guo)表明,葵花產地(di)灌(guan)溉(gai)水所監(jian)測項目檢測值均(jun)未(wei)見超標,判定灌(guan)溉(gai)水質(zhi)合格。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)情況:葵花種植(zhi)區屬(shu)中溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶大(da)(da)陸性季(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou)。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)455毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2.6℃,日(ri)(ri)照時數為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2600~2900小時,無霜期(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)125~145天(tian)(tian)。有效積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2682.8℃,晝夜溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差大(da)(da),利(li)于(yu)農作物碳水(shui)(shui)(shui)化合物和(he)蛋白質的(de)(de)(de)合成(cheng),光熱資源充(chong)足,是黑(hei)龍江省熱量(liang)最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)地區之一。該氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)(te)點為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)葵花的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)發育提供(gong)了極其有利(li)的(de)(de)(de)條件。 四季(ji)氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)(te)點是: 春季(ji)(3—5月(yue)(yue)(yue))回暖快(kuai),降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)少(shao),多大(da)(da)風,易干(gan)旱。三月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)零(ling)下(xia)5.8℃,五月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)13.5℃,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每月(yue)(yue)(yue)升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)10度(du)左右。3—5月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)49.2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),占(zhan)(zhan)年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)10.8%。 夏季(ji)(6-8)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)熱多雨。平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)21.8℃,最(zui)(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)(yue)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)27.3℃, 平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)28℃。全(quan)季(ji)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)≥30℃日(ri)(ri)數,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)19天(tian)(tian)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang) 雨量(liang)324.4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),七月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)雨量(liang)達(da)146.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。 秋(qiu)季(ji)(9—10月(yue)(yue)(yue))降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明顯,秋(qiu)霜早,降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)偏少(shao)多晴天(tian)(tian)。10月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)3.7℃,與9月(yue)(yue)(yue)13.1℃相比,降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)10度(du)左右。9—10月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)69.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),占(zhan)(zhan)年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)15.3%。 冬(dong)季(ji)(11—2月(yue)(yue)(yue))嚴寒漫長(chang),少(shao)雪干(gan)燥。11月(yue)(yue)(yue)初大(da)(da)地封凍(dong),嚴冬(dong)到來(lai),冬(dong)季(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)零(ling)下(xia)14.7℃,最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue))平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)零(ling)下(xia)19.2度(du),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)零(ling)下(xia)24.5℃,全(quan)季(ji)日(ri)(ri)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)≤零(ling)下(xia)30℃日(ri)(ri)數平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6天(tian)(tian),11-2月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)1.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),僅占(zhan)(zhan)年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)2.6%。年(nian)蒸發量(liang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1499.