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栽培歷史

銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)栽(zai)培(pei)距(ju)今(jin)(jin)(jin)己有(you)一(yi)(yi)千六百多年(nian)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)。《銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)志(zhi)·古跡(ji)》篇(pian)記載(zai)(zai):"仙(xian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，長山(shan)(shan)石(shi)竇中有(you)白牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)株(zhu)，高尺余，花二三(san)枝(zhi)，素艷絕麗。"相(xiang)傳為(wei)葛洪所種(zhong)。據(ju)考證，仙(xian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)似今(jin)(jin)(jin)銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)大面積栽(zai)培(pei)的(de)藥(yao)用品(pin)種(zhong)"鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白"。《銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)志(zhi)》卷十四中有(you)石(shi)洞(dong)村(cun)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)縣(xian)董店鄉)盛(sheng)嘉佑等人寫的(de)《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)宅(zhai)懷古》詩(shi)三(san)首。其中有(you):"籌邊持節(jie)善(shan)懷柔，西夏還轅(yuan)錫予(yu)優。一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)名(ming)花分(fen)御園，九重春色(se)滿贏州。"此時應為(wei)北宋時期。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)(jin)銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)所保(bao)留栽(zai)培(pei)的(de)"御園紅"，重瓣淺紅色(se)品(pin)種(zhong)，據(ju)盛(sheng)姓(xing)花農講，就是當(dang)年(nian)皇帝賜(si)給(gei)他們祖(zu)先(xian)的(de)。銅陵(ling)(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主要(yao)以生產藥(yao)材為(wei)主，品(pin)種(zhong)單一(yi)(yi)，集中種(zhong)植于鳳凰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)帶，其數(shu)量可為(wei)全國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)(yi)。有(you)關白牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)栽(zai)培(pei)，《巢(chao)縣(xian)志(zhi)》和，《無為(wei)市志(zhi)》均有(you)記載(zai)(zai)。至(zhi)今(jin)(jin)(jin)在(zai)巢(chao)湖市還有(you)宋時留傳下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)的(de)山(shan)(shan)崖牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，由于花色(se)雪白如(ru)玉，被稱(cheng)為(wei)"銀屏(ping)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)"，宋代時歐陽修在(zai)滁州任官時就對(dui)此株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)留下(xia)(xia)了詩(shi)句。這株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)特奇，千百年(nian)來(lai)(lai)，經當(dang)地(di)百姓(xing)觀察，每年(nian)"谷(gu)雨，，定開(kai)無疑(yi)，但綻開(kai)朵(duo)數(shu)卻有(you)講究。11-13朵(duo)則(ze)(ze)預示(shi)當(dang)年(nian)大澇，6-7朵(duo)則(ze)(ze)預示(shi)當(dang)年(nian)風(feng)調雨順，5朵(duo)以下(xia)(xia)則(ze)(ze)預示(shi)干旱。此外，安(an)(an)徽還有(you)寧國(guo)(guo)、歙縣(xian)等地(di)，歷(li)史(shi)上也曾盛(sheng)產牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。《寧國(guo)(guo)縣(xian)志(zhi)》載(zai)(zai):"寧國(guo)(guo)、蟠龍素產牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，以黃、白為(wei)貴，土人運(yun)往廣東，價重洛陽，洪楊亂(luan)后，所產甚稀，近陳氏(shi)商(shang)藝尚保(bao)存(cun)遺種(zhong)云(yun)。"總(zong)之,安(an)(an)徽牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主要(yao)是以生產藥(yao)材為(wei)主，其觀賞(shang)品(pin)種(zhong)數(shu)量相(xiang)對(dui)較少(shao)。

