承恩寺(si),位于(yu)貴(gui)州省江(jiang)口縣境內(nei)的(de)梵凈山(shan)上。梵凈山(shan)卓立于(yu)貴(gui)州東北,為武陵山(shan)脈主峰(feng),海拔2570米,面(mian)積576平(ping)方公里。
承恩寺,是(shi)我國重點自然保(bao)護區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi),也是(shi)世界上著名(ming)的原生(sheng)態圈,在(zai)科研方面有(you)重要價值。梵凈山(shan),林海茫茫,山(shan)花處處,佛光云海,氣象萬千,旖旋風光,雄(xiong)奇壯麗(li),是(shi)旅游觀光的勝地。
承恩(en)寺(si):俗(su)名“上(shang)茶殿(dian)”,在金(jin)頂左側,正殿(dian)面闊13.7米,進深9米,石(shi)墻厚0.5米,殘墻高2米,殿(dian)門(men)尚完好,門(men)額(e)陰鐫“敕賜承恩(en)土寺(si)”五(wu)字。兩側配殿(dian)八間(jian),僅存部分殘墻,建筑占地面積1250平方米,始建于(yu)明初。現仍未修復。
梵(fan)凈(jing)山植物(wu)(wu)類(lei)型(xing)多樣,森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是梵(fan)凈(jing)山區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統的(de)主體(ti),森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)資源是其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資源的(de)核心(xin)。它(ta)既(ji)是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統的(de)第一性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產者,又是能量(liang)流(liu)動與物(wu)(wu)質循環的(de)樞紐;同(tong)時因其(qi)特(te)殊的(de)層次結構(gou),形成了動物(wu)(wu)、微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)賴以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)棲息環境地。森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)類(lei)型(xing)劃分原生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性的(de)栲樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、青岡櫟(li)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、珙桐林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、黃楊(yang)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、高山柏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)等以(yi)及次生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性的(de)響葉楊(yang)木、樺木林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、楓香(xiang)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、楓楊(yang)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、馬(ma)尾(wei)松(song)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、毛竹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)等44個森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)類(lei)型(xing)。
在梵凈山(shan)(shan)自(zi)然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)森(sen)林覆蓋率(lv)在80%以(yi)上(shang),森(sen)林活立木蓄積為(wei)3378000立方米。植(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多樣性在梵凈山(shan)(shan)自(zi)然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu),據不完(wan)全(quan)(quan)統計,植(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有277科、795屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、1955種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong),裸子植(zhi)物(wu)有6科14屬(shu)(shu)(shu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數的(de)(de)(de)9.5%,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)144科460屬(shu)(shu)(shu)1155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數的(de)(de)(de)4.6%;苔蘚類(lei)50科127屬(shu)(shu)(shu)245種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數的(de)(de)(de)11.1%;蕨類(lei)38科85屬(shu)(shu)(shu)183種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數的(de)(de)(de)7.0%,大型真(zhen)菌(jun)45科123屬(shu)(shu)(shu)372種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)真(zhen)菌(jun)數的(de)(de)(de)4.7%。植(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系分比(bi)較復(fu)雜,是一個相當豐富(fu)和相當古老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)溫帶、亞(ya)熱帶的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系。
動(dong)(dong)(dong)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)多樣(yang),梵凈山區(qu)擁有(you)(you)東洋界的(de)(de)華中、華南和西(xi)南三個(ge)區(qu)系成分的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物。