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白(bai)鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)是一(yi)種(zhong)古紙(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，為宮廷(ting)御用(yong)。紙(zhi)(zhi)為特(te)凈皮(pi)，規格(ge)為一(yi)丈(zhang)二尺，所以也被稱(cheng)為“丈(zhang)二宣”。制造工藝要求高，制作(zuo)難度(du)大(da)，是一(yi)種(zhong)難得(de)的(de)書畫(hua)佳紙(zhi)(zhi)。

簡要介紹

就宮廷御用白鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而言，紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為特凈皮，規(gui)格為一丈(zhang)二(er)尺，所(suo)以也被(bei)稱為“丈(zhang)二(er)宣”。白鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)制造工(gong)藝要求高，制作難度大，是一種難得的(de)書(shu)畫(hua)佳紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。它紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)質潔(jie)白而瑩潤如玉，纖維長(chang)且厚重而有韌性，面滑如蠶絲，受(shou)墨柔和(he)，明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)作為一種獨(du)特的(de)名貴(gui)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品名揚開來(lai)，之(zhi)后絕竭。

紙張特色

宮廷御(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)白鹿(lu)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)每(mei)刀25張，四(si)刀一(yi)(yi)包，著(zhu)明黃布縫(feng)裹;每(mei)刀紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的邊口鈐(qian)有不(bu)(bu)同組(zu)合(he)的“上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”“官(guan)”“福(fu)”“祿”“壽”“白鹿(lu)”“宣(xuan)(xuan)邑”“本槽(cao)”“四(si)房監造(zao)(zao)”“蟾友(you)(you)”“曹祥慶記(ji)”“曹取言字號”等印記(ji)。“上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”或(huo)(huo)“御(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”是(shi)(shi)專供(gong)奉皇帝使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的，表(biao)(biao)示(shi)這(zhe)種(zhong)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)最(zui)好的，代表(biao)(biao)了當時造(zao)(zao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工藝(yi)的最(zui)高水平。一(yi)(yi)旦被(bei)封定為(wei)“上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”或(huo)(huo)“御(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其他人就不(bu)(bu)能(neng)再用(yong)(yong)(yong)，當然，市面上(shang)也不(bu)(bu)可(ke)能(neng)見(jian)到。“官(guan)”或(huo)(huo)“官(guan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”是(shi)(shi)供(gong)內(nei)廷皇室成(cheng)員和臣工們使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的，紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的品質較“上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稍遜，只不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)在紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的抄造(zao)(zao)、分撿過(guo)程中，優中選優的為(wei)“上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”，其次為(wei)“官(guan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”。“福(fu)”“祿”“壽”是(shi)(shi)吉祥、恭(gong)敬用(yong)(yong)(yong)語(yu)，對于供(gong)奉者來講，自然是(shi)(shi)必不(bu)(bu)可(ke)少(shao)的。“白鹿(lu)”是(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的品名。“宣(xuan)(xuan)邑”是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)白鹿(lu)宣(xuan)(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的產(chan)地，來源于宣(xuan)(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的發源地宣(xuan)(xuan)城(cheng)，申明其正宗。“本槽(cao)”是(shi)(shi)表(biao)(biao)明這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)白鹿(lu)宣(xuan)(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抄造(zao)(zao)的出(chu)處，出(chu)于本家的老(lao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)槽(cao)。“四(si)房監造(zao)(zao)”是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)對文房四(si)寶制造(zao)(zao)的監督機構，隸屬內(nei)務府，鈐(qian)蓋此章以示(shi)為(wei)宮廷所用(yong)(yong)(yong)。“蟾友(you)(you)”是(shi)(shi)稱宣(xuan)(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)皇親國戚(qi)、達官(guan)貴人、文人墨客的朋友(you)(you)，把其人格(ge)化，以友(you)(you)相(xiang)看，可(ke)謂行(xing)影相(xiang)隨，不(bu)(bu)可(ke)或(huo)(huo)缺。