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),是降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)3.3倍。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)蒸發量(liang)是降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)7倍。毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)113.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),主要降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中在6-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)83%,年(nian)蒸發量(liang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1499.8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),是降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)13倍,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)蒸發量(liang)4.1。
(4)人(ren)文歷史情況(kuang):甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)位(wei)于黑(hei)龍(long)(long)江省西(xi)北部,大(da)興(xing)安嶺南(nan)(nan)麓與松嫩平原過(guo)(guo)渡地帶,是一(yi)個(ge)以(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)份,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)家(jia)扶貧(pin)工作(zuo)重點縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)幅員(yuan)面積4792平方公(gong)里,耕地面積278萬畝(mu),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)37萬人(ren)口,其中(zhong)(zhong)農業(ye)(ye)人(ren)口24萬。早在(zai)十(shi)九世紀(ji)50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)有了(le)(le)葵(kui)(kui)花(hua)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),到(dao)二十(shi)世紀(ji)50、60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)開(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)大(da)面積種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)葵(kui)(kui)花(hua)上有著傳統的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)習慣,并積累了(le)(le)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)經驗(yan)。長期以(yi)(yi)來(lai),甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)始(shi)終把選擇(ze)適宜我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),并能有效(xiao)抗御自然風險(xian)和市(shi)場風險(xian)的(de)(de)優(you)勢作(zuo)物(wu)和優(you)勢品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)加快農村經濟(ji)(ji)發展的(de)(de)一(yi)項重要工作(zuo)來(lai)抓。經過(guo)(guo)多年(nian)(nian)實(shi)踐,我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)確定(ding)發展葵(kui)(kui)花(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)導作(zuo)物(wu),并率(lv)先在(zai)1978年(nian)(nian)就成(cheng)立了(le)(le)專業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)(kui)研(yan)究所。該研(yan)究所育(yu)成(cheng)了(le)(le)有自主(zhu)(zhu)知(zhi)識產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)權的(de)(de)甘(gan)(gan)葵(kui)(kui)系列向(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)(kui)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),甘(gan)(gan)葵(kui)(kui)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不僅在(zai)甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)廣泛種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),而(er)且已(yi)推廣至東北向(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)(kui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區,尤其是甘(gan)(gan)葵(kui)(kui)2號(hao)的(de)(de)育(yu)成(cheng)獲(huo)得了(le)(le)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)第(di)七屆楊凌高新技術博覽(lan)會(hui)后稷(ji)金像獎(jiang)》、《齊齊哈爾市(shi)政府科(ke)技進步一(yi)等獎(jiang)》。2000年(nian)(nian)被中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之鄉(xiang)組(zu)委(wei)會(hui)命名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)向(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)(kui)之鄉(xiang)”。2004年(nian)(nian)吸引來(lai)了(le)(le)全國(guo)炒(chao)貨排(pai)行(xing)第(di)三的(de)(de)內蒙(meng)古知(zhi)心仁集團在(zai)甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)投資建(jian)廠。2005年(nian)(nian)又(you)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)商(shang)招商(shang)的(de)(de)形(xing)式吸引來(lai)全國(guo)炒(chao)貨排(pai)行(xing)第(di)一(yi)的(de)(de)華泰集團(洽(qia)洽(qia)瓜(gua)子(zi))來(lai)甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)做炒(chao)貨深加工。甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政府把葵(kui)(kui)花(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)富(fu)民(min)強(qiang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)優(you)勢主(zhu)(zhu)導產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)得以(yi)(yi)實(shi)現(xian),并形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)龍(long)(long)頭企業(ye)(ye)+科(ke)研(yan)+基地(農產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan))的(de)(de)發展模式。甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)葵(kui)(kui)花(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)發展農業(ye)(ye)經濟(ji)(ji)支柱產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye),以(yi)(yi)品(pin)牌(pai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先鋒,以(yi)(yi)科(ke)研(yan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)基礎,以(yi)(yi)公(gong)司(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)頭,以(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)日(ri)葵(kui)(kui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體,以(yi)(yi)市(shi)場為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)導向(xiang)(xiang),形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)專業(ye)(ye)化生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),基地化發展,龍(long)(long)頭企業(ye)(ye)牽動,內引外聯拓(tuo)寬(kuan)市(shi)場的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)鏈條。
三.地域范圍
甘南(nan)(nan)葵花(hua)籽主要分布在齊齊哈爾市甘南(nan)(nan)縣(xian)甘南(nan)(nan)鎮、中興鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、長山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、音河(he)鎮、興隆鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、寶(bao)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、平陽鎮、東(dong)陽鎮、巨寶(bao)鎮、查哈陽鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),地(di)(di)域保護范(fan)圍面(mian)積35000公頃(qing),其中葵花(hua)生(sheng)產面(mian)積為15000公頃(qing),年產量12萬噸。。地(di)(di)處東(dong)經122°54′?6″--124°28′12″,北緯47°25′7″—48°32′5″,東(dong)鄰嫩江、諾(nuo)敏河(he)與(yu)內(nei)蒙古的莫(mo)旗及我省富(fu)裕、訥河(he)相(xiang)望,南(nan)(nan)與(yu)齊齊哈爾市區及龍江為鄰,西北以成吉(ji)思汗邊壕與(yu)內(nei)蒙阿榮旗和(he)布旗為界(jie)。全(quan)縣(xian)轄五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)五(wu)鎮,95個行政村,611個自然屯(tun),37萬人。幅員面(mian)積4792平方公里,其中:耕(geng)地(di)(di)278萬畝,草原(yuan)112萬畝,可供(gong)開發的水面(mian)8.4萬畝。全(quan)縣(xian)水草豐(feng)盛(sheng)純凈,空氣清新,主水源的嫩江干流(liu)源于大興安嶺,無(wu)污染源,水質(zhi)好(hao),水量充沛。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)(wai)在感(gan)(gan)官特(te)征:劃定區域(yu)范圍內的葵花籽為(wei)食用型葵花籽,百粒重130g以上(shang)(shang)、籽仁率(lv)53%以上(shang)(shang)。籽實長錐型、色澤明(ming)亮、飽(bao)滿性好,空殼(ke)少,種皮多(duo)為(wei)白黑條(tiao)紋(wen),管狀花脫落部位有空隙便于(yu)嗑(ke)食,嗑(ke)食時果皮容易開裂為(wei)長條(tiao)型,不易破碎。熟(shu)制后口(kou)感(gan)(gan)酥脆、香氣純正,籽實外(wai)(wai)觀(guan)均勻一致,是(shi)做炒貨的優質 原(yuan)料(liao)。
(2)內在品質(zhi)指(zhi)標:甘南葵花(hua)籽(zi)含(han)(han)(han)有豐富的粗(cu)(cu)(cu)脂肪、粗(cu)(cu)(cu)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)、粗(cu)(cu)(cu)纖(xian)維、礦物(wu)質(zhi)和(he)維生素E。其(qi)中(zhong)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)脂肪和(he)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)配比適中(zhong),既保(bao)障(zhang)了(le)營(ying)養平(ping)衡配比,同時也(ye)保(bao)障(zhang)了(le)休閑食品的良(liang)好口感。每100kg葵花(hua)籽(zi)實產品中(zhong),粗(cu)(cu)(cu)脂肪含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)42%、粗(cu)(cu)(cu)蛋(dan)白含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)23%、粗(cu)(cu)(cu)纖(xian)維含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)1%、礦物(wu)質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)1%(其(qi)中(zhong)鉀(jia)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)700mg/100g,鐵含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)4mg/100g,磷含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)750mg/100g)、氨(an)(an)基(ji)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)25%(其(qi)中(zhong)谷氨(an)(an)酸含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)6%)、維生素E含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)5mg/100g。
