茶區概況
汀(ting)溪蘭(lan)香茶(cha)原產于涇縣汀(ting)溪鄉大坑村,這(zhe)里山(shan)高林密,幽(you)谷縱橫,土壤(rang)肥沃,氣候(hou)溫(wen)和,“晴時早晚遍(bian)地霧,陰(yin)雨成天滿山(shan)云(yun)”。生長在(zai)這(zhe)群峰環抱中的(de)茶(cha)樹,常年以(yi)山(shan)花為(wei)(wei)伴(ban),白云(yun)為(wei)(wei)友,清泉為(wei)(wei)鄰。優越的(de)生態環境孕育(yu)出肥嫩滴翠的(de)茶(cha)芽,再經過精心采制(zhi),就(jiu)成為(wei)(wei)香高味醇的(de)名茶(cha)了。
涇縣(xian)是安徽省的(de)一個老茶區,尖(jian)茶是傳(chuan)(chuan)統產品(pin)。遠在唐宋(song)年代,就曾出過白云蘭片(pian)(pian)、梅花片(pian)(pian)、涂(tu)尖(jian)等類的(de)名(ming)貴(gui)茶葉。傳(chuan)(chuan)說清(qing)朝皇帝六下南途經(jing)寧(ning)國府時(shi),知(zhi)府大人獻下涇縣(xian)汀(ting)溪產的(de)貢尖(jian)款待,飲后贊不絕(jue)口,吩咐隨從多多帶上,以便(bian)途中飲用。
清(qing)朝末年,涇縣汀溪、愛民等(deng)地的(de)尖茶已暢(chang)銷沿江各大城(cheng)市,還(huan)曾成批出口東南亞一帶(dai),故而當時(shi)尖茶又被稱(cheng)(cheng)之為“洋尖”。清(qing)朝學者胡聳孫稱(cheng)(cheng)譽其為“瑞(rui)草葳(wei)蕤(rui),南國無雙。”
涇(jing)縣尖茶現主要產于涇(jing)縣東南(nan)部(bu)(bu)山區的(de)(de)愛民、南(nan)容、汀(ting)溪(xi)、銅(tong)山、晏公(gong)、陳(chen)村等鄉鎮(zhen)。這些地(di)(di)區多為黃山山脈的(de)(de)余峰分部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)帶,山高林密(mi),溪(xi)流(liu)瀠洄,氣候溫濕,“晴時早晚遍地(di)(di)霧(wu),陰(yin)(yin)雨成天(tian)滿(man)山云”,土(tu)壤較(jiao)肥沃。其(qi)中(zhong)以受民的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)尖、南(nan)容的(de)(de)濂長、汀(ting)溪(xi)的(de)(de)大坑(keng)、銅(tong)山的(de)(de)麻(ma)嶺(ling)、晏公(gong)的(de)(de)茶沖、陳(chen)村的(de)(de)里塢(wu)坑(keng)等地(di)(di)所產尖茶品質(zhi)最好。
汀溪(xi)(xi)蘭(lan)香(xiang)產于涇縣(xian)汀溪(xi)(xi)大坑,當(dang)地四季山清水秀。長年云(yun)霧繚繞。每(mei)當(dang)春季來臨,山上蘭(lan)花競相開放,縷縷馨香(xiang)遍布(bu)全境,在此生長的茶(cha)葉具(ju)有蘭(lan)花之(zhi)馨香(xiang)。
發展歷史
“汀(ting)溪(xi)蘭香”茶(cha)(cha)創制于(yu)1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由陳椽教(jiao)授親(qin)自(zi)創制并題名(ming)的尖(jian)茶(cha)(cha)類(lei)名(ming)茶(cha)(cha)精(jing)品(pin)。已十多次(ci)榮獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內外評(ping)(ping)比(bi)大(da)(da)獎(jiang),受到參評(ping)(ping)專家和廣大(da)(da)消費者(zhe)的一致贊賞。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)汀(ting)溪(xi)蘭香在涇縣名(ming)優茶(cha)(cha)評(ping)(ping)比(bi)中名(ming)列前茅,1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)評(ping)(ping)為安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)名(ming)茶(cha)(cha),同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月在北京(jing)獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)首屆(jie)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)農業博覽會銅(tong)獎(jiang)。1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在澳門國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)新(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)發明、新(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)博覽會上獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)優質產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)稱(cheng)(cheng)號(hao),1997 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)得“中茶(cha)(cha)杯”全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)茶(cha)(cha)評(ping)(ping)比(bi)一等獎(jiang),2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)第(di)四屆(jie)(韓國(guo)(guo)(guo))國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)名(ming)茶(cha)(cha)評(ping)(ping)比(bi)金獎(jiang),2003 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)通(tong)過產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)榮譽(yu),2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)評(ping)(ping)為“安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)著(zhu)名(ming)商標”,2006 