梵凈山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)已初步記錄在案的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物有(you)(you)800多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)8目(mu)(mu)23科(ke)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)數的(de)(de)13.6%,鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)16目(mu)(mu)39科(ke)191種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)(de)6.2%;爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)(mu)9科(ke)41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)(de)10.9%;兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)2目(mu)(mu)8科(ke)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)(de)12.2%;魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)4目(mu)(mu)9科(ke)48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陸(lu)棲寡毛(mao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)2科(ke)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);昆(kun)蟲(chong)18目(mu)(mu),已知400多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),尚有(you)(you)不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)(de)新(xin)屬新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)報(bao)道。除此之外,梵凈山尚有(you)(you)眾多低等動(dong)(dong)(dong)物、無脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)群的(de)(de)研(yan)究還未(wei)涉及。
游梵(fan)凈山,現已經(jing)對游客開放的(de)線(xian)(xian)路有兩條,一(yi)(yi)是江口(kou)縣(xian)方向的(de)東(dong)大門,需乘一(yi)(yi)段(duan)觀光(guang)車(che)至索道站,規定時(shi)間內游客可選擇步行或(huo)索道山上。二(er)就是印(yin)江縣(xian)的(de)西(xi)大門,經(jing)印(yin)江自治縣(xian)木黃風(feng)景(jing)名勝區到梵(fan)凈山自然保護區的(de)西(xi)線(xian)(xian)梵(fan)凈山旅游線(xian)(xian)路。車(che)行50公里(li),只需一(yi)(yi)個半小時(shi)便可到達自然保護區的(de),目前只能選擇徒步登山。
承恩寺,得名(ming)于“梵天凈土”的梵凈山位于貴州省銅仁(ren)地(di)區江口、松(song)桃、印江三縣交匯處,是(shi)巍巍武陵山脈(mo)之(zhi)主峰(feng),滔(tao)滔(tao)辰河(he)之(zhi)源泉。這片古陸海拔(ba)2572米,方(fang)圓(yuan)500平方(fang)公里,年齡大(da)約(yue)在10億(yi)至(zhi)14億(yi)歲以上。
梵凈山(shan)(shan)地處(chu)中亞熱帶,氣候(hou)溫(wen)和,雨量充沛(pei),原始森林(lin)覆蓋率接近99%,上(shang)億年(nian)來(lai)保(bao)持著自(zi)(zi)然的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命平衡。1986年(nian),梵凈山(shan)(shan)被列為聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)“人(ren)與自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)圈”成員,是中國(guo)(guo)(guo)十大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區之一,被譽為北半球最古老的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態公園。區內有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)6種(zhong),一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)6種(zhong),二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)29種(zhong),二(er)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)25種(zhong)。被譽為“世界獨生(sheng)(sheng)子”的(de)黔金絲(si)猴全球不到700只,全部(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)存在梵凈山(shan)(shan)。梵凈山(shan)(shan),武陵山(shan)(shan)脈的(de)主峰,國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區,聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)“人(ren)與生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)圈保(bao)護(hu)區網(wang)”成員。位于貴州省東(dong)北部(bu)地區西面(mian)印(yin)江、江口、松桃三縣交界處(chu),總面(mian)積567平方公里。
梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),全(quan)境(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)勢雄(xiong)偉,層(ceng)巒疊嶂;坡陡谷(gu)深,群(qun)峰高聳(song);溪(xi)流縱(zong)橫(heng),飛瀑懸(xuan)瀉(xie);古老地(di)(di)質形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊地(di)(di)質結(jie)構,塑(su)造了它千(qian)姿百態(tai)、崢嶸奇(qi)偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)岳(yue)地(di)(di)貌(mao)景觀。典籍上考證,梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)唐朝以前稱(cheng)“三山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)谷(gu)”、“辰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”、“思邛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”,明代以后(hou)稱(cheng)“梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”,“梵(fan)凈(jing)”乃“佛教(jiao)凈(jing)界”。梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聞名與開發均起(qi)源于佛教(jiao),遍及梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)四大(da)皇庵、四十八腳庵龐大(da)寺廟群(qun),奠定了梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)乃著名“古佛道場(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛教(jiao)地(di)(di)位,為中(zhong)國五大(da)佛教(jiao)名山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)中(zhong)唯一的(de)(de)(de)(de)彌勒(le)菩薩道場(chang),佛教(jiao)文化為蒼蒼茫茫的(de)(de)(de)(de)梵(fan)凈(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)披上一層(ceng)肅(su)穆而神奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)色彩。
梵(fan)凈山紅(hong)云金頂石壁(bi)上的碑(bei)文明確(que)記(ji)載梵(fan)凈山主峰位(wei)于江口(kou)縣境內,山脈位(wei)位(wei)于江口(kou)、松桃、印江三(san)縣交界處。