產品介紹
湘西黃牛(niu)主產(chan)于(yu)湖(hu)南省湘西北地區。性情溫馴,耐(nai)粗飼、耐(nai)熱(re),體(ti)型中等(deng),發育勻稱,前軀略高(gao),肌肉發達(da)(da),骨骼結實,肩(jian)峰(feng)高(gao),頭短小(xiao),額寬闊,角形(xing)不一,頸細長(chang),頸垂(chui)大,胸部發達(da)(da),背腰(yao)平直,腰(yao)臀(tun)肌肉發達(da)(da),尾長(chang)而細,四肢筋腱明顯、強壯有力。毛色(se)一般以黃色(se)、褐(he)色(se)為(wei)(wei)主。成年公牛(niu)平均體(ti)重為(wei)(wei)334.3公斤,母牛(niu)為(wei)(wei)240.2公斤,屠宰率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)39-54.4%,凈肉率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)46.87%。
地域范圍
湘西(xi)黃牛是我國地方(fang)優(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)之(zhi)一。主(zhu)要分布在湖南(nan)省湘西(xi)自治州的(de)永順縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、花(hua)垣縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、龍山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、吉首(shou)市(shi)、瀘(lu)溪縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、古丈(zhang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、保(bao)靖縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),張家(jia)界的(de)慈利(li)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、永定區(qu)(qu)(qu),懷化的(de)新晃(huang),在湘中、湘南(nan)和湖北鄂西(xi)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)、重慶黔江(jiang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、貴州銅仁地區(qu)(qu)(qu)都(dou)有(you)零(ling)星分布。1982年4月,中國南(nan)方(fang)六省(市(shi))在鳳(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)召開黃牛優(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)鑒定會,確定湘西(xi)黃牛中心產區(qu)(qu)(qu)為鳳(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)柳薄鄉。2007年5月,經農(nong)業部批準,湘西(xi)黃牛保(bao)種(zhong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)為鳳(feng)凰(huang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)臘爾山區(qu)(qu)(qu)。
體型外貌
湘西黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)體(ti)格(ge)中(zhong)等,各部(bu)發育均稱(cheng),體(ti)軀(qu)較(jiao)短(duan)(duan)(duan),前高后低,肌肉發達(da),骨骼堅(jian)實,皮膚富有(you)(you)彈性。湘西黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)頭(tou)大小(xiao)適中(zhong),頭(tou)頂稍(shao)圓;公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭(tou)短(duan)(duan)(duan)額(e)寬,母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頭(tou)較(jiao)秀長。眼(yan)大有(you)(you)神,眼(yan)眶稍(shao)突出,有(you)(you)少數的(de)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)上(shang)眼(yan)瞼和嘴(zui)四(si)周(zhou)有(you)(you)黃白色(se)(se)毛,俗稱(cheng)“粉嘴(zui)畫(hua)眉”。耳薄且靈活(huo),鼻鏡寬,鼻孔(kong)大,嘴(zui)岔深。角(jiao)型(xing)公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)以龍門(men)角(jiao)、倒(dao)八字(zi)為多(duo),母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)多(duo)是龍門(men)角(jiao)、玲瓏角(jiao)、倒(dao)八字(zi)。湘西黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)頸部(bu)垂皮較(jiao)發達(da),公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)頸粗短(duan)(duan)(duan)而雄偉。前胸(xiong)開闊,鬢甲豐圓。公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)肩(jian)峰明顯,背腰平直短(duan)(duan)(duan)寬,腹(fu)大而不下(xia)垂。母(mu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)乳房不發達(da),公牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)睪丸顯露,大小(xiao)勻稱(cheng)。前肢正直,后肢彎(wan)曲,即(ji)所(suo)謂的(de)“前肢一(yi)支箭,后腿一(yi)張弓”,蹄(ti)質堅(jian)實,蹄(ti)以黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)居(ju)多(duo)。尾(wei)較(jiao)長,尾(wei)根較(jiao)粗且著生部(bu)位高、帚毛密而多(duo),越(yue)過飛節(jie)。全身毛色(se)(se)以黃色(se)(se)者(zhe)最多(duo),占80%以上(shang),粟色(se)(se)、黑(hei)色(se)(se)次(ci)之(zhi),雜色(se)(se)很少,一(yi)般體(ti)軀(qu)上(shang)部(bu)毛色(se)(se)深,腹(fu)脅及四(si)肢內側毛色(se)(se)較(jiao)淺,俗稱(cheng)“白漂襠(dang)”。