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)成為“安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)名(ming)牌農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)”,2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)被(bei)省(sheng)政府授予“安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)名(ming)牌產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)”、2008 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)獲(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)“安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)十大(da)(da)品(pin)牌名(ming)茶(cha)(cha)”稱(cheng)(cheng)號(hao)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)檢(jian)測(ce)合格率(lv)一直都為100% 。
制作工藝
汀溪蘭(lan)香(xiang)的采、制(zhi)工藝要求是十分(fen)嚴格的。特尖(jian)要求采一芽(ya)(ya)二葉(xie)初(chu)展芽(ya)(ya)葉(xie),茶(cha)農形象地稱為“一葉(xie)抱,二葉(xie)靠”。茶(cha)芽(ya)(ya)還須肥壯完好(hao),長(chang)約3厘米,每100個鮮(xian)茶(cha)芽(ya)(ya)重量(liang)(liang)應(ying)為15克左(zuo)右(you)。采回的鮮(xian)葉(xie)必(bi)須立即攤放,一般是上午(wu)采,下(xia)午(wu)制(zhi)。汀溪蘭(lan)香(xiang)的制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝主(zhu)要有殺青和烘(hong)焙(bei)兩道(dao)(dao)。殺青投葉(xie)量(liang)(liang)要少,拌炒(chao)為主(zhu)。烘(hong)焙(bei)用炭火,分(fen)初(chu)烘(hong)和復烘(hong)兩道(dao)(dao)。初(chu)烘(hong)、復烘(hong)均用四只烘(hong)籠(long)連續(xu)進行,其中并有輕(qing)壓做形。尖(jian)茶(cha)外形松散(san),難以貯藏保鮮(xian),因此要求成品茶(cha)含水量(liang)(liang)低(di)于(yu)4%。
鮮葉分級
適合制(zhi)的(de)(de)鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)要求在一芽(ya)(ya)二葉(xie)(xie)以上,但鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)要分(fen)級采(cai)摘。將一芽(ya)(ya)二、三(san)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)作(zuo)一等次,一芽(ya)(ya)三(san)、四葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)又分(fen)一等次,老(lao)茶作(zuo)另一檔次分(fen)開。采(cai)茶時(shi)應采(cai)用(yong)“提(ti)折(zhe)”采(cai),禁(jin)用(yong)指(zhi)甲“捏采(cai)”及“一手抓采(cai)”,盡量避免(mian)損傷嫩(nen)葉(xie)(xie)。忌緊壓、曝曬、雨(yu)淋鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)。上午十點前鐘后所采(cai)的(de)(de)鮮(xian)(xian)葉(xie)(xie)分(fen)開制(zhi)作(zuo)。
曬青
總體(ti)原則(ze)(ze)是薄(bo)攤(tan)快(kuai)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)。要求(qiu)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)均(jun)勻(yun)一致,失水(shui)率在(zai)(zai)某些(xie)(xie)方(fang)面15~20%左(zuo)右(you)為(wei)宜(yi)(即(ji)(ji)10斤鮮(xian)葉(xie)(xie)經曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)重(zhong)量在(zai)(zai)8.5至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)8斤左(zuo)右(you)).曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)標準以頂芽(ya)下(xia)第(di)二片葉(xie)(xie)葉(xie)(xie)色變為(wei)暗(an)綠、有光(guang)澤,葉(xie)(xie)片微向后(hou)卷為(wei)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)應根(gen)據鮮(xian)葉(xie)(xie)嫩(nen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、產茶季節(jie)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)高(gao)低|、空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的大小、光(guang)照強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、制(zhi)(zhi)作過(guo)程(cheng)的可連(lian)續程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等靈活掌握(wo),以便(bian)發(fa)揮此工(gong)藝的最(zui)佳(jia)水(shui)準,提(ti)高(gao)成茶的質量檔(dang)次(ci)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)在(zai)(zai)室(shi)外當陽處以篾(mie)制(zhi)(zhi)品或(huo)鐵篩墊曬(shai)(shai)(shai),曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)攤(tan)放厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)宜(yi)薄(bo)不(bu)宜(yi)厚,以葉(xie)(xie)片這間(jian)(jian)(jian)互無遮擋(dang)為(wei)最(zui)好;整(zheng)個曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程(cheng)需輕手翻動2至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3次(ci),使曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)受(shou)光(guang)照程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)均(jun)勻(yun)一致。