金牛道
千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)段金(jin)牛道(dao)(dao)(dao)遺址(zhi)2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)經考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘,現(xian)存遺址(zhi)300余米(mi),棧道(dao)(dao)(dao)孔30多個(ge)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)端(duan)長約(yue)50米(mi),懸崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壁立(li),地勢險要(yao),其(qi)場景正(zheng)如嚴耕望在《唐(tang)代交通(tong)圖(tu)考(kao)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)描述,“石(shi)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壁立(li),車道(dao)(dao)(dao)斷(duan)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)而(er)成(cheng),人馬經此(ci),如行柜中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),蓋上下左側(ce)(就由北向南(nan)言),盡為(wei)石(shi)壁,唯右側(ce)直落干尋,嘉陵江奔涌其(qi)下”,自(zi)(zi)三(san)國兩(liang)晉南(nan)北朝以來(lai)“古(gu)(gu)(gu)今皆循千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)以行”。唐(tang)開(kai)元三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(715年(nian)(nian)(nian))益(yi)州大(da)(da)都(dou)督(du)府(fu)長史(shi)韋抗(kang)鑿(zao)石(shi)為(wei)路(lu)。千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)藏佛(fo)(fo)洞左側(ce)題記記其(qi)事(shi),“大(da)(da)清咸豐四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)月(yue)既(ji)望/大(da)(da)唐(tang)開(kai)元三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)劍(jian)南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)按察使銀青光祿(lu)大(da)(da)夫(fu)行益(yi)州大(da)(da)/都(dou)督(du)府(fu)長史(shi)陜西萬年(nian)(nian)(nian)縣(xian)(xian)韋抗(kang)鑿(zao)石(shi)為(wei)路(lu)并鑿(zao)干佛(fo)(fo)功德(de)/邑增(zeng)生(sheng)梁嘉麟監(jian)生(sheng)孫遇春黃元慶(qing)鐫(juan)石(shi)內江高(gao)立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)敬(jing)書”。明(ming)初(chu)對千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)前道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)有過大(da)(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)整治,清初(chu)顧祖禹《讀史(shi)方輿紀要(yao)》記載:“明(ming)洪(hong)武(wu)(wu)二(er)(er)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian),景川(chuan)侯(hou)曹(cao)震相視開(kai)鑿(zao),疊石(shi)為(wei)岸(an),益(yi)為(wei)坦途。《道(dao)(dao)(dao)光重修(xiu)昭化縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)·武(wu)(wu)備(bei)志(zhi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也有記載:明(ming)太祖洪(hong)武(wu)(wu)二(er)(er)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1391年(nian)(nian)(nian))二(er)(er)月(yue)至(zhi)二(er)(er)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1392年(nian)(nian)(nian))一月(yue),景川(chuan)侯(hou)曹(cao)震派成(cheng)都(dou)后(hou)(hou)衛指揮僉事(shi)王清修(xiu)鑿(zao)保寧(ning)府(fu)至(zhi)漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)驛道(dao)(dao)(dao),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)一帶(dai)“古(gu)(gu)(gu)作(zuo)棧閣,連歲修(xiu)葺,工費(fei)甚多,相其(qi)形勢,辟取山(shan)石(shi)從河(he)鎮砌,闊四(si)五(wu)丈,自(zi)(zi)四(si)川(chuan)至(zhi)陜西無(wu)難焉。”當(dang)時(shi)修(xiu)路(lu)采用的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)從河(he)鎮砌,壘石(shi)為(wei)岸(an),改木棧道(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)石(shi)板路(lu)。現(xian)存千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)南(nan)段部分的(de)(de)堡坎是(shi)(shi)用石(shi)灰(hui)作(zuo)砂漿壘砌,或為(wei)當(dang)時(shi)之遺跡。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)開(kai)始修(xiu)筑川(chuan)陜公路(lu),炸掉(diao)了(le)(le)南(nan)段崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)壁,拓(tuo)寬了(le)(le)路(lu)面,墊(dian)高(gao)了(le)(le)路(lu)基,汽車可以通(tong)行,金(jin)牛古(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)被掩埋。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)汶(wen)川(chuan)大(da)(da)地震之后(hou)(hou),千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)納入災(zai)后(hou)(hou)重建。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)將川(chuan)陜公路(lu)改道(dao)(dao)(dao)后(hou)(hou)山(shan)穿隧道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)行,千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)段金(jin)牛道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)交通(tong)功能就此(ci)廢棄。
千佛崖摩崖造像
