游鐘山
朝代(dai):宋(song)代(dai)|作者:王安石
終(zhong)日看山(shan)(shan)不厭山(shan)(shan),買山(shan)(shan)終(zhong)待老(lao)山(shan)(shan)間。
山(shan)(shan)(shan)花落盡山(shan)(shan)(shan)長在,山(shan)(shan)(shan)水空流(liu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)自閑。
這首詩(shi)是(shi)(shi)王(wang)安石《游鐘(zhong)山(shan)》四首七言絕句之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),短短二十八字之(zhi)內(nei),便重復出(chu)現了八個“山(shan)”字,如此回環反(fan)復,讀(du)之(zhi)朗朗上口,匠心獨運(yun),這樣(yang)的(de)詩(shi)作在古典詩(shi)詞中是(shi)(shi)極少(shao)見的(de)。唐代(dai)羊士諤的(de)一(yi)(yi)首《亂后(hou)曲江》,“憶昔(xi)曾(ceng)游曲水濱(bin),春來(lai)長有探春人(ren)。游春人(ren)盡空(kong)池在,直至春深不(bu)似春。”詩(shi)中五疊“春”字,讀(du)來(lai)已是(shi)(shi)傳神(shen)至極,毫(hao)無矯揉造作,為復而(er)復之(zhi)嫌(xian)疑。而(er)王(wang)安石的(de)這首《游鐘(zhong)山(shan)》更是(shi)(shi)出(chu)奇制勝,獨絕無二。
八個(ge)“山”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)平均分配于(yu)(yu)四句之中(zhong),這顯(xian)然(ran)是(shi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)人巧心謀篇(pian)布(bu)局,以(yi)顯(xian)出漸次(ci)的(de)層次(ci)感。但(dan)又(you)并非一(yi)成不(bu)變,毫(hao)無錯落,前兩句中(zhong)每一(yi)個(ge)“山”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都寫在(zai)了七言的(de)不(bu)同(tong)位(wei)置上,而(er)后兩句又(you)處于(yu)(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)之處。形式上既有(you)(you)參差,又(you)有(you)(you)對稱,堪(kan)稱一(yi)絕(jue)。古典詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌有(you)(you)“詩(shi)(shi)(shi)避重字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”的(de)說法,一(yi)因格律,二因詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)篇(pian)幅(fu)短小,要(yao)表意(yi)染(ran)境本已不(bu)易,若再(zai)反復用字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),反而(er)會有(you)(you)追求詞藻,詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)空洞(dong),而(er)不(bu)能達(da)意(yi)的(de)問(wen)題。但(dan)王安石的(de)這首(shou)《游鐘山》在(zai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)意(yi)的(de)表達(da)上,不(bu)僅沒因反復用字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而(er)大(da)打折扣(kou),而(er)且句意(yi)如疊字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)樣,環環相(xiang)扣(kou),更有(you)(you)以(yi)山自擬的(de)深意(yi)暗含其(qi)中(zhong)。即使不(bu)深究詩(shi)(shi)(shi)境,全當一(yi)首(shou)普通的(de)歸隱山水(shui)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)看(kan),這也是(shi)佳作(zuo)(zuo)一(yi)篇(pian)。
“終(zhong)日看(kan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)厭(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”,歸隱后(hou)的(de)王安石常騎著毛驢悠游鐘(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),但日日與山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為伴,以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為景,卻未曾厭(yan)(yan)膩。一(yi)(yi)寫(xie)鐘(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)秀美,二寫(xie)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之變(bian)幻。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)川看(kan)似亙古不(bu)移,但若像王安石這(zhe)樣細細賞來(lai),也會看(kan)見鐘(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)日新月(yue)異,花草樹木、鳥獸(shou)蛇(she)蟲(chong),每一(yi)(yi)日、每一(yi)(yi)時(shi)、每一(yi)(yi)刻都在改變(bian)。因為喜愛而想要“買山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)終(zhong)待老山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)間”,而事實上王安石最后(hou)確(que)實安葬(zang)于鐘(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南麓。
“山(shan)(shan)花落(luo)盡山(shan)(shan)常在”,寫(xie)的(de)不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)是禪(chan)家(jia)緣(yuan)起(qi)性空(kong)的(de)核心思(si)想嗎(ma)?以(yi)山(shan)(shan)花喻世間(jian)一(yi)切(qie)有(you)(you)(you)為法,生滅(mie)(mie)不(bu)(bu)止變化不(bu)(bu)休,如山(shan)(shan)花一(yi)般,年(nian)年(nian)歲歲有(you)(you)(you)開有(you)(you)(you)落(luo)。再(zai)以(yi)鐘山(shan)(shan)喻法性本空(kong),因為性空(kong)才(cai)能緣(yuan)起(qi),無(wu)(wu)空(kong)便(bian)無(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you),有(you)(you)(you)從空(kong)中生,正(zheng)若皮(pi)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)存毛將(jiang)焉附,山(shan)(shan)若不(bu)(bu)存,山(shan)(shan)花何在?與(yu)此(ci)同時(shi),緣(yuan)起(qi)才(cai)知(zhi)性空(kong),正(zheng)是見證了山(shan)(shan)花的(de)生生滅(mie)(mie)滅(mie)(mie),才(cai)知(zhi)道山(shan)(shan)的(de)不(bu)(bu)移不(bu)(bu)亂。“山(shan)(shan)水空(kong)流(liu)山(shan)(shan)自閑”,山(shan)(shan)間(jian)流(liu)水潺(chan)潺(chan),不(bu)(bu)分晝夜不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)疲憊,無(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)盡時(shi)不(bu)(bu)明始日,但(dan)一(yi)動不(bu)(bu)如一(yi)靜(jing),流(liu)是空(kong)流(liu),唯有(you)(you)(you)閑,才(cai)是灑脫自性。全詩看似(si)在寫(xie)鐘山(shan)(shan),實則是在寫(xie)詩人(ren)的(de)心。
其實,對于(yu)這樣一首(shou)精(jing)妙的山(shan)水詩(shi),或許不(bu)解(jie)而解(jie)才(cai)是(shi)(shi)最佳的賞析方(fang)式。無(wu)(wu)(wu)須(xu)通(tong)曉歷史背景(jing),無(wu)(wu)(wu)須(xu)得知(zhi)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)心(xin)境,甚至無(wu)(wu)(wu)須(xu)深究其中(zhong)(zhong)禪(chan)意(yi),或是(shi)(shi)根本不(bu)知(zhi)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)何許人(ren)(ren),亦無(wu)(wu)(wu)礙無(wu)(wu)(wu)障。畢竟詩(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)所提(ti)就只(zhi)(zhi)有山(shan)水,本就無(wu)(wu)(wu)所謂(wei)時代無(wu)(wu)(wu)所謂(wei)背景(jing),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)讀(du)者(zhe)便可以自(zi)(zi)(zi)心(xin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)解(jie),在(zai)(zai)這首(shou)看似簡(jian)單(dan)的山(shan)水詩(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)見自(zi)(zi)(zi)己、見眾生,見心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)所有的諸般萬(wan)象。山(shan)花到底只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)花,還(huan)是(shi)(shi)禪(chan)家的緣起(qi)性空(kong),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)已拋(pao)下的榮(rong)華富(fu)貴(gui)……答案只(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)我們(men)各自(zi)(zi)(zi)的心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong),如此賞析,豈(qi)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)和鐘山(shan)一樣,自(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)清(qing)閑。