《水龍吟·賦張(zhang)斗墅家古(gu)松(song)五粒》是宋代詞(ci)人吳(wu)文英(ying)的作(zuo)品。此詞(ci)贊譽(yu)張(zhang)家五株古(gu)松(song)盆景。全詞(ci)緊扣題(ti)意,既(ji)刻(ke)畫出松(song)之“古(gu)”、“小(xiao)”,又用山(shan)野松(song)樹襯托(tuo),再以盆中小(xiao)擺設陪襯,顯示出古(gu)松(song)的長(chang)青可愛。
水(shui)龍(long)吟·賦張斗墅(shu)家古松五粒
有人獨立空山,翠髯未覺霜顏(yan)老。新(xin)香秀(xiu)粒,濃光綠浸,千年春(chun)小。布影參旗,障(zhang)空云(yun)蓋,沉沉秋曉。駟(si)蒼虬萬里,笙吹鳳(feng)女①,驂(can)飛乘、天風裊。
般巧(qiao)。霜斤不到。漢游(you)仙、相從最(zui)早。皺鱗細雨,層陰藏月(yue),朱弦古調。問訊(xun)東橋,故人南嶺,倚天長嘯②。待凌霄謝了③,山深(shen)歲晚,素(su)心(xin)才(cai)表。
①吹(chui):一(yi)本(ben)作“飛”。
②倚(yi)天長嘯:一本無“長”字(zi)。
③了:一本作“后”。
吳(wu)文英,宋代詞(ci)人。字君(jun)特,號夢窗(chuang),晚號覺翁,四明(今浙(zhe)江寧波(bo))人。原出翁姓,后出嗣(si)吳(wu)氏。一生未第(di),游幕終身。紹定(宋理宗年號,1228—1233)中(zhong)入蘇州倉幕。曾任吳(wu)濳浙(zhe)東安撫(fu)使幕僚(liao),復為榮王府門客。出入賈似(si)道、史宅之(zhi)(史彌遠之(zhi)子)之(zhi)門。知音律,能自度曲(qu)。詞(ci)名極重,以綿麗為尚(shang),思(si)深語麗,多從李賀詩中(zhong)來。有《夢窗(chuang)甲乙丙(bing)丁稿》傳世(shi)。
《水(shui)龍(long)吟(yin)》,又(you)名《龍(long)吟(yin)曲》、《莊椿歲(sui)》、《小樓連苑》。《清真集》入(ru)“越調”,《夢(meng)窗詞》集入(ru)“無(wu)射商”。
張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)斗墅,即張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)蘊(yun),字仁(ren)溥,號斗墅,揚州人,嘉熙(xi)(宋(song)理宗年號,公元1237—1240年)間為(wei)沿江制置使屬官,公元1256年(寶祐四年)干辦(ban)行在諸司糧料(liao)院。有《斗墅支稿》。“古松五粒(li)”,“粒(li)”,言(yan)其(qi)細小(xiao)。因而(er),在張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)斗墅家的五株古松,實(shi)為(wei)盆栽之松。又說“粒(li)”者鬣(lie)也(ye)(ye),系音近,故稱者異。五鬣(lie)者,言(yan)如馬鬣(lie)形(xing)也(ye)(ye),如李賀有《五粒(li)小(xiao)松歌》,岑參詩“五粒(li)松花酒”,林寬詩“庭(ting)高(gao)五粒(li)松”皆是。
上(shang)片將(jiang)盆(pen)栽古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)與(yu)(yu)山(shan)野(ye)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)作(zuo)一對比。“有人(ren)(ren)”兩(liang)句,將(jiang)盆(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)擬(ni)人(ren)(ren)化。此(ci)言(yan)盆(pen)景上(shang)怪石嶙峋如(ru)山(shan)兀(wu)立,古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)栽于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)旁,猶如(ru)人(ren)(ren)獨立于(yu)(yu)山(shan)間。古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)雖是(shi)(shi)已(yi)有千年的(de)(de)(de)樹齡,但是(shi)(shi)看起來仍(reng)舊是(shi)(shi)郁郁蔥蔥蒼(cang)翠欲(yu)滴。“新香(xiang)”三(san)(san)句。言(yan)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)雖小(xiao),卻能散發出(chu)陣(zhen)陣(zhen)清(qing)(qing)香(xiang)。