古籍記載

《至正直記(ji)》：“世傳白(bai)(bai)(bai)鹿紙乃龍虎山寫篆之紙也。有碧、黃、白(bai)(bai)(bai)三品；白(bai)(bai)(bai)者瑩(ying)澤光凈(jing)可愛，且堅(jian)韌勝江西(xi)之紙。趙松雪用以寫字(zi)作畫，闊幅(fu)而長者稱白(bai)(bai)(bai)箓，后以白(bai)(bai)(bai)箓不雅，更名(ming)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鹿。”

《晉書·郄(qie)詵傳》載(zai)(zai)：“武(wu)帝(di)(di)于東堂會送(song)，問(wen)詵曰(yue)：卿自(zi)以為(wei)如(ru)何?詵對曰(yue)：臣鑒賢良對策，為(wei)天下第一，猶桂林之一枝，昆(kun)山(shan)(shan)之片玉(yu)。”是(shi)說，晉武(wu)帝(di)(di)泰(tai)始年間，吏部尚書崔洪舉薦郄(qie)詵當左(zuo)丞(cheng)相，結(jie)果(guo)郄(qie)詵當了雍州(zhou)刺史，晉武(wu)帝(di)(di)問(wen)他(ta)的(de)(de)自(zi)我(wo)評價，他(ta)說：臣為(wei)帝(di)(di)出謀劃策治理國家(jia)，都是(shi)最(zui)好的(de)(de)，我(wo)就像月(yue)宮里的(de)(de)一段桂枝，昆(kun)侖(lun)山(shan)(shan)上的(de)(de)一塊寶玉(yu)。用廣寒宮中一枝桂、昆(kun)侖(lun)山(shan)(shan)上一片玉(yu)來(lai)形容特別出眾的(de)(de)人(ren)才，即“蟾宮折(zhe)桂”。“曹(cao)(cao)祥(xiang)慶記”“曹(cao)(cao)取言字(zi)號”是(shi)安徽涇(jing)縣小嶺(ling)曹(cao)(cao)氏(shi)造紙(zhi)(zhi)世(shi)(shi)家(jia)的(de)(de)造紙(zhi)(zhi)者。《小嶺(ling)曹(cao)(cao)氏(shi)宗譜》載(zai)(zai)：“宋未爭攘之際，烽(feng)燧四起，避亂忙(mang)忙(mang)，曹(cao)(cao)氏(shi)鐘公八世(shi)(shi)孫曹(cao)(cao)大三(san)，由(you)虬(qiu)川遷涇(jing)，來(lai)到小嶺(ling)，分(fen)徙十三(san)宅，見此系山(shan)(shan)陬，田地稀少，無可(ke)耕種，因(yin)貽(yi)蔡倫術為(wei)業。”自(zi)此，小嶺(ling)大小十三(san)坑(keng)，坑(keng)坑(keng)有(you)紙(zhi)(zhi)槽，史載(zai)(zai)：“家(jia)家(jia)有(you)舂聲，戶戶曬紙(zhi)(zhi)忙(mang)。”小嶺(ling)曹(cao)(cao)氏(shi)籍(ji)其獨有(you)之資(zi)源(yuan)，創(chuang)造出宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)，并(bing)日臻精湛之工(gong)藝(yi)，漸成中國宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)業之佼者，生產的(de)(de)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)不僅為(wei)文(wen)人(ren)、畫家(jia)所鐘愛，且長期被列(lie)為(wei)貢品。