(3)安(an)全(quan)要求:產(chan)(chan)地(di)環(huan)境符合NY5332-2006無公害(hai)食品(pin)。大(da)田作物產(chan)(chan)地(di)環(huan)境技術條(tiao)件,產(chan)(chan)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)衛生(sheng)指標(biao)(biao)優于國家標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)。整個(ge)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程均按(an)照我市(shi)制定的(de)無公害(hai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術規程進(jin)行生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)管理,產(chan)(chan)品(pin)檢測(ce)符合NY5319-2006無公害(hai)食品(pin)瓜子標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)要求。
五.特定生產方式
(1)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技術(shu)規(gui)程 ①范圍(wei) 本規(gui)程適(shi)用于(yu)甘(gan)(gan)南(nan)縣(xian)無(wu)公(gong)(gong)害(hai)綠(lv)色食品向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)葵(kui)生(sheng)產,規(gui)定了向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)葵(kui)生(sheng)產種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)處理(li)、選地(di)(di)、選茬(cha)、整地(di)(di)、施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)、田間(jian)管(guan)理(li)及(ji)收獲貯藏、產品質量等技 術(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)。 ②產地(di)(di)環(huan)境條件(jian) 產地(di)(di)環(huan)境條件(jian)應符合(he)NY/T391要(yao)求(qiu)。 A氣候 無(wu)霜期125天(tian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),年活動(dong)積溫(wen)2500℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang),年降(jiang)水(shui)量450mm以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。 B土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang) 產地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)元素(su)位于(yu)背景值正常區域,周圍(wei)沒有金屬(shu)或非(fei)金屬(shu)礦山(shan),無(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥 殘留(liu)污(wu)染,具有較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力,耕性良好,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)(shen)厚,排水(shui)良好,地(di)(di)勢平(ping)川漫崗(gang),有機(ji)質含(han)(han)量3.5%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),PH值為(wei)6.5—7.5。 ③產量構(gou)成指(zhi)標:每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)收向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)葵(kui)盤(pan)19000—20000個(ge)。單盤(pan)實粒(li)數1079—1168個(ge)。百粒(li)重(zhong)13.6—14.0g。 ④種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)選用處理(li) 品種(zhong)(zhong)選擇:甘(gan)(gan)葵(kui)二號(hao)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)純(chun)度(du)不(bu)低(di)于(yu)98%,凈(jing)度(du)不(bu)低(di)于(yu)98%,發(fa)芽(ya)率不(bu)低(di)于(yu)90%,含(han)(han)水(shui)量不(bu)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)12%。播(bo)前(qian)10天(tian)進(jin)(jin)行發(fa)芽(ya)試驗(yan)。播(bo)前(qian)4—5天(tian)進(jin)(jin)行人工精選種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),并曬種(zhong)(zhong)2—3天(tian)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有效鋅每(mei)千克小于(yu)0.5mg/kg時(shi)(shi),補硫酸(suan)鋅1.5kg/畝(mu)。 ⑤選地(di)(di)、選茬(cha)與整地(di)(di) 選擇耕層(ceng)深(shen)(shen)厚、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)、保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)及(ji)排水(shui)良好的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)。優(you)先選擇小麥、玉米、馬鈴(ling)薯茬(cha),輪(lun)作(zuo)期限5—7年。秋翻起(qi)壟,耕深(shen)(shen)20--23cm,達到無(wu)漏耕、無(wu)立(li)垡、無(wu)坷垃、及(ji)時(shi)(shi)夾施(shi)農(nong)(nong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)起(qi)壟,耕后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)鎮(zhen)壓(ya),壟距70--75cm。 ⑥施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 結(jie)合(he)整地(di)(di)每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)施(shi)用腐熟優(you)質農(nong)(nong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)30—45立(li)方米、施(shi)入經批準(zhun)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)量的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)100—150kg尿素(su)于(yu)葵(kui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)蕾(lei)期追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),杜絕(jue)用硝態氮。