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栽培歷史

銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)的(de)(de)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)栽培距今己有一(yi)千(qian)(qian)六百(bai)多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)。《銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣志(zhi)·古(gu)(gu)跡》篇記(ji)載(zai):"仙牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，長山(shan)(shan)石(shi)竇中(zhong)有白牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)一(yi)株(zhu)，高尺余(yu)，花(hua)二三(san)枝，素艷絕麗。"相(xiang)傳為(wei)(wei)(wei)葛洪所(suo)種(zhong)。據(ju)考證，仙牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)相(xiang)似今銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)大面積栽培的(de)(de)藥(yao)用品(pin)種(zhong)"鳳丹(dan)(dan)白"。《銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣志(zhi)》卷十(shi)四(si)中(zhong)有石(shi)洞村(今銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣董店(dian)鄉)盛(sheng)嘉佑等(deng)人(ren)(ren)寫的(de)(de)《牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)宅懷(huai)古(gu)(gu)》詩(shi)三(san)首(shou)。其(qi)中(zhong)有:"籌(chou)邊(bian)持節(jie)善懷(huai)柔，西夏還(huan)轅錫予(yu)優。一(yi)種(zhong)名花(hua)分御園(yuan)，九重(zhong)春(chun)色滿(man)贏州。"此(ci)時應(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)宋(song)時期(qi)。如今銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)所(suo)保留(liu)栽培的(de)(de)"御園(yuan)紅(hong)"，重(zhong)瓣淺紅(hong)色品(pin)種(zhong)，據(ju)盛(sheng)姓花(hua)農講，就(jiu)是當年(nian)(nian)皇帝(di)賜(si)給他們祖先的(de)(de)。銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)生產(chan)藥(yao)材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，品(pin)種(zhong)單一(yi)，集中(zhong)種(zhong)植于(yu)鳳凰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)帶，其(qi)數(shu)量可(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)全國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)。有關白牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)栽培，《巢縣志(zhi)》和(he)，《無為(wei)(wei)(wei)市(shi)志(zhi)》均(jun)有記(ji)載(zai)。至(zhi)今在(zai)巢湖市(shi)還(huan)有宋(song)時留(liu)傳下(xia)來的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)崖牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，由于(yu)花(hua)色雪白如玉，被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)"銀(yin)屏牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)"，宋(song)代時歐陽修在(zai)滁州任(ren)官時就(jiu)對此(ci)株(zhu)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)留(liu)下(xia)了詩(shi)句。這(zhe)株(zhu)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)特奇(qi)，千(qian)(qian)百(bai)年(nian)(nian)來，經當地(di)百(bai)姓觀察(cha)，每年(nian)(nian)"谷雨(yu)，，定開(kai)無疑，但(dan)綻開(kai)朵數(shu)卻有講究。11-13朵則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)當年(nian)(nian)大澇，6-7朵則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)當年(nian)(nian)風調雨(yu)順，5朵以(yi)下(xia)則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)干(gan)旱。此(ci)外，安徽還(huan)有寧(ning)國(guo)(guo)、歙縣等(deng)地(di)，歷史(shi)上也曾盛(sheng)產(chan)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)。《寧(ning)國(guo)(guo)縣志(zhi)》載(zai):"寧(ning)國(guo)(guo)、蟠龍素產(chan)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，以(yi)黃、白為(wei)(wei)(wei)貴，土人(ren)(ren)運往廣(guang)東(dong)，價重(zhong)洛陽，洪楊亂后，所(suo)產(chan)甚稀，近陳氏商藝(yi)尚保存(cun)遺種(zhong)云。"總之(zhi),安徽牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)主(zhu)要(yao)是以(yi)生產(chan)藥(yao)材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，其(qi)觀賞品(pin)種(zhong)數(shu)量相(xiang)對較(jiao)少(shao)。