歷史溯源

一說(shuo)，白(bai)鹿(lu)(lu)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產于元代(dai)，最(zui)早是江西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道士寫(xie)(xie)符用(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，后(hou)(hou)因趙孟頫(fu)用(yong)以(yi)寫(xie)(xie)字(zi)作畫，嫌“”不雅(ya)、不吉，而(er)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)造紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抄(chao)簾上繡(xiu)有(you)(you)形(xing)態各(ge)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鹿(lu)(lu)圖(tu)，紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)隱(yin)約可見(jian)鹿(lu)(lu)紋(wen)，而(er)鹿(lu)(lu)又(you)是祥瑞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征，與福緊(jin)密地結合，所以(yi)更名為白(bai)鹿(lu)(lu)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。二說(shuo)，時逢一年旱災，河干地裂，百(bai)姓(xing)難以(yi)生(sheng)存，這時一名叫“白(bai)樂(le)(le)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)年，勇敢(gan)擔當起為百(bai)姓(xing)尋水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)任。他不畏艱辛，翻(fan)山(shan)越嶺，但始終沒有(you)(you)找到(dao)(dao)(dao)，饑渴勞累使(shi)他昏睡過(guo)去(qu)(qu)。睡夢(meng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)他看(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)一位美(mei)麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仙女(nv)飄(piao)然而(er)下，仙女(nv)手(shou)中(zhong)捏著一條白(bai)絲帕，她朱唇微啟，問白(bai)樂(le)(le)有(you)(you)何(he)愿望和困難。在(zai)(zai)知道了(le)(le)(le)百(bai)姓(xing)因干旱而(er)遭受(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦難后(hou)(hou)，她告訴白(bai)樂(le)(le)，水源(yuan)就在(zai)(zai)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)(yan)前。說(shuo)完就飄(piao)然而(er)去(qu)(qu)，只將手(shou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)絲帕拋下。白(bai)樂(le)(le)趕緊(jin)接住(zhu)，夢(meng)也醒了(le)(le)(le)。急(ji)看(kan)手(shou)中(zhong)，不知何(he)時白(bai)絲帕變成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)一張(zhang)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。抬(tai)眼(yan)(yan)望去(qu)(qu)，果(guo)真見(jian)有(you)(you)一巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鹿(lu)(lu)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石頭，一雙鹿(lu)(lu)眼(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距就有(you)(you)一丈又(you)二。白(bai)樂(le)(le)走上前去(qu)(qu)，用(yong)手(shou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拭去(qu)(qu)石鹿(lu)(lu)眼(yan)(yan)睛(jing)和身上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥塵(chen)。石鹿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)(yan)睛(jing)隨(sui)著泥塵(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拭去(qu)(qu)變得明亮無(wu)比，并淌(tang)出了(le)(le)(le)感激的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淚(lei)水，淚(lei)水越流越多，變成(cheng)兩(liang)股清泉，清泉滋潤(run)了(le)(le)(le)世間(jian)萬物，解(jie)救了(le)(le)(le)百(bai)姓(xing)。后(hou)(hou)來(lai)，人(ren)們(men)為了(le)(le)(le)紀念白(bai)樂(le)(le)，研制(zhi)出了(le)(le)(le)至(zhi)善至(zhi)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、一丈二尺規(gui)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)簾上繡(xiu)有(you)(you)形(xing)態各(ge)異(yi)奔鹿(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)——白(bai)鹿(lu)(lu)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，又(you)稱白(bai)樂(le)(le)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