每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)施(shi)磷酸(suan)二銨187.5kg結(jie)合(he)整地(di)(di)做(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)入。每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)施(shi)硫酸(suan)鉀35--50kg做(zuo)底肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或種(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)用硼肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)拌種(zhong)(zhong),每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)用硼肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)7.5kg(硫酸(suan)鉀中氧(yang)化鉀含(han)(han)量大(da)于(yu)或等于(yu)50%)。 ⑦播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)了躲過結(jie)實期的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)雨高(gao)(gao)峰,降(jiang)低(di)菌核病(bing)(bing)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)率,減(jian)少危害(hai),一(yi)般在5月 10—15日(ri)(ri)(ri)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含(han)(han)水(shui)量低(di)于(yu)20%時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)坐水(shui)埯(an)種(zhong)(zhong),高(gao)(gao)于(yu)22%時(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)深(shen)(shen)5—7厘(li)米,做(zuo)到深(shen)(shen)淺一(yi)致,覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)均勻,鎮(zhen)壓(ya)后(hou)(hou)達到4—5厘(li)米。公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)保(bao)苗(miao)(miao)19000—20000株(zhu)。埯(an)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)播(bo)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)鎮(zhen)壓(ya);坐水(shui)埯(an)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)隔(ge)(ge)日(ri)(ri)(ri)鎮(zhen)壓(ya),機(ji)械播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)隨(sui)播(bo)隨(sui)鎮(zhen)壓(ya),做(zuo)到不(bu)漏壓(ya)、不(bu)拖堆。 ⑧田間(jian)管(guan)理(li) 出苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)查田,發(fa)現(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)塊(kuai)缺(que)苗(miao)(miao)斷條時(shi)(shi),立(li)即定向(xiang)坐水(shui)帶土(tu)(tu)(tu)補栽(zai)。一(yi)對真葉時(shi)(shi)間(jian)苗(miao)(miao),兩對真葉時(shi)(shi)定苗(miao)(miao)。出苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行鏟前(qian)深(shen)(shen)松或趟(tang)一(yi)犁。視土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑情于(yu)葵(kui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)(xian)蕾(lei)期至花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期及(ji)時(shi)(shi)灌溉(gai)。鏟頭遍地(di)(di)后(hou)(hou),每(mei)隔(ge)(ge)10天(tian)左右鏟趟(tang)一(yi)次,做(zuo)到三鏟三趟(tang)。輔助授粉,增放蜂源,每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)放蜂兩箱或人工輔助受粉。 ⑨病(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治 防(fang)(fang)(fang)治向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)葵(kui)螟(ming):當(dang)向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)葵(kui)螟(ming)成蟲盛發(fa)期每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)用赤眼蜂卡90個(ge),間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)3天(tian)分(fen)兩期均勻分(fen)布,用曲(qu)別針別在葉片的(de)(de)(de)背部(bu),利用赤眼蜂進(jin)(jin)行寄(ji)生(sheng)葵(kui)螟(ming)蟲卵。菌核病(bing)(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治:畝(mu)用50%乙稀菌核利每(mei)公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)750g噴霧。 ⑩收獲 莖(jing)稈、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤(pan)背部(bu)變(bian)黃褐色,舌狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)凋萎(wei),筒(tong)狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)枯(ku)萎(wei),籽實外殼變(bian)硬,現(xian)(xian)本色時(shi)(shi)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)收獲。收盤(pan)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)脫粒(li),嚴防(fang)(fang)(fang)大(da)堆堆放捂籽。脫粒(li)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)晾曬脫水(shui),嚴防(fang)(fang)(fang)捂堆。水(shui)分(fen)低(di)于(yu)12%時(shi)(shi),凈(jing)度(du)達95%時(shi)(shi),入庫保(bao)存或銷售。
