栽培歷史
銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)的牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)栽(zai)培距(ju)今(jin)(jin)己有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千六百(bai)多年(nian)(nian)的歷史。《銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣志(zhi)·古跡(ji)》篇(pian)記載:"仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),長(chang)山(shan)石(shi)竇中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)白(bai)(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)株,高尺余,花(hua)二三(san)枝,素(su)艷絕麗。"相傳(chuan)為葛(ge)洪所(suo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據(ju)考證(zheng),仙牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)相似今(jin)(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)大(da)面積栽(zai)培的藥(yao)用(yong)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)"鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)"。《銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣志(zhi)》卷十四中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)石(shi)洞村(今(jin)(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣董店鄉)盛嘉佑(you)等(deng)人寫(xie)的《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)宅懷古》詩(shi)(shi)三(san)首。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you):"籌邊持節善(shan)懷柔(rou),西夏還轅(yuan)錫予優。一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)花(hua)分御(yu)園,九重春色(se)滿贏(ying)州(zhou)。"此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應為北宋(song)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)所(suo)保留栽(zai)培的"御(yu)園紅",重瓣淺紅色(se)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),據(ju)盛姓花(hua)農講(jiang),就是當(dang)年(nian)(nian)皇帝賜給(gei)他(ta)們祖先(xian)的。銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)主要以(yi)(yi)生產(chan)藥(yao)材(cai)為主,品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)單一(yi)(yi)(yi),集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植于(yu)鳳凰山(shan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶,其(qi)數量可為全國第一(yi)(yi)(yi)。有(you)關白(bai)(bai)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)的栽(zai)培,《巢縣志(zhi)》和(he),《無為市(shi)志(zhi)》均(jun)有(you)記載。至今(jin)(jin)在巢湖市(shi)還有(you)宋(song)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)留傳(chuan)下(xia)來的山(shan)崖牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),由于(yu)花(hua)色(se)雪白(bai)(bai)如(ru)玉,被稱(cheng)為"銀屏牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)",宋(song)代時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歐陽修在滁(chu)州(zhou)任官時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就對(dui)此(ci)株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)留下(xia)了(le)詩(shi)(shi)句。這株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)特奇,千百(bai)年(nian)(nian)來,經當(dang)地(di)百(bai)姓觀察,每年(nian)(nian)"谷雨(yu),,定開無疑(yi),但綻開朵(duo)數卻(que)有(you)講(jiang)究。11-13朵(duo)則預(yu)示(shi)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)大(da)澇,6-7朵(duo)則預(yu)示(shi)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)風調雨(yu)順,5朵(duo)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)則預(yu)示(shi)干旱(han)。此(ci)外,安徽還有(you)寧國、歙縣等(deng)地(di),歷史上也曾(ceng)盛產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)。《寧國縣志(zhi)》載:"寧國、蟠龍素(su)產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),以(yi)(yi)黃、白(bai)(bai)為貴,土(tu)人運往廣東,價重洛陽,洪楊亂(luan)后,所(suo)產(chan)甚稀,近(jin)陳氏商藝尚(shang)保存遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)云。"總之,安徽牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)主要是以(yi)(yi)生產(chan)藥(yao)材(cai)為主,其(qi)觀賞品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量相對(dui)較(jiao)少。
產地環境