制造工藝

細究(jiu)白(bai)鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)，雖然與其他宣紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa)、工藝(yi)流程是(shi)相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)，都是(shi)由制(zhi)(zhi)料(liao)(liao)(皮(pi)(pi)(pi)料(liao)(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)作：砍(kan)條(tiao)、蒸煮、剝皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、漬灰、堆積、蒸皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、踏洗(xi)(xi)(xi)、制(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)坯、蒸煮、洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、撕(si)選(xuan)(xuan)、攤曬(shai)、再(zai)(zai)蒸煮、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、再(zai)(zai)攤曬(shai)、鞭(bian)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、檢皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、做(zuo)胎(tai)、壓榨(zha)、選(xuan)(xuan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、打料(liao)(liao)、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、漂(piao)白(bai);草料(liao)(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)作：選(xuan)(xuan)草、埋浸、洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、漬灰、堆積、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、曬(shai)干、蒸煮、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、攤曬(shai)、撕(si)草、翻曬(shai)、再(zai)(zai)蒸煮、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、再(zai)(zai)攤曬(shai)、鞭(bian)草、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、壓榨(zha)、檢草、打料(liao)(liao)、再(zai)(zai)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)滌(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、漂(piao)白(bai))、配(pei)料(liao)(liao)(混(hun)料(liao)(liao)、打勻、去水(shui)(shui))、制(zhi)(zhi)藥(選(xuan)(xuan)上好的(de)(de)楊(yang)桃(tao)藤(teng)(teng)、剪藤(teng)(teng)、砸裂、冷水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)浸汁)、制(zhi)(zhi)簾(剖蔑、抽絲、編織、涂漆(qi))、制(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(配(pei)水(shui)(shui)、加(jia)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)藥、抄紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、榨(zha)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、焙紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))、檢紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(分驗、剪裁、包裝(zhuang)、入(ru)庫)等繁雜的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程所(suo)完(wan)成的(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)白(bai)鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，不(bu)僅每道工序做(zuo)到(dao)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)、至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)純至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真，又有許(xu)多細節不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，恰是(shi)完(wan)美(mei)的(de)(de)工序和這些不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)關(guan)節點(dian)的(de)(de)細致、苛求(qiu)(qiu)、全面(mian)，締造(zao)了白(bai)鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)完(wan)美(mei)、絕倫、難求(qiu)(qiu)。白(bai)鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)這些不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)關(guan)節點(dian)在(zai)(zai)于選(xuan)(xuan)料(liao)(liao)精優，正如胡韞玉在(zai)(zai)《紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)》中(zhong)所(suo)指：“紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之所(suo)造(zao)，首在(zai)(zai)于料(liao)(liao)”。皮(pi)(pi)(pi)選(xuan)(xuan)生長(chang)期(qi)(qi)2-3年(nian)的(de)(de)不(bu)嫩不(bu)老韌皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、質量處于最佳的(de)(de)青檀皮(pi)(pi)(pi)，用草選(xuan)(xuan)的(de)(de)是(shi)沙(sha)田稻草中(zhong)段(duan)，藥選(xuan)(xuan)生長(chang)期(qi)(qi)2年(nian)的(de)(de)，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)每年(nian)9月(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來年(nian)4月(yue)間砍(kan)伐的(de)(de)楊(yang)桃(tao)藤(teng)(teng)，水(shui)(shui)選(xuan)(xuan)山泉水(shui)(shui)，等等。

白鹿紙(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)造除了原料和工藝的(de)一些(xie)特(te)異外，還有(you)一個(ge)要(yao)(yao)點是(shi)在于(yu)紙(zhi)(zhi)簾(lian)(lian)的(de)不同(tong)(tong)。當然，白鹿宣紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)制(zhi)造是(shi)使用白鹿簾(lian)(lian)。紙(zhi)(zhi)簾(lian)(lian)的(de)規(gui)格不同(tong)(tong)、編(bian)制(zhi)方法、密度不同(tong)(tong)、圖紋(wen)不同(tong)(tong)，使得(de)制(zhi)造出(chu)的(de)宣紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)不同(tong)(tong)。即用什么(me)簾(lian)(lian)制(zhi)什么(me)紙(zhi)(zhi)，反過來說，要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)什么(me)紙(zhi)(zhi)，就應制(zhi)什么(me)簾(lian)(lian)。宣紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)品種(zhong)與簾(lian)(lian)的(de)品種(zhong)、規(gui)格分不開。多(duo)品種(zhong)、多(duo)規(gui)格的(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)簾(lian)(lian)，形(xing)成多(duo)彩繽紛(fen)的(de)不同(tong)(tong)品種(zhong)的(de)宣紙(zhi)(zhi)。

工藝傳承

雖然白(bai)鹿(lu)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)早(zao)在17世紀就已產生(sheng)，但能(neng)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)白(bai)鹿(lu)宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)坊(fang)或廠(chang)家并不多。當時也只有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)世家曹恒(heng)源等(deng)幾家制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，而且能(neng)編制(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)鹿(lu)簾的(de)(de)工(gong)匠也是(shi)為數(shu)極少。據報道，涇(jing)縣小(xiao)嶺宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)廠(chang)在不斷地挖(wa)掘傳統(tong)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)基礎上，又使這(zhe)一傳統(tong)絕技獲得了新(xin)生(sheng)。曹氏宣(xuan)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)傳人、曹大三廿(nian)七(qi)世孫曹建勤先生(sheng)新(xin)研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)白(bai)鹿(lu)紙(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)極其考究，選(xuan)料嚴格(ge)，工(gong)藝(yi)精巧，紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)暗紋內隱有(you)四大四小(xiao)的(de)(de)八只奔(ben)騰的(de)(de)鹿(lu)，猶如一幅動感的(de)(de)草原逐(zhu)鹿(lu)圖。