在陽光照射下,松(song)(song)(song)針濃(nong)密(mi)得如(ru)浸入在一片綠色之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)此(ci)雖是(shi)(shi)千年古(gu)松(song)(song)(song),在時人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)眼中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),仍(reng)舊覺得它還是(shi)(shi)如(ru)青春(chun)年少般的(de)(de)(de)嬌小(xiao)可愛(ai)。以上(shang)敘盆(pen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song),下面轉述山(shan)野(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)。“布影”三(san)(san)句,言(yan)山(shan)野(ye)上(shang)與(yu)(yu)盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)同(tong)齡的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song),如(ru)今必定(ding)是(shi)(shi)黛色參(can)天,冠蓋蔽空。如(ru)果人(ren)(ren)們(men)經過樹下,就會仿佛進入黑沉沉、冷清(qing)(qing)清(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)秋(qiu)天凌晨一般。“駟蒼(cang)虬”三(san)(san)句,言(yan)山(shan)野(ye)古(gu)松(song)(song)(song)枝(zhi)干粗大如(ru)蒼(cang)虬之(zhi)(zhi)張牙舞爪似的(de)(de)(de)欲(yu)騰飛萬(wan)里。高(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)主枝(zhi)直插云(yun)霄(xiao)能與(yu)(yu)天風相抗衡。枝(zhi)梢上(shang)還能夠引來鸞鳳(feng)停留其(qi)(qi)上(shang)而曼(man)聲吟鳴(ming)。兩(liang)相對照之(zhi)(zhi)下,盆(pen)松(song)(song)(song)占“小(xiao)”、巧(qiao)兩(liang)字(zi);野(ye)松(song)(song)(song)則得其(qi)(qi)型態(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)雄偉(wei),春(chun)花秋(qiu)月(yue)各(ge)有所長(chang)。
下(xia)片應題中(zhong)“賦張斗墅家古(gu)松”。“般(ban)巧”三(san)句。此言(yan)盆松生(sheng)得小(xiao)巧可(ke)愛,還(huan)能(neng)夠免除(chu)掉遭(zao)受(shou)利(li)斧砍伐之(zhi)罪。詞(ci)人說:見到了(le)盆中(zhong)的(de)松樹(shu),我不由想(xiang)到了(le)漢代的(de)赤松子。恐怕他是(shi)最早(zao)與(yu)松樹(shu)作伴的(de)仙人了(le)。“皺鱗”三(san)句。言(yan)盆松雖長得小(xiao)巧,但是(shi)細上(shang)看去,枝(zhi)上(shang)鱗片蒼(cang)老(lao)如細雨密布其上(shang);松針層疊(die),使月光(guang)難以(yi)(yi)穿透。這一句又與(yu)上(shang)片“濃光(guang)綠浸(jin)”遙相呼應。“朱弦古(gu)調”句,化用唐劉長卿《聽(ting)彈(dan)琴》“泠泠七(qi)弦上(shang),靜聽(ting)松風(feng)寒。古(gu)調雖自愛,今人多不彈(dan)”詩意。此言(yan)盆松可(ke)愛而(er)誘人,宜騷人墨(mo)客為(wei)其彈(dan)奏(zou)《風(feng)入松》這首古(gu)琴曲。“問訊”三(san)句,側寫盆中(zhong)的(de)假山景色。言(yan)盆中(zhong)設有假山:有橋(qiao)有嶺(ling),又有泥俑(yong)站在嶺(ling)上(shang)倚(yi)天而(er)嘯(xiao)。“待凌霄”三(san)句,顯出松樹(shu)本色。此言(yan)當凌霄花(hua)謝的(de)時(shi)候(hou),已(yi)是(shi)到了(le)秋盡(jin)冬至之(zhi)時(shi)。但到那個時(shi)候(hou),古(gu)松會愈發顯得精神(shen)奕奕,真是(shi)“歲寒見松柏之(zhi)長青”啊!此雖是(shi)在講松樹(shu),而(er)暗(an)中(zhong)卻(que)隱(yin)隱(yin)以(yi)(yi)松樹(shu)之(zhi)志(zhi)自比,以(yi)(yi)此傲視(shi)世人。