鳳(feng)凰山(shan)地區(qu)位于長江南岸,屬亞熱(re)帶濕潤氣候,四季分(fen)明,雨量充沛,無霜期較長,光照(zhao)充足,土(tu)質(zhi)為(wei)(wei)金沙(sha)土(tu)質(zhi)(該土(tu)質(zhi)在分(fen)類學上命名為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)壤性(xing)(xing)麻砂土(tu)),適(shi)宜(yi)丹(dan)皮種植(zhi),且該地區(qu)又(you)無工(gong)業和化肥農藥(yao)污(wu)染,植(zhi)保(bao)保(bao)護較好,所以(yi)種出(chu)的(de)丹(dan)皮質(zhi)量好,經濟價值高。鳳(feng)丹(dan)對(dui)土(tu)壤要求(qiu)較高,只有在此(ci)種土(tu)壤上生長出(chu)的(de)品(pin)質(zhi)優良(liang)、藥(yao)性(xing)(xing)獨(du)特的(de)丹(dan)皮才(cai)稱之為(wei)(wei)鳳(feng)丹(dan),由于符合條件的(de)金沙(sha)土(tu)質(zhi)面積和獨(du)特的(de)氣候、環境(jing)條件有限(xian)(xian),因(yin)此(ci),長久以(yi)來,真正的(de)鳳(feng)丹(dan)種植(zhi)一直(zhi)限(xian)(xian)于一個較為(wei)(wei)狹小的(de)范圍內,鳳(feng)丹(dan)皮產(chan)量也十分(fen)有限(xian)(xian),更顯得(de)出(chu)自原產(chan)地的(de)正宗鳳(feng)丹(dan)彌足珍貴。
產量情況
銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植歷史(shi)悠(you)久(jiu),據史(shi)考(kao),在崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)地(di)區的(de)(de)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產發展到相當規(gui)模(mo),到清代,鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)三條沖東山(shan)(shan)、西山(shan)(shan)地(di)區已發展成(cheng)為全國(guo)著名的(de)(de)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產地(di)區,鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)成(cheng)為名貴(gui)出口(kou)特產,據清代撰修(xiu)的(de)(de)《銅(tong)陵(ling)縣志》把生(sheng)(sheng)產牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)列為本縣主要(yao)物產之一(yi)(yi)(yi),"邑(yi)產、姜、蒜、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)之類,近亦間有(you)服賈(jia)者,但遠人市販者居多"的(de)(de)記載,同治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian))銅(tong)陵(ling)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)度(du)緊銷(xiao),鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)市價(jia)昂貴(gui)近達"萬斤稻谷易其擔",清末(mo)民初年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,是銅(tong)陵(ling)歷史(shi)上丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)鼎盛時期(qi),1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,產量曾達700噸,以后由于時局(ju)動蕩,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)運銷(xiao)困(kun)難,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)產量逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)下降,1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產21噸,解(jie)放(fang)后,人民政(zheng)府十分重視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產,從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始,牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)產列為國(guo)家(jia)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)購(gou)銷(xiao)物資(zi),價(jia)格(ge)穩定,國(guo)內外需求(qiu)量大,1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植面積256.2公(gong)頃,產量達113.9噸,1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)產丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸,1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸,2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)產丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸,解(jie)放(fang)后至八十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是由國(guo)家(jia)藥材(cai)(cai)公(gong)司統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)收(shou)購(gou)、經銷(xiao);進入九(jiu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代則有(you)不少個體藥材(cai)(cai)經銷(xiao)商(shang)參與經銷(xiao)。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)家(jia)農業部授予新橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)地(di)區中國(guo)南方牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商(shang)品基地(di),使我市丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)種(zhong)植及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產得到長足的(de)(de)發展。目前已有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)萬畝生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園(yuan),年(nian)(nian)(nian)產牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸,其中鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸,二十世紀九(jiu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代末(mo),丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)受主要(yao)出口(kou)地(di)區東南亞金融危機的(de)(de)影響,價(jia)格(ge)大跌。
