《古風其(qi)三十八》李(li)白
唐代 李白(bai)
孤蘭生幽園。
眾草共蕪沒。
雖照陽春暉。
復悲高秋月。
飛霜早淅瀝。
綠艷恐休歇。
若無清風吹。
香氣為誰發。
李白(701年-762年),字(zi)太白,號(hao)青蓮居士,唐(tang)朝浪漫(man)主義詩(shi)人,被后(hou)人譽為“詩(shi)仙”。祖籍隴西成紀(ji)(待(dai)考),出生于西域碎葉城,4歲再隨父遷至劍(jian)南(nan)道綿州。李白存世詩(shi)文(wen)千余(yu)篇,有《李太白集》傳(chuan)世。762年病逝,享年61歲。其墓在(zai)今安(an)徽當涂,四(si)川江(jiang)油、湖北安(an)陸(lu)有紀(ji)念館。
李(li)(li)白這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)詩具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鮮明(ming)(ming)的個(ge)性色(se)彩。不(bu)少注(zhu)家(jia)認為是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)李(li)(li)白自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傷(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)詞,即(ji)借詠(yong)(yong)(yong)孤蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)表(biao)達(da)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)己哀(ai)傷(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)情。首句(ju)“孤蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)幽(you)園,眾草(cao)共(gong)蕪沒”寫蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)芳(fang)孤獨地(di)開(kai)放幽(you)靜田園之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),被(bei)眾多(duo)雜草(cao)所(suo)遮(zhe)(zhe)掩。蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)與(yu)草(cao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)象(xiang)(xiang)征。意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)道德才(cai)華(hua)(hua)的君子被(bei)群小所(suo)遮(zhe)(zhe)蔽(bi),未能自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)拔于(yu)其中(zhong)(zhong)。“雖(sui)(sui)照(zhao)陽(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui),復悲(bei)(bei)(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)。”意(yi)思是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雖(sui)(sui)然有(you)(you)(you)(you)春(chun)(chun)日暉(hui)照(zhao),但仍然避免不(bu)了(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)臨時的悲(bei)(bei)(bei)涼(liang)處(chu)(chu)境(jing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里,陽(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui)與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)月(yue)也(ye)(ye)同(tong)樣具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)含蓄的象(xiang)(xiang)征意(yi)味。萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)滋(zi)生(sheng)離不(bu)開(kai)陽(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)日,高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)涼(liang)月(yue)就(jiu)預示著(zhu)百(bai)木凋(diao)零之(zhi)(zhi)際來(lai)臨。雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陽(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)和煦之(zhi)(zhi)暉(hui),也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)涼(liang)月(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)悲(bei)(bei)(bei),而重點(dian)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)者。接(jie)著(zhu)“飛霜(shuang)(shuang)早淅歷(li),綠艷(yan)恐休(xiu)歇(xie)”一(yi)句(ju)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu),即(ji)深秋(qiu)景象(xiang)(xiang)具(ju)體刻(ke)劃。飛霜(shuang)(shuang)即(ji)霜(shuang)(shuang)飛,淅歷(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)容飛霜(shuang)(shuang)的。綠艷(yan)即(ji)深綠,休(xiu)歇(xie)即(ji)零落。從全(quan)詩語(yu)意(yi)來(lai)看,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)補足上句(ju)“悲(bei)(bei)(bei)”字。生(sheng)長在(zai)(zai)(zai)幽(you)園中(zhong)(zhong)孤蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)短(duan)暫陽(yang)(yang)光照(zhao)耀(yao),更多(duo)的卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)面對高(gao)(gao)(gao)秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。注(zhu)家(jia)說這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)借此比(bi)喻(yu)雖(sui)(sui)然蒙(meng)明(ming)(ming)主知遇(即(ji)陽(yang)(yang)春(chun)(chun)暉(hui)),但孤寒之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)最(zui)終仍被(bei)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)讒(chan)毀(hui),處(chu)(chu)境(jing)維(wei)艱。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)理解(jie)很(hen)符合李(li)(li)白性格實際。他(ta)孤傲清高(gao)(gao)(gao)、落拓(tuo)不(bu)羈,很(hen)難見容于(yu)世俗,屢遭讒(chan)毀(hui),心中(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)平。不(bu)過(guo)他(ta)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)憤激與(yu)不(bu)平發(fa)(fa)泄(xie)對象(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)群小而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)君王,他(ta)對君王始終抱有(you)(you)(you)(you)幻想、企冀和希望(wang)。最(zui)后(hou)“若無(wu)(wu)清風(feng)吹(chui)(chui),香氣為誰發(fa)(fa)?”意(yi)思就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)果沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)執政者披拂(fu)吹(chui)(chui)噓,蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)花雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)德馨(xin),也(ye)(ye)無(wu)(wu)法顯露發(fa)(fa)揚。清人(ren)(ren)(ren)陳沆《詩比(bi)興(xing)箋》曾指出:“在(zai)(zai)(zai)野不(bu)能自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)拔,雖(sui)(sui)蒙(meng)主知,已被(bei)眾嫉,若無(wu)(wu)當位之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),披拂(fu)而吹(chui)(chui)噓之(zhi)(zhi),雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)德馨(xin),何(he)由自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)達(da)哉!此自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)傷(shang)遇主被(bei)讒(chan),孤立莫援也(ye)(ye)。”通篇詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)著(zhu)意(yi)于(yu)“孤”字,孤獨無(wu)(wu)援,孤獨無(wu)(wu)助,寂寂一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),企冀明(ming)(ming)主引薦拔擢。據他(ta)贈友人(ren)(ren)(ren)詩寫道:“蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)不(bu)當戶,別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)閑庭草(cao)。夙被(bei)霜(shuang)(shuang)露欺,紅榮已先老。謬接(jie)瑤華(hua)(hua)枝,結(jie)根(gen)君王池。顧無(wu)(wu)馨(xin)香美(mei),叨(tao)沐清風(feng)吹(chui)(chui)。馀芳(fang)若可佩(pei),卒(zu)歲常相隨(sui)。”這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里,蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)花也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)霜(shuang)(shuang)欺孤立無(wu)(wu)援的形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)幸得在(zai)(zai)(zai)君王池邊,但卻無(wu)(wu)馨(xin)香美(mei),所(suo)以有(you)(you)(you)(you)愧于(yu)清風(feng)吹(chui)(chui)揚。但最(zui)終還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)轉,“馀芳(fang)若可佩(pei),卒(zu)歲常相隨(sui)”,仍有(you)(you)(you)(you)可敬之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)(chu)。統觀全(quan)詩,雖(sui)(sui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)為蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)花鳴不(bu)平之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),但語(yu)氣卑弱,較之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)的溫柔敦厚(hou)格調看更多(duo)些(xie)委婉曲(qu)折之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。就(jiu)詠(yong)(yong)(yong)物(wu)(wu)托志(zhi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)點(dian)說,李(li)(li)白這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)首詠(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)的古風(feng)堪稱是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鮮明(ming)(ming)個(ge)性特(te)點(dian)的有(you)(you)(you)(you)寄(ji)托的詠(yong)(yong)(yong)物(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)作。