2012年8月1日,印(yin)度官員宣(xuan)布,印(yin)度大(da)面積斷電已經結(jie)束。印(yin)度發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)停電事(shi)故,覆(fu)蓋了(le)一半以上(shang)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)土,直接影響6億多人(ren)的(de)(de)生(sheng)活,是這個南亞國(guo)(guo)家11年來最嚴重的(de)(de)停電事(shi)故。
印度(du)北部和東部地(di)(di)區7月30日和31日連續發(fa)生兩(liang)次大面(mian)積停(ting)電事故。突如其來的斷電導致交(jiao)通(tong)陷(xian)入混亂,全(quan)國超過300列火車停(ting)運,首都新德里的地(di)(di)鐵(tie)也全(quan)部停(ting)運,造(zao)成旅客大量滯留,公路交(jiao)通(tong)出現大面(mian)積擁堵。一(yi)些礦(kuang)工被(bei)困(kun)井(jing)下。銀行系統陷(xian)入癱瘓,一(yi)度(du)給印度(du)的金融(rong)交(jiao)易帶來障礙。
第一次(ci)(ci)事故發(fa)生后(hou),印度(du)電力(li)部(bu)(bu)門排除故障,在(zai)停(ting)電后(hou)15個(ge)小時內基(ji)本恢復了電力(li)供應。但旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)、哈里亞納(na)邦(bang)以及北(bei)方邦(bang)等幾個(ge)地區在(zai)供電恢復后(hou)繼續超負荷用電,導致了第二次(ci)(ci)大面(mian)積停(ting)電。印度(du)電力(li)部(bu)(bu)門因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)得不(bu)從(cong)鄰國輸(shu)入電力(li)來滿(man)足新(xin)德里的用電需求。截(jie)至8月1日,印度(du)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)地區95%的電力(li)供應已(yi)恢復。
貝恩(en)咨詢公司高級合伙人(ren)阿密(mi)特(te)·辛哈認為(wei),此次停電(dian)事故(gu)給印(yin)(yin)度經濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)力供應至少(shao)需(xu)要保(bao)持(chi)每年6.5%至7%的增速,否則將會對該國制造業和(he)出(chu)口企業造成(cheng)傷害。
印度(du)最大行業協會(hui)印度(du)工(gong)商聯合會(hui)主席(xi)卡(ka)諾里亞(ya)說:“連續兩天(tian)如(ru)此大規模(mo)的停電,值得我們(men)密切關注,這當然(ran)會(hui)
對(dui)于商業投資環(huan)境本(ben)就存在(zai)不少問題的印(yin)度(du)來說,此次(ci)大停(ting)電不僅影響企業生產(chan)和(he)盈利水平,還影響到(dao)印(yin)度(du)在(zai)外國投資者眼中的形象。
印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)產業聯合會理事長錢(qian)德拉吉(ji)特·班(ban)納吉(ji)表示(shi),印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)近來增長放(fang)緩(huan),外界(jie)本就對印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)前景不太看好,如今電網(wang)兩天內連(lian)續崩潰無疑使(shi)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)形象進一步受(shou)損,令(ling)有意投(tou)資印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)外國(guo)企(qi)業望而卻(que)步。對于(yu)一個(ge)擁有世界(jie)約六分之一人口的(de)(de)新興經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體,有必要使(shi)基礎設(she)施建設(she)與印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)強國(guo)夢(meng)想相(xiang)匹配。
世界(jie)媒體都在議(yi)論印度(du)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),但任何國(guo)家(jia)(jia)都不能否認(ren)自(zi)己也遭(zao)遇過大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)的歷史(shi),只是規(gui)模和破(po)壞程度(du)不同罷了。美國(guo)上(shang)世紀后半葉,至少出現三(san)次大(da)(da)規(gui)模停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu),近(jin)十多年時間里,美國(guo)至少遭(zao)遇過數次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)。如2008年,佛羅(luo)里達州發生大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),300萬(wan)人沒有電(dian)力供應;2003年大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),由(you)密歇根州延伸至紐約,最后蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機專(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)承認(ren),“一(yi)次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),即使(shi)是數秒鐘,也不亞(ya)于一(yi)場大(da)(da)地震帶(dai)來的破(po)壞”。