在(zai)(zai)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濕度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)大、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)較(jiao)低的天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)應重(zhong)些(xie)(xie),在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)較(jiao)高(gao)、光(guang)照強(qiang)烈或(huo)不(bu)能保持制(zhi)(zhi)作連(lian)續性(時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)充(chong)分(fen))情況下(xia)則(ze)(ze)不(bu)能重(zhong)曬(shai)(shai)(shai),強(qiang)光(guang)照(中午)或(huo)高(gao)溫(wen)條件下(xia)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)應分(fen)次(ci)進行(xing),每次(ci)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)宜(yi)超(chao)過(guo)10分(fen)鐘,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)超(chao)過(guo)35℃時(shi)(shi)不(bu)宜(yi)進行(xing)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)春、秋季一般掌握(wo)在(zai)(zai)30至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)45分(fen)鐘左(zuo)右(you),夏季則(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)15至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)25分(fen)鐘左(zuo)右(you)。不(bu)論(lun)在(zai)(zai)哪一個季節(jie),凡曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)不(bu)到5分(fen)鐘即(ji)(ji)顯(xian)濃郁花香(xiang)的鮮(xian)葉(xie)(xie)不(bu)宜(yi)制(zhi)(zhi),應立即(ji)(ji)停止曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing),移至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)內攤(tan)放2至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3小時(shi)(shi)后(hou),待再顯(xian)花香(xiang)時(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)可殺青(qing)(qing)(qing),以綠茶的方(fang)式炒(chao)制(zhi)(zhi)。曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)以聞這微青(qing)(qing)(qing)、略帶(dai)“水(shui)香(xiang)”味(wei)(wei)為(wei)好,聞這顯(xian)甜味(wei)(wei)、或(huo)全為(wei)“水(shui)香(xiang)”味(wei)(wei)則(ze)(ze)為(wei)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。
攤放做青
青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)移室內1至2小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)可進(jin)行做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)手(shou)法是(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)手(shou)伸開(kai)(kai),掌心向上(shang),手(shou)指叉開(kai)(kai),將曬(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)輕(qing)輕(qing)捧(peng)起,掌心抖(dou)動(dong),手(shou)指微向上(shang)提,使(shi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)叢(cong)手(shou)掌兩(liang)(liang)邊及(ji)(ji)指隙間(jian)(jian)滑下,葉(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)受振支散開(kai)(kai),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)邊受到(dao)摩擦(ca)。或兩(liang)(liang)緊(jin)握(wo)篩沿,前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)左右(you)輕(qing)輕(qing)抖(dou)動(dong),使(shi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)篩內互相(xiang)碰撞(zhuang),這兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)方法在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程中(zhong)經常交(jiao)叉使(shi)用。