產地環境

鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)區位于(yu)長(chang)江南岸，屬亞熱(re)帶濕潤氣候(hou)，四季分(fen)明，雨量充(chong)沛，無(wu)霜(shuang)期較長(chang)，光照充(chong)足(zu)，土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)金沙(sha)土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(該(gai)土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)在分(fen)類(lei)學上命名為(wei)紅壤(rang)(rang)性(xing)麻砂(sha)土(tu))，適宜(yi)丹(dan)皮種(zhong)植(zhi)，且該(gai)地(di)(di)(di)區又無(wu)工業和化肥農藥污染，植(zhi)保保護較好(hao)，所以種(zhong)出(chu)的(de)丹(dan)皮質(zhi)(zhi)量好(hao)，經(jing)濟價值高。鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)要求較高，只有(you)在此種(zhong)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)上生長(chang)出(chu)的(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)優良、藥性(xing)獨(du)特(te)的(de)丹(dan)皮才(cai)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)，由于(yu)符(fu)合條(tiao)件的(de)金沙(sha)土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積和獨(du)特(te)的(de)氣候(hou)、環境條(tiao)件有(you)限，因(yin)此，長(chang)久以來，真(zhen)正的(de)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)種(zhong)植(zhi)一直限于(yu)一個較為(wei)狹小的(de)范圍內，鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)皮產量也(ye)十分(fen)有(you)限，更(geng)顯得(de)出(chu)自原產地(di)(di)(di)的(de)正宗鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)彌足(zu)珍貴。

產量情況

銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植歷史(shi)悠久(jiu)，據(ju)史(shi)考(kao)，在崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)(feng)凰山(shan)地(di)區(qu)的(de)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)發展(zhan)到相當規模，到清代(dai)(dai)，鳳(feng)(feng)凰山(shan)的(de)三條沖(chong)東山(shan)、西(xi)山(shan)地(di)區(qu)已發展(zhan)成為(wei)全國(guo)著(zhu)名的(de)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)區(qu)，鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也(ye)成為(wei)名貴出口特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan)，據(ju)清代(dai)(dai)撰修的(de)《銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)志》把生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)列(lie)為(wei)本縣(xian)主要(yao)物(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)之一，"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜、蒜、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)之類，近亦間有(you)服賈者，但遠(yuan)人市販者居多"的(de)記載，同治年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)一度緊銷(xiao)，鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)市價昂貴近達"萬斤稻谷(gu)易其擔"，清末民初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間，是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)歷史(shi)上丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)鼎盛時(shi)期(qi)，1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間，產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)曾(ceng)達700噸(dun)(dun)，以(yi)后由于時(shi)局動蕩，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)運(yun)銷(xiao)困難，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)下降(jiang)，1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸(dun)(dun)，解放后，人民政府十分重(zhong)視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)，從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)開始，牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)統(tong)(tong)一購銷(xiao)物(wu)資，價格(ge)穩定(ding)，國(guo)內外需求量(liang)大，1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植面積256.2公(gong)頃，產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達113.9噸(dun)(dun)，1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸(dun)(dun)，1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸(dun)(dun)，2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸(dun)(dun)，解放后至八(ba)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是(shi)由國(guo)家(jia)藥(yao)材公(gong)司(si)統(tong)(tong)一收購、經(jing)銷(xiao);進入(ru)九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)則有(you)不(bu)少個體藥(yao)材經(jing)銷(xiao)商參(can)與經(jing)銷(xiao)。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)家(jia)農業部授(shou)予新(xin)橋鎮(zhen)鳳(feng)(feng)凰山(shan)地(di)區(qu)中國(guo)南(nan)方(fang)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商品基地(di)，使(shi)我(wo)市丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)種(zhong)植及生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)得到長(chang)足的(de)發展(zhan)。目前已有(you)一萬畝生(sheng)態牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸(dun)(dun)，其中鳳(feng)(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸(dun)(dun)，二十世紀九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)末，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)受主要(yao)出口地(di)區(qu)東南(nan)亞金融(rong)危機的(de)影響，價格(ge)大跌。

成品丹皮

銅陵人栽(zai)培鳳丹(dan)(dan)主要目的(de)不是為了欣賞(shang)，而(er)是為了獲取牡丹(dan)(dan)的(de)根皮，也就是舉(ju)世聞名的(de)珍貴(gui)中(zhong)藥材--丹(dan)(dan)皮。