(2)初(chu)級(ji)加工規程 原料預處理--振(zhen)篩--煮制--炕制--復(fu)烤(kao)(kao)--外噴(pen)香精--精揀--包裝 ①振(zhen)篩 A標準籽(zi)(zi)(zi):大(da)小、色(se)(se)澤(ze)均一(yi),顆粒飽滿(man),氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)(wei)正常。小籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤6%,癟(bie)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤1%,雜質≤1%,霉(mei)變(bian)≤4%,無(wu)(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變(bian)結團現象(xiang);B小籽(zi)(zi)(zi):無(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)籽(zi)(zi)(zi) 標準籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤2% 小籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤5%;C癟(bie)籽(zi)(zi)(zi):無(wu)(wu)(wu)標準籽(zi)(zi)(zi)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)籽(zi)(zi)(zi);D千粒重(zhong):130g以上。 ②煮制 瓜子(zi)(zi)殼白色(se)(se)斑紋上色(se)(se)并呈棕灰色(se)(se),含(han)水量(liang)45%以上,瓜籽(zi)(zi)(zi)表面脫(tuo)皮(pi)現象(xiang)不(bu)(bu)得(de)大(da)于1/10,入味(wei)(wei)充(chong)分,甜咸(xian)(xian)適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)(wu)(wu)發(fa)酸、發(fa)苦現象(xiang),無(wu)(wu)(wu)異(yi)味(wei)(wei)。 ③炕制色(se)(se)澤(ze)正常,甜咸(xian)(xian)適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)(wu)(wu)焦(jiao)(jiao)糊味(wei)(wei),火侯偏(pian)老(lao)≤1%,皮(pi)軟≤5%,粘牙(ya)(ya)≤20%。 ④復(fu)烤(kao)(kao) 香精味(wei)(wei)噴(pen)撒(sa)均勻,復(fu)烤(kao)(kao)后的(de)瓜子(zi)(zi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)焦(jiao)(jiao)糊味(wei)(wei),偏(pian)老(lao)≤3%,皮(pi)軟≤0.5%,粘 牙(ya)(ya)≤3%,甜咸(xian)(xian)適(shi)度,有(you)香瓜子(zi)(zi)特有(you)的(de)香味(wei)(wei)。 ⑤精選 A顏(yan)色(se)(se):色(se)(se)澤(ze)一(yi)致,基本保持葵花籽(zi)(zi)(zi)原有(you)色(se)(se)澤(ze)。 B形(xing)態:顆粒齊整,大(da)小均勻,籽(zi)(zi)(zi)粒飽滿(man)。 C籽(zi)(zi)(zi)仁:呈牙(ya)(ya)黃(huang)色(se)(se)。 D口(kou)(kou)(kou)味(wei)(wei):口(kou)(kou)(kou)感(gan)酥脆、甜咸(xian)(xian)味(wei)(wei)適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong),香氣(qi)(qi)純正、無(wu)(wu)(wu)異(yi)味(wei)(wei)。焦(jiao)(jiao)黃(huang)色(se)(se)、焦(jiao)(jiao)糊味(wei)(wei)、口(kou)(kou)(kou)感(gan)發(fa)硬、皮(pi)軟、粘牙(ya)(ya)、香氣(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)協調、偏(pian)咸(xian)(xian)、偏(pian)甜、有(you)苦味(wei)(wei)、酸味(wei)(wei)、澀味(wei)(wei)、口(kou)(kou)(kou)感(gan)單薄的(de)為不(bu)(bu)合(he)格品。 E合(he)格品的(de)具體(ti)質量(liang)指(zhi)標要求(qiu)如下: 千粒重(zhong)≥130g;蟲眼≤0.1%;霉(mei)變(bian)≤4%小籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤10%;癟(bie)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)≤1%;殘損(sun): 無(wu)(wu)(wu); 皮(pi)軟≤0.5%;粘牙(ya)(ya)≤3%;焦(jiao)(jiao)糊味(wei)(wei):無(wu)(wu)(wu);火侯偏(pian)老(lao)≤1%;口(kou)(kou)(kou)感(gan)發(fa)硬≤10%;脫(tuo)皮(pi)(超過整個瓜子(zi)(zi)面1/3)≤4%。 ⑥包裝 A計量(liang):應符合(he)公司允許的(de)稱量(liang)范圍; B封(feng)(feng)口(kou)(kou)(kou):整齊無(wu)(wu)(wu)外露現象(xiang),袋(dai)內氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)應熱排出,袋(dai)身無(wu)(wu)(wu)鼓脹(zhang)現象(xiang),無(wu)(wu)(wu)燙(tang)化、虛封(feng)(feng)、皺折(zhe)、夾卡(ka)現象(xiang);瓜子(zi)(zi)的(de)溫度必須低于40℃方可包裝; C印章:印章必須在指(zhi)定位置,平行整齊,不(bu)(bu)得(de)出現歪(wai)斜(xie)、倒刻(ke)、漏刻(ke)及(ji)錯刻(ke)現象(xiang); D噴(pen)碼:字體(ti)不(bu)(bu)得(de)有(you)歪(wai)斜(xie)、變(bian)形(xing)現象(xiang),不(bu)(bu)得(de)漏噴(pen),字體(ti)大(da)小,間距統一(yi); E箱內外規格、生產日期必須相(xiang)符,統一(yi),不(bu)(bu)同日期不(bu)(bu)得(de)混裝; F箱體(ti)封(feng)(feng)口(kou)(kou)(kou)平整,松緊適(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
地域范(fan)圍內的(de)生(sheng)產經(jing)營企(qi)業要(yao)按照《農產品(pin)(pin)地理(li)標(biao)(biao)志公共標(biao)(biao)識使用(yong)規(gui)范(fan)》的(de)要(yao)求和農業部(bu)農產品(pin)(pin)質量安全(quan)中(zhong)心(xin)公共標(biao)(biao)識授(shou)權規(gui)定(ding),在產品(pin)(pin)或產品(pin)(pin)包(bao)裝上(shang)正確使用(yong)全(quan)國統(tong)一的(de)公共標(biao)(biao)識。應(ying)建立標(biao)(biao)識使用(yong)管理(li)制度,對標(biao)(biao)識的(de)使用(yong)情況(kuang)如實記(ji)(ji)錄(lu),登記(ji)(ji)造冊(ce)并(bing)存(cun)檔,存(cun)期三年。葵花籽在運(yun)輸的(de)過程中(zhong)要(yao)遵守(shou)有關規(gui)定(ding),運(yun)輸要(yao)合理(li)。