千(qian)(qian)佛(fo)崖摩(mo)崖造像較早開(kai)(kai)鑿于(yu)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)晚期,南朝梁武帝天監四年(nian)正(zheng)月,北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)正(zheng)始(shi)二年(nian)(505年(nian)),駐守漢中的(de)司馬道遷降于(yu)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei),魏(wei)(wei)遣(qian)尚書邢巒為鎮西將(jiang)(jiang)軍,都督征梁漢諸軍事,其(qi)統軍王足將(jiang)(jiang)兵入劍閣,所至皆捷,梁州十四郡,地東(dong)西七(qi)百里(li),南北(bei)千(qian)(qian)里(li),皆入于(yu)魏(wei)(wei),北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)于(yu)此置西益州。此后(hou)三(san)十年(nian)里(li),先后(hou)有(you)(you)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)傅豎眼、元法(fa)僧等人在此擔任益州刺史。他們在此駐守的(de)同(tong)時也帶來了(le)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)皇室在云岡、龍門(men)開(kai)(kai)鑿石窟的(de)傳統和(he)崇佛(fo)的(de)風(feng)氣(qi)。加(jia)之南北(bei)朝時期,金牛道開(kai)(kai)始(shi)逐漸(jian)改走(zou)嘉(jia)陵江而行,千(qian)(qian)佛(fo)崖位于(yu)嘉(jia)陵江東(dong)岸(an),有(you)(you)適(shi)合開(kai)(kai)鑿石窟的(de)大(da)塊(kuai)崖壁,因(yin)此千(qian)(qian)佛(fo)崖的(de)一座寺院(yuan)柏堂(tang)寺開(kai)(kai)始(shi)修建,開(kai)(kai)窟造像也就逐漸(jian)興盛起(qi)來。
唐(tang)王(wang)朝經濟繁榮(rong),文化(hua)藝術燦爛。千佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)的(de)(de)(de)開窟造(zao)像異常活躍(yue),密如蜂巢,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)崖(ya)壁達十三層之多(duo)。千佛(fo)(fo)崖(ya)摩(mo)崖(ya)造(zao)像大(da)多(duo)數龕(kan)窟體(ti)量(liang)(liang)雖(sui)小,然而內(nei)容頗豐,題材多(duo)樣,有(you)(you)(you)莊嚴肅穆的(de)(de)(de)釋(shi)迦佛(fo)(fo)、三世佛(fo)(fo)、彌勒佛(fo)(fo)、阿彌陀(tuo)佛(fo)(fo)、多(duo)寶佛(fo)(fo),有(you)(you)(you)雍容華(hua)貴的(de)(de)(de)菩薩,虔(qian)誠(cheng)追(zhui)隨佛(fo)(fo)祖(zu)的(de)(de)(de)弟子,形態各異的(de)(de)(de)人形化(hua)天龍八(ba)部,自(zi)由翱翔的(de)(de)(de)飛天,威風(feng)(feng)凜凜的(de)(de)(de)力士,虔(qian)誠(cheng)禮佛(fo)(fo)的(de)(de)(de)供養人……雕(diao)刻家(jia)們(men)以(yi)嫻(xian)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)刻刀法,纖細柔和的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)條造(zao)型,結合自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)美理念(nian),精(jing)(jing)心雕(diao)琢出一(yi)尊(zun)尊(zun)相栩如生、形態各異的(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教藝術作(zuo)品,突(tu)顯“雍容華(hua)貴”“健壯豐腴”的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)精(jing)(jing)神風(feng)(feng)貌,令人嘆(tan)為(wei)觀止。唐(tang)以(yi)后僅五(wu)代(dai)和清代(dai)有(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)(liang)開鑿佛(fo)(fo)龕(kan),大(da)多(duo)為(wei)妝彩培修。
千(qian)(qian)佛崖(ya)摩(mo)崖(ya)造像歷(li)經千(qian)(qian)年沉淀以悠(you)久的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)、厚重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化、精湛的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術、豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)文(wen)聞(wen)名于世。特別是(shi)“安(an)史(shi)(shi)之(zhi)亂”后,四川(chuan)石窟藝(yi)術獨(du)步稱(cheng)盛,這與(yu)(yu)(yu)千(qian)(qian)佛崖(ya)溝通(tong)南北、承前(qian)啟(qi)后的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)作用是(shi)緊密相(xiang)連的(de)(de)(de)。其規模(mo)布(bu)局、雕琢(zhuo)水平、題材內容、洞窟形制堪與(yu)(yu)(yu)國內其它石窟相(xiang)媲美,是(shi)劍門古(gu)蜀(shu)道上(shang)顆(ke)閃亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)明珠,具有很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)、文(wen)化、藝(yi)術和科研價值。1961年被國務院公布(bu)為一(yi)批全國文(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。千(qian)(qian)佛崖(ya)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)金牛古(gu)蜀(shu)道始于西周,是(shi)古(gu)時連接西南與(yu)(yu)(yu)關(guan)中平原的(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)要(yao)道,與(yu)(yu)(yu)千(qian)(qian)佛崖(ya)摩(mo)崖(ya)造像同為全國文(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
千佛崖歷史陳列館
常設展覽分(fen)為“蜀道(dao)(dao)咽(yan)(yan)喉(hou)”、“佛(fo)光永照(zhao)”兩個部分(fen)。“蜀道(dao)(dao)咽(yan)(yan)喉(hou)”——主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)介紹了位于千佛(fo)崖(ya)(ya)的(de)棧閣——石柜閣、金(jin)牛道(dao)(dao)以及(ji)周邊蜀道(dao)(dao)遺存(cun)。“佛(fo)光永照(zhao)”——主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)介紹了2009年對千佛(fo)巖崖(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)道(dao)(dao)路進行考古發(fa)掘所(suo)出土的(de)文物。展覽利用現代(dai)化手段向公眾展示千佛(fo)崖(ya)(ya)難以登臨的(de)洞窟,復(fu)原了1935年遭受破壞前(qian)(qian)千佛(fo)崖(ya)(ya)的(de)歷史舊貌。
千佛崖現(xian)存造(zao)(zao)像(xiang)1200余龕,7000余尊(zun),其(qi)開鑿歷史之長,規(gui)模之大(da),居(ju)四川(chuan)之首,其(qi)規(gui)模、內容、雕(diao)鑿水平、造(zao)(zao)像(xiang)風格、布局等諸方面可與(yu)同時代各大(da)石窟相媲美,在(zai)國(guo)內石窟造(zao)(zao)像(xiang)中享(xiang)有極高聲譽,是我國(guo)佛教(jiao)藝術的珍(zhen)貴遺產。
免票政策
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優惠政策
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