特定生產方式
本部(bu)分內容主要表述影響登(deng)記產(chan)品品質(zhi)、特(te)色形成和保持(chi)的特(te)定生產(chan)方式(shi):
1、產地(di)選(xuan)擇與特殊(shu)內容規定。湘西自(zi)治(zhi)州鳳凰(huang)縣、永順(shun)縣、龍山縣、吉首市、瀘(lu)溪縣、古(gu)丈縣、花垣(yuan)縣、保靖縣。
2、品(pin)種選擇(ze)與(yu)特定要(yao)求。湘西黃牛。
3、生產(chan)過程管理(li),包括農(nong)業投入品方面的特(te)殊使用規定。牛場地(di)勢(shi)高(gao)燥、背風(feng)向陽、地(di)下水位較低。牧草(cao)豐富,水源充足,水質(zhi)符合NY5027的要(yao)求。離(li)主要(yao)交通要(yao)道、村鎮工廠1km以(yi)上(shang)。飼(si)養管理(li),主要(yao)以(yi)放牧為(wei)主,或半放牧半舍(she)飼(si),成年母牛空懷期(qi),以(yi)粗料(liao)為(wei)主,適(shi)當搭配少量精料(liao),在青(qing)草(cao)期(qi),可全喂青(qing)草(cao)。妊(ren)娠(shen)至6個(ge)月,以(yi)優質(zhi)的青(qing)、粗飼(si)料(liao)為(wei)主,精料(liao)為(wei)輔。妊(ren)娠(shen)至7個(ge)月后,以(yi)青(qing)粗飼(si)料(liao)為(wei)主,適(shi)當搭配精料(liao),母牛每天喂2次或3次,每天飲水3次,冬季水溫不(bu)低于15℃為(wei)宜。
品種性能
湘西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)行動靈活,適于山地(di)耕田犁土,母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)平均(jun)挽力83.05公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),最大挽力1210-1235公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),為(wei)體(ti)重的3.37倍,長距(ju)離拉車試(shi)驗中,載重535公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),行程(cheng)34公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,往返時間7小時53分,其呼(hu)吸(xi)幅度平均(jun)在84-91次/分鐘。湘西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)性成熟期公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)518天,母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)476天,初(chu)配(pei)年(nian)(nian)齡(ling)母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)2.5歲(sui)(sui)(sui),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)3歲(sui)(sui)(sui),母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)生育期一般(ban)16年(nian)(nian),最長達(da)24年(nian)(nian),終(zhong)身產仔8-12頭,最多達(da)15頭,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種用年(nian)(nian)限為(wei)9-10歲(sui)(sui)(sui)。湘西(xi)黃牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)在農(nong)家飼養的條件(jian)下(xia),屠宰率(lv)(lv)與凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)率(lv)(lv)閹牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)最高,分別(bie)為(wei)52.45%和(he)43.11%,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)次之(zhi),平均(jun)為(wei)49.79%和(he)39.13%,母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)最低,平均(jun)為(wei)46.49%和(he)36.91%,總平均(jun)屠宰率(lv)(lv)為(wei)49.58%,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)率(lv)(lv)39.72%,骨肉(rou)比為(wei)1:4.28,眼(yan)肌(ji)面積閹牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)平均(jun)為(wei)51.28cm2。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)46.45cm2,母牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)42.53cm2,總平均(jun)46.75cm2。