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)須經3至5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)才(cai)(cai)進(jin)行殺青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),高香(xiang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)超過(guo)5次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),此工(gong)序(xu)(xu)耗(hao)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)4至10小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)這間(jian)(jian)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)分為促活與呈香(xiang)兩(liang)(liang)個階(jie)段(duan),前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)須經2至3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),耗(hao)時(shi)(shi)2至3小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi),后(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)在(zai)(zai)3小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)總原則(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)輕(qing)手(shou)、多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)、先輕(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)重;做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)逐次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)增多(duo);攤放間(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)逐步拉長。在(zai)(zai)具體(ti)操作中(zhong)亦受氣(qi)溫的高低、曬(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)程度(du)等因(yin)素(su)的影(ying)響應適度(du)調整做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)及(ji)(ji)攤入(ru)間(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)。第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)來(lai)回2至3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)每(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)逐倍增加。每(mei)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)間(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)逐步延長,即(ji)第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)攤放1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)才(cai)(cai)進(jin)入(ru)第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),則(ze)(ze)第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)須攤放1小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)則(ze)(ze)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)難以(yi)達(da)到(dao)理(li)想效果。做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)主要是(shi)(shi)促使(shi)鮮葉(xie)(xie)(xie)內水分的重新(xin)均勻分布,去(qu)除部(bu)分青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)味(wei)。使(shi)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)色堅挺呈活氣(qi)(即(ji)與剛(gang)曬(shai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣),利于(yu)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)均勻。在(zai)(zai)進(jin)入(ru)第三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)鮮葉(xie)(xie)(xie)呈青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣(la)味(wei),第四次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)顯青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣(la)帶花香(xiang),在(zai)(zai)理(li)往前(qian)(qian)第五次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)后(hou)(hou)(hou)顯香(xiang)花香(xiang)略帶青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)辣(la)味(wei),待香(xiang)氣(qi)伏后(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)可進(jin)入(ru)下一(yi)(yi)工(gong)序(xu)(xu),也可再做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)才(cai)(cai)進(jin)入(ru)一(yi)(yi)工(gong)序(xu)(xu)。若出現花香(xiang)帶甜味(wei)的情況(kuang)應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)轉入(ru)下一(yi)(yi)工(gong)序(xu)(xu)。若做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)變為純味(wei)則(ze)(ze)為做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)度(du)或間(jian)(jian)隔進(jin)間(jian)(jian)過(guo)長成茶不具花香(xiang)。