產地環境

鳳凰山地(di)區位于(yu)(yu)長(chang)江南(nan)岸，屬亞熱帶(dai)濕(shi)潤氣(qi)候，四季(ji)分明，雨(yu)量充(chong)沛，無霜期(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)，光照充(chong)足，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)為(wei)金沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(該土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)在分類學上(shang)(shang)命名為(wei)紅壤(rang)性麻砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu))，適宜丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮種(zhong)植(zhi)，且該地(di)區又無工(gong)業(ye)和(he)化(hua)肥農藥污染，植(zhi)保保護(hu)較(jiao)(jiao)好，所以(yi)種(zhong)出的(de)(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮質(zhi)量好，經濟價值高。鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)對土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)要求較(jiao)(jiao)高，只有(you)在此(ci)種(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)上(shang)(shang)生長(chang)出的(de)(de)品(pin)質(zhi)優良、藥性獨特的(de)(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮才(cai)稱之為(wei)鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)，由于(yu)(yu)符合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)金沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)面積和(he)獨特的(de)(de)氣(qi)候、環境(jing)條(tiao)件有(you)限，因(yin)此(ci)，長(chang)久以(yi)來，真正的(de)(de)鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植(zhi)一直限于(yu)(yu)一個較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)狹(xia)小的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)，鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮產(chan)量也十分有(you)限，更顯得出自原(yuan)產(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)正宗(zong)鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)彌足珍貴。

產量情況

銅陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植(zhi)歷史(shi)(shi)悠久，據史(shi)(shi)考，在崇禎年(nian)(nian)間(1628-1644年(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發(fa)(fa)展到相當規模，到清(qing)代(dai)，鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山的(de)(de)三條沖東山、西山地(di)區(qu)已發(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)國著名的(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)區(qu)，鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)名貴(gui)出(chu)(chu)口特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，據清(qing)代(dai)撰修的(de)(de)《銅陵(ling)(ling)縣志》把生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮列(lie)為(wei)(wei)本縣主(zhu)要(yao)物產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之一，"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜、蒜、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮之類，近亦間有服(fu)賈者(zhe)，但遠人(ren)市販者(zhe)居多"的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai)，同治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)間(1862~1872年(nian)(nian))銅陵(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮一度緊銷(xiao)(xiao)，鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮市價昂貴(gui)近達"萬斤稻谷(gu)易(yi)其(qi)擔"，清(qing)末(mo)民(min)初年(nian)(nian)間，是銅陵(ling)(ling)歷史(shi)(shi)上丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)鼎盛時期，1924~1926年(nian)(nian)間，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)曾達700噸(dun)(dun)，以后由于時局動蕩，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮運銷(xiao)(xiao)困(kun)難，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)下降，1949年(nian)(nian)銅陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸(dun)(dun)，解放后，人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)十(shi)分重視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，從1953年(nian)(nian)開始，牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)國家(jia)統(tong)一購銷(xiao)(xiao)物資，價格(ge)(ge)穩定(ding)，國內外需求量(liang)大，1985年(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積256.2公(gong)頃，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達113.9噸(dun)(dun)，1992年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮591噸(dun)(dun)，1995年(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮937噸(dun)(dun)，2000年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮1140噸(dun)(dun)，解放后至八十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮是由國家(jia)藥(yao)材(cai)公(gong)司統(tong)一收購、經銷(xiao)(xiao);進(jin)入九(jiu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)則有不(bu)少個(ge)體藥(yao)材(cai)經銷(xiao)(xiao)商參與(yu)經銷(xiao)(xiao)。1992年(nian)(nian)國家(jia)農業部授予新(xin)橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)凰山地(di)區(qu)中國南方(fang)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商品基(ji)地(di)，使我市丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮種(zhong)植(zhi)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)得到長(chang)足(zu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。目前已有一萬畝(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園，年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮1000噸(dun)(dun)，其(qi)中鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸(dun)(dun)，二(er)十(shi)世紀九(jiu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)末(mo)，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮受主(zhu)要(yao)出(chu)(chu)口地(di)區(qu)東南亞金融危機的(de)(de)影響，價格(ge)(ge)大跌。

成品丹皮

銅(tong)陵人栽(zai)培鳳丹(dan)主(zhu)要目(mu)的不是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)欣賞，而是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)獲取(qu)牡丹(dan)的根(gen)皮，也就是(shi)(shi)舉世(shi)聞名的珍貴(gui)中(zhong)藥材(cai)--丹(dan)皮。

丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)，具(ju)有舒筋(jin)活血(xue)、清淤、清熱、涼血(xue)、抗菌(jun)消(xiao)炎、鎮靜鎮痛(tong)、降血(xue)壓、抗痙攣、清熱化瘀(yu)等(deng)功效，還具(ju)有防腐(fu)功能，是名(ming)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中藥(yao)材。銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量最好(hao)、功效最佳，根(gen)(gen)條粗(cu)直、皮(pi)(pi)厚、粉性足，香氣濃(nong)、斷面呈白色。銅陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)早(zao)已馳名(ming)中外，為很多中成(cheng)藥(yao)必備藥(yao)材，在(zai)國際(ji)市(shi)場上(shang)也一(yi)直享有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲譽(yu)，鳳(feng)丹(dan)要經過四至五年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長期才(cai)能收獲，收獲一(yi)般(ban)均(jun)在(zai)每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秋末初冬時(shi)進行，因為在(zai)這個(ge)時(shi)候，鳳(feng)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地面上(shang)部(bu)分(fen)已經枯萎、養份都(dou)已集(ji)中在(zai)根(gen)(gen)部(bu)，藥(yao)農(nong)們(men)將鳳(feng)丹(dan)小心地挖出來，先掐(qia)去根(gen)(gen)須，除去泥(ni)土，曬干，然(ran)后再用手從(cong)較細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始(shi)，在(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰(ning)，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂，順(shun)勢抽出除去泥(ni)土，曬干，然(ran)后再用手從(cong)較細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始(shi)，在(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰(ning)，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂，順(shun)勢抽出木(mu)芯(xin)(xin)。抽出木(mu)芯(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)經過刮皮(pi)(pi)、分(fen)檢、包裝(zhuang)等(deng)道工(gong)序后，就(jiu)成(cheng)為成(cheng)品丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)了(le)。

藥用價值

鳳丹(dan)(dan)所含(han)的化學成(cheng)份有(you)芍藥(yao)甙、丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)(fen)、丹(dan)(dan)皮甙、丹(dan)(dan)皮多糖、苯甲酸(suan)、甾(zai)醇、揮發油等多種物(wu);其中丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)(fen)含(han)量的高低(di)是檢驗丹(dan)(dan)皮品質優(you)劣的主要指標，主要加工產品為丹(dan)(dan)皮酚(fen)(fen)，用來做抗心(xin)血管系(xi)統(tong)疾(ji)病(bing)的藥(yao)物(wu)，還可作為牙膏、香皂、花(hua)露水等日(ri)化產品添加劑，如食品防腐、衛(wei)生保健等方面大(da)有(you)市場潛(qian)力。

目前，應用(yong)丹皮已(yi)開(kai)發出了幾十個處方，同時，牡丹皮的藥(yao)用(yong)研(yan)究在化學成分、藥(yao)理作(zuo)用(yong)等方面，也取得了一定(ding)進展(zhan)，其(qi)抗脈(mo)粥樣硬化、降血(xue)壓(ya)、降血(xue)糖、抗驚厥、保肝、利(li)尿、抗菌消炎、心肌(ji)細胞保護，對血(xue)液流變性(xing)，對腦(nao)組織保護等作(zuo)用(yong)已(yi)被實(shi)驗研(yan)究所證實(shi)，為牡丹皮的進一步開(kai)發提供了實(shi)驗依據(ju)。

牡(mu)(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)(hua)含有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)營養(yang)物(wu)質，有(you)很高的(de)藥用價值(zhi)和(he)食用價值(zhi)。目(mu)前，食牡(mu)(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象隨(sui)處可見已(yi)日漸成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)種時尚，并形成(cheng)了許多(duo)配(pei)方，牡(mu)(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)(hua)做成(cheng)牡(mu)(mu)丹飲(yin)料、牡(mu)(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)(hua)茶(cha)、牡(mu)(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)(hua)酒(jiu)、牡(mu)(mu)丹醬(jiang)及牡(mu)(mu)丹鮮(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)糕點(dian)，食用不僅有(you)保健功能(neng)，而(er)且可食用花(hua)(hua)(hua)香濃(nong)郁(yu)的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣。經過多(duo)年摸索，已(yi)制定出完(wan)善的(de)配(pei)方和(he)完(wan)備的(de)工藝流程。目(mu)前牡(mu)(mu)丹鮮(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)月餅及牡(mu)(mu)丹醬(jiang)已(yi)批量生(sheng)產。

保護范圍

為安(an)徽省銅陵縣順(shun)安(an)鎮(zhen)、鐘鳴鎮(zhen)和蕪(wu)湖市南陵縣何灣鎮(zhen)等3個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)現轄(xia)行(xing)政區域。