成品丹皮
銅(tong)陵人(ren)栽培鳳丹主要目的(de)不是(shi)為(wei)了欣賞,而是(shi)為(wei)了獲取牡丹的(de)根皮,也就是(shi)舉世聞名的(de)珍貴中藥材(cai)--丹皮。
丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi),具(ju)有(you)(you)舒筋活血(xue)、清(qing)淤、清(qing)熱、涼血(xue)、抗菌消炎(yan)、鎮(zhen)靜鎮(zhen)痛、降血(xue)壓、抗痙攣(luan)、清(qing)熱化瘀等功效(xiao),還具(ju)有(you)(you)防腐(fu)功能,是名貴(gui)的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥材。銅陵鳳(feng)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)質量最(zui)好、功效(xiao)最(zui)佳,根(gen)(gen)(gen)條粗直、皮(pi)(pi)厚、粉性(xing)足,香氣濃、斷面呈白色。銅陵鳳(feng)丹(dan)早已(yi)(yi)馳名中(zhong)外,為(wei)很(hen)多中(zhong)成藥必備藥材,在國際市場(chang)上也(ye)一直享有(you)(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)聲(sheng)譽,鳳(feng)丹(dan)要經過四至(zhi)五年的(de)(de)生(sheng)長期才能收(shou)獲(huo),收(shou)獲(huo)一般均在每年的(de)(de)秋末初冬時(shi)進行,因為(wei)在這(zhe)個時(shi)候,鳳(feng)丹(dan)的(de)(de)地面上部(bu)(bu)分已(yi)(yi)經枯(ku)萎、養(yang)份都已(yi)(yi)集中(zhong)在根(gen)(gen)(gen)部(bu)(bu),藥農們將鳳(feng)丹(dan)小心地挖出(chu)來,先掐去根(gen)(gen)(gen)須,除(chu)去泥(ni)(ni)土,曬(shai)干,然后(hou)(hou)再用手從較細的(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)(gen)開始(shi),在粗端(duan)扭擰(ning),使根(gen)(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie),順勢抽出(chu)除(chu)去泥(ni)(ni)土,曬(shai)干,然后(hou)(hou)再用手從較細的(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)(gen)開始(shi),在粗端(duan)扭擰(ning),使根(gen)(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie),順勢抽出(chu)木(mu)芯(xin)。抽出(chu)木(mu)芯(xin)的(de)(de)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)經過刮(gua)皮(pi)(pi)、分檢、包裝等道工序后(hou)(hou),就(jiu)成為(wei)成品(pin)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)了。
藥用價值
鳳丹所含(han)(han)的化(hua)學成份有芍藥甙(dai)、丹皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)、丹皮(pi)(pi)甙(dai)、丹皮(pi)(pi)多糖、苯甲(jia)酸、甾醇、揮(hui)發(fa)油(you)等(deng)多種物;其中丹皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)含(han)(han)量的高低是檢驗(yan)丹皮(pi)(pi)品質優劣的主要指標,主要加工產品為(wei)丹皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen),用來做抗心血管(guan)系統疾病的藥物,還(huan)可(ke)作為(wei)牙膏、香(xiang)皂、花(hua)露水等(deng)日化(hua)產品添加劑,如食品防腐(fu)、衛生(sheng)保健等(deng)方(fang)面大有市(shi)場(chang)潛力(li)。
目前(qian),應用丹皮(pi)已開(kai)發(fa)出了幾十個(ge)處(chu)方(fang),同(tong)時,牡丹皮(pi)的(de)藥(yao)用研究在(zai)化(hua)學成分、藥(yao)理作用等方(fang)面,也(ye)取得了一(yi)定(ding)進展,其抗(kang)脈(mo)粥樣硬化(hua)、降血壓、降血糖、抗(kang)驚(jing)厥、保肝、利尿、抗(kang)菌消炎、心肌細胞保護(hu),對(dui)(dui)血液(ye)流變性(xing),對(dui)(dui)腦組(zu)織(zhi)保護(hu)等作用已被實驗研究所證實,為牡丹皮(pi)的(de)進一(yi)步(bu)開(kai)發(fa)提供了實驗依(yi)據。
牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)含有(you)(you)豐富的營養物質,有(you)(you)很高的藥用價值和食(shi)用價值。目前,食(shi)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)現(xian)象(xiang)隨處可見已日漸成為一種時尚(shang),并形(xing)成了許多配(pei)方,牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)做成牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)飲料、牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)茶、牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)酒(jiu)、牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)醬(jiang)(jiang)及(ji)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)(hua)(hua)糕點,食(shi)用不僅有(you)(you)保健功能,而且可食(shi)用花(hua)(hua)(hua)香(xiang)濃(nong)郁的花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣。經過多年摸索,已制定(ding)出完(wan)善的配(pei)方和完(wan)備的工(gong)藝流程。目前牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮花(hua)(hua)(hua)月餅及(ji)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)醬(jiang)(jiang)已批量(liang)生(sheng)產。
保護范圍
為安徽省銅陵(ling)縣(xian)順安鎮(zhen)、鐘(zhong)鳴鎮(zhen)和(he)蕪湖(hu)市(shi)南陵(ling)縣(xian)何(he)灣鎮(zhen)等(deng)3個鄉鎮(zhen)現轄(xia)行(xing)政區域(yu)。