殺青
殺青與綠(lv)茶(cha)方式的(de)鍋(guo)(guo)(guo)溫(wen)(wen)求大體(ti)相(xiang)似,但操作(zuo)手法(fa)卻與黃茶(cha)類同。殺青過程(cheng)要(yao)求“多悶少揚,揚悶結合(he)”。鍋(guo)(guo)(guo)溫(wen)(wen)以(yi)能(neng)斷續聽(ting)到鍋(guo)(guo)(guo)底“噼啦(la)”聲(sheng)為度(du),急迫的(de)“噼啦(la)”聲(sheng)為鍋(guo)(guo)(guo)溫(wen)(wen)偏(pian)高。殺青程(cheng)度(du)以(yi)綠(lv)茶(cha)制作(zuo)相(xiang)同。
揉捻
揉捻與(yu)綠茶(cha)相(xiang)同,但揉捻程度可(ke)以重些,揉捻葉溫在30至(zhi)45℃之間對成茶(cha)品質增進作用。
烘干
烘(hong)干(gan)過程要求比較(jiao)嚴格。揉捻葉(xie)解決后(hou)應(ying)及時(shi)烘(hong)制。烘(hong)溫(wen)掌握(wo)先(xian)高后(hou)低的原則(ze)進行(xing),烘(hong)干(gan)前(qian)期溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)100至(zhi)(zhi)120度(du)左右,時(shi)間在(zai)30分鐘左右,中途翻(fan)轉2至(zhi)(zhi)3次(ci),后(hou)轉入70至(zhi)(zhi)90度(du)的火(huo)(huo)溫(wen)烘(hong)至(zhi)(zhi)9成(cheng)干(gan),再經(jing)離火(huo)(huo)攤涼10分鐘左右轉入60至(zhi)(zhi)70度(du)火(huo)(huo)溫(wen)燉火(huo)(huo)3至(zhi)(zhi)6個小(xiao)時(shi),即為(wei)烘(hong)干(gan)到(dao)度(du)。
包裝
茶時(shi)(shi)經烘干攤(tan)涼后(hou)及時(shi)(shi)包裝,避光、避異味、放陰(yin)涼干燥處保(bao)存。
沖泡方法
汀(ting)溪(xi)蘭香(xiang)沖泡(pao)時,應根(gen)據茶(cha)葉的老嫩、葉張大小,以及含絨多寡等外觀(guan)因素來決定注水方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。綠(lv)茶(cha)沖泡(pao)的方(fang)(fang)法(fa)由注水、投(tou)(tou)放茶(cha)葉方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的不(bu)同的而稱之為上投(tou)(tou)法(fa)、中(zhong)投(tou)(tou)法(fa)和下投(tou)(tou)法(fa)。
上投法:先在玻璃杯中注七分滿的(de)水(shui)(shui),然后向杯中投放茶(cha)(cha)(cha)葉(xie)。這(zhe)種方法適(shi)用于(yu)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)芽細嫩,緊細重實的(de)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)葉(xie)。優點在于(yu)讓茶(cha)(cha)(cha)芽避免水(shui)(shui)流(liu)激蕩,自然與水(shui)(shui)浸潤,以利于(yu)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)湯(tang)的(de)細柔爽口甘甜。
中(zhong)投法(fa):先(xian)在玻璃杯中(zhong)注三分(fen)水,放(fang)入(ru)茶(cha)葉,輕(qing)輕(qing)搖(yao)晃(huang)使(shi)茶(cha)葉與水初步(bu)浸潤,然后再向杯中(zhong)注滿七分(fen)水使(shi)茶(cha)葉與水充分(fen)浸潤。這種方法(fa)適用于茶(cha)芽細(xi)嫩,葉張(zhang)扁平或(huo)茸(rong)毫多(duo)而易浮(fu)水面的茶(cha)葉。
下投法:先(xian)在杯中放(fang)入(ru)(ru)茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie),注入(ru)(ru)少量足以浸(jin)潤茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)水,輕輕搖晃使茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)與水初(chu)步(bu)浸(jin)潤,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)再(zai)向杯中注滿水使茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)與水充(chong)分(fen)浸(jin)潤。這(zhe)種方(fang)法適用(yong)于葉(xie)(xie)張扁平或寬大(da)的(de)茶(cha)(cha)葉(xie)(xie)。用(yong)以上(shang)方(fang)法沖泡(pao)后(hou)(hou),約(yue)一分(fen)鐘(zhong)左(zuo)右出茶(cha)(cha),即可(ke)泡(pao)出綠(lv)茶(cha)(cha)鮮(xian)爽回(hui)甘、水醇(chun)湯柔的(de)特點。那種茶(cha)(cha)缸一壺泡(pao)到底的(de)便捷(jie)方(fang)式不太適宜于綠(lv)茶(cha)(cha),這(zhe)樣一來,綠(lv)茶(cha)(cha)最引以為豪的(de)維生素氨基酸等營養(yang)成分(fen)已(yi)經由高溫(wen)悶(men)泡(pao)而轉化(hua)而消失了。
有的(de)人喜(xi)歡用蓋碗(wan)、瓷壺或紫砂壺沖(chong)泡,也不(bu)是不(bu)可行,只(zhi)要根(gen)據茶(cha)具(ju)來(lai)把握(wo)水(shui)溫和(he)出(chu)茶(cha)時間,泡出(chu)綠茶(cha)的(de)特點(dian),都會泡出(chu)一杯芳香甘美的(de)好茶(cha)。
茶葉的功效