丹(dan)皮，具有(you)舒筋活血、清(qing)淤、清(qing)熱、涼血、抗(kang)(kang)菌消炎、鎮靜鎮痛、降血壓(ya)、抗(kang)(kang)痙攣、清(qing)熱化瘀等功(gong)效，還具有(you)防腐功(gong)能，是名(ming)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材。銅(tong)陵鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)皮的(de)(de)(de)質量最(zui)(zui)好(hao)、功(gong)效最(zui)(zui)佳，根(gen)(gen)(gen)條粗直、皮厚、粉性足，香氣濃(nong)、斷面呈白色。銅(tong)陵鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)早(zao)已馳名(ming)中(zhong)外，為(wei)很(hen)多中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)必備藥(yao)材，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)際市(shi)場上也一(yi)直享有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)聲譽，鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)要(yao)經過四至五年的(de)(de)(de)生長期才能收(shou)獲，收(shou)獲一(yi)般(ban)均在(zai)(zai)(zai)每年的(de)(de)(de)秋末初冬時(shi)(shi)進行，因為(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個時(shi)(shi)候，鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)地面上部分(fen)已經枯萎、養份都已集中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)根(gen)(gen)(gen)部，藥(yao)農們將(jiang)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)丹(dan)小(xiao)心地挖(wa)出來(lai)，先掐去根(gen)(gen)(gen)須，除去泥土(tu)，曬干，然后(hou)再用手從較細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)側(ce)根(gen)(gen)(gen)開始，在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗端扭擰(ning)，使根(gen)(gen)(gen)皮破裂(lie)，順(shun)勢抽(chou)出除去泥土(tu)，曬干，然后(hou)再用手從較細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)側(ce)根(gen)(gen)(gen)開始，在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗端扭擰(ning)，使根(gen)(gen)(gen)皮破裂(lie)，順(shun)勢抽(chou)出木(mu)芯(xin)。抽(chou)出木(mu)芯(xin)的(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)皮經過刮皮、分(fen)檢、包(bao)裝等道工序(xu)后(hou)，就(jiu)成(cheng)為(wei)成(cheng)品丹(dan)皮了(le)。

藥用價值

鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)所(suo)含的化學成份有芍藥甙、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)甙、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)多(duo)糖、苯甲酸、甾醇、揮發(fa)油等多(duo)種物(wu);其中丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚含量的高低是檢驗(yan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)品(pin)質優劣的主(zhu)要(yao)指標，主(zhu)要(yao)加(jia)工產(chan)品(pin)為(wei)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)酚，用(yong)來做抗心(xin)血管系統疾病的藥物(wu)，還可(ke)作為(wei)牙膏、香皂、花露水(shui)等日化產(chan)品(pin)添加(jia)劑，如食品(pin)防腐、衛生保健(jian)等方面大有市(shi)場潛(qian)力。

目前(qian)，應(ying)用(yong)丹(dan)皮已開發出了(le)幾(ji)十個(ge)處(chu)方，同時，牡丹(dan)皮的藥(yao)用(yong)研(yan)究(jiu)在(zai)化學成分、藥(yao)理作用(yong)等方面，也取得了(le)一定進展(zhan)，其(qi)抗脈粥樣硬化、降血壓、降血糖、抗驚厥、保肝、利(li)尿、抗菌消炎、心(xin)肌細胞(bao)保護，對血液流(liu)變性，對腦組(zu)織(zhi)保護等作用(yong)已被實驗研(yan)究(jiu)所證實，為牡丹(dan)皮的進一步(bu)開發提供了(le)實驗依據。

牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)含有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)營養物質，有(you)很高(gao)的(de)藥用價值和食用價值。目(mu)前(qian)，食牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)現象隨處可(ke)(ke)見已(yi)日漸成為一種時尚，并(bing)形成了許多配方，牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)做(zuo)成牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)飲料、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)茶、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)花(hua)酒、牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)醬及(ji)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮(xian)花(hua)糕點，食用不僅(jin)有(you)保健功能，而且可(ke)(ke)食用花(hua)香濃(nong)郁(yu)的(de)花(hua)瓣。經過多年(nian)摸索，已(yi)制定出完善的(de)配方和完備(bei)的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)流程。目(mu)前(qian)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)鮮(xian)花(hua)月餅及(ji)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)醬已(yi)批量(liang)生產。

保護范圍

為安(an)徽省銅陵縣順安(an)鎮(zhen)、鐘鳴鎮(zhen)和蕪(wu)湖(hu)市南陵縣何灣鎮(zhen)等(deng)3個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)現轄行(xing)政區域(yu)。