茶(cha)為藥用,在我國已有2700年(nian)的歷史。根據《本草綱目》記載,茶(cha)葉(xie)具有散風(feng)熱、清頭目、生(sheng)津止渴、消食提神、消炎解毒、降(jiang)(jiang)壓降(jiang)(jiang)脂(zhi)等(deng)藥理功能。茶(cha)葉(xie)中富含(han)維生(sheng)素C、維生(sheng)素D、維生(sheng)素E、多(duo)種氨基酸(suan),B—胡(hu)蘿卜、多(duo)酚類、三(san)萜甙類等(deng)物(wu)質(zhi)及鈣(Ca)、鉀(K)、鈉(Na)、錳(meng)(Mn)、鉬(mu)(Mo)、鎂(Mg)、鐵(tie)(Fe)、鋅(Zn)、硒(Se)、鍺(Ge)、鉻(Cr)、鎳(Ni)、磷(lin)(P)等(deng)人體必需微量元素。
現代科學大(da)量研(yan)究證實(shi),茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)葉藥理功(gong)效之(zhi)多(duo),作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)廣,是其他飲(yin)料(liao)無可替代的。對(dui)(dui)治療(liao)(liao)高血(xue)壓、肥(fei)胖(pang)癥、口腔炎(yan)、咽喉炎(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)療(liao)(liao)效顯著;對(dui)(dui)急(ji)性胃炎(yan)、感冒(mao)、肚痛、痧氣、瘧疾、便秘等(deng)(deng)(deng)有較(jiao)好療(liao)(liao)效;對(dui)(dui)鼻(bi)咽癌(ai)、食道癌(ai)有抑(yi)制作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong);煮水外洗(xi)能治療(liao)(liao)多(duo)種皮膚病及(ji)燙傷(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng);如果把它當(dang)作(zuo)(zuo)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)泡飲(yin),其滋味(wei)甘(gan)涼(liang)、生津止(zhi)渴、先苦(ku)后(hou)甘(gan),回(hui)味(wei)持久,故被(bei)人們譽稱為(wei)‘綠色黃金’、‘益(yi)壽茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)’、‘美容(rong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)’”。現代科學臨床應(ying)用(yong)(yong)表明,茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)葉具(ju)有消(xiao)暑解(jie)毒、消(xiao)炎(yan)殺菌、化痰止(zhi)咳、健(jian)胃消(xiao)積(ji)、提(ti)神醒(xing)腦、減肥(fei)搞癌(ai)和抗(kang)輻射、降血(xue)壓、降血(xue)脂、降膽固醇(chun)等(deng)(deng)(deng)功(gong)效。被(bei)國內外消(xiao)費者譽為(wei)保健(jian)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、益(yi)壽茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、美容(rong)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),是一種應(ying)用(yong)(yong)極為(wei)廣泛的天然多(duo)功(gong)能植物飲(yin)料(liao)。
茶葉具體作用(yong)有:
1、有助于延緩衰老。茶多酚具有很強(qiang)的抗氧化性和生(sheng)理活性,是人體自由(you)基的清除劑(ji),能阻斷脂質(zhi)過(guo)氧化反工應,清除活性酶的作(zuo)用。
2、有(you)助于抑制(zhi)心(xin)血(xue)管疾病。茶多酚,有(you)助于使這種斑(ban)狀增生受(shou)到抑制(zhi),使形成血(xue)凝黏度增強的纖維(wei)蛋白原降低,凝血(xue)變清,從而抑制(zhi)動(dong)脈粥樣硬化。
3、有助于預防和抗癌(ai)。茶多(duo)酚可以(yi)阻斷亞硝酸鉸等多(duo)種致(zhi)癌(ai)物質(zhi)在(zai)體(ti)內合(he)成,并具(ju)有直接殺傷癌(ai)細胞和提高機體(ti)免疫能力(li)的功效。
4、有助于(yu)預防和治療輻(fu)射傷害。茶(cha)多酚(fen)及其(qi)氧化(hua)產物具有吸收放(fang)射性物質鍶90和鈷60毒(du)害的能力。對因(yin)放(fang)射輻(fu)射而引起的白血球減少癥治療效果更好。
5、有助于抑制和抵(di)抗(kang)病毒(du)菌。茶(cha)多酚有較強(qiang)的收斂(lian)作用(yong),對病原(yuan)菌、病毒(du)有明顯的抑制和殺滅作用(yong),對消炎(yan)止瀉有明顯效果。
6、有助于美(mei)容(rong)護膚(fu)。茶多酚(fen)是水溶性物質,用它洗瞼能清(qing)除面部的油膩,收斂(lian)毛孔(kong),具有消毒、滅菌、抗皮膚(fu)老(lao)化,減少日光中的紫外線(xian)輻(fu)射對皮膚(fu)的損傷等功(gong)效。
7、有助于醒腦提神。茶葉中(zhong)的(de)咖(ka)啡堿能促使人體中(zhong)樞(shu)神經興奮,增強大腦皮層(ceng)的(de)興奮過程,起到提神益思、清(qing)心(xin)的(de)效果。
8、有(you)(you)(you)助于(yu)利尿(niao)解乏(fa)。茶(cha)葉中(zhong)(zhong)的咖啡堿(jian)(jian)可刺激腎臟(zang)(zang),促使尿(niao)液迅(xun)速(su)排出(chu)體外,提高腎臟(zang)(zang)的濾出(chu)率,減少(shao)有(you)(you)(you)害物質在(zai)腎臟(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)滯留時間。咖啡堿(jian)(jian)還可排除尿(niao)液中(zhong)(zhong)的過量乳(ru)酸,有(you)(you)(you)助于(yu)使人體盡快消除疲勞。
9、有助(zhu)(zhu)于降脂(zhi)助(zhu)(zhu)消(xiao)化(hua)。茶(cha)葉(xie)中的(de)咖(ka)啡(fei)堿能提(ti)高胃液的(de)分泌量,可以幫助(zhu)(zhu)消(xiao)化(hua),增強分解脂(zhi)肪的(de)能力。所謂“久食令(ling)人瘦”的(de)道理就在(zai)這里。
10、有(you)助于(yu)護齒明目(mu)。茶葉中(zhong)含(han)氟量較高,這對預防齲齒,護齒、堅齒,都是有(you)益的(de)。茶葉中(zhong)的(de)維(wei)生素C等成分(fen),能(neng)降低眼睛晶體(ti)混濁度,經常飲茶,對減少眼疾、護眼明目(mu)均有(you)積(ji)極的(de)作用。