很多(duo)新(xin)興經濟(ji)體(ti)在(zai)經濟(ji)高增長(chang)的刺激或尋求經濟(ji)高增長(chang)的動(dong)機之下,只(zhi)顧電(dian)(dian)力開發(fa),卻忽(hu)視電(dian)(dian)網安全工作,對電(dian)(dian)網管理體(ti)制改革方面重視不夠,導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)”下都斷電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的情況(kuang),造成(cheng)大量的浪費和損失。印(yin)(yin)度此次發(fa)生的問題,對印(yin)(yin)度是個(ge)現(xian)實(shi)教訓(xun),對世(shi)界(jie)各新(xin)興經濟(ji)體(ti)而言,是給電(dian)(dian)網安全上了一課。只(zhi)要體(ti)認(ren)“大停電(dian)(dian)或也會(hui)發(fa)生在(zai)我們(men)身上”,那么(me),我們(men)就應該從(cong)漠不關心(xin)(xin)等心(xin)(xin)態中覺醒過來,把印(yin)(yin)度問題視為自己的問題,做(zuo)好自己的安全工作。
印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發
生(sheng)兩次(ci)大(da)面(mian)積停電(dian)事故(gu)。突如其來的斷電(dian)導(dao)致(zhi)交(jiao)通陷入混(hun)亂(luan),全(quan)國(guo)超過300列火車停運(yun),首都新德里的地鐵也全(quan)部停運(yun),造成(cheng)旅(lv)客大(da)量滯留,公路(lu)交(jiao)通出現大(da)面(mian)積擁堵。一(yi)些礦工被(bei)困(kun)井下。銀(yin)行(xing)系統(tong)陷入癱瘓,一(yi)度給印度的金融交(jiao)易帶來障礙。
第(di)一次(ci)事故發(fa)生后,印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)部門排除(chu)故障,在停(ting)電(dian)后15個小時內基本恢(hui)復(fu)了電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)。但旁遮普(pu)邦、哈里(li)亞納邦以及北(bei)方(fang)邦等(deng)幾個地區在供電(dian)恢(hui)復(fu)后繼(ji)續超負荷用電(dian),導致了第(di)二次(ci)大面積停(ting)電(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)部門因此不(bu)得(de)不(bu)從鄰國輸入電(dian)力(li)來滿足新(xin)德里(li)的用電(dian)需求。截至8月1日(ri),印(yin)度北(bei)部地區95%的電(dian)力(li)供應(ying)已恢(hui)復(fu)。
貝恩咨詢公(gong)司高級合伙(huo)人(ren)阿密(mi)特·辛(xin)哈認(ren)為,此次停電(dian)事故給(gei)印(yin)(yin)度經濟(ji)敲(qiao)響了(le)警鐘——印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)力供應至少(shao)需要保持每年(nian)6.5%至7%的增速,否則將會(hui)對該(gai)國制(zhi)造業和出口企業造成傷害(hai)。
印度最大行業協會印度工商聯合會主席卡諾里亞(ya)說:“連(lian)續兩天如此大規模的停電,值得我們密切(qie)關注,這(zhe)當然會
對(dui)于商業投(tou)資(zi)環境本(ben)就存在不少(shao)問(wen)題的印度來說,此次大停電不僅影響企(qi)業生(sheng)產和盈利水平(ping),還影響到印度在外國投(tou)資(zi)者眼中的形象。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)產業聯合會理事長(chang)錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)經濟近來增長(chang)放緩,外(wai)(wai)界本(ben)就(jiu)對印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)前景不(bu)太(tai)看好,如今(jin)電網兩天內(nei)連續崩(beng)潰無疑使印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)形象進一步受損(sun),令有(you)(you)意投(tou)資(zi)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)企業望(wang)而卻步。對于一個擁有(you)(you)世界約六分之一人口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)新興經濟體,有(you)(you)必要(yao)使基(ji)礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she)與印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)強國(guo)(guo)夢想相匹配(pei)。
世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大停(ting)電(dian)(dian),但任何國(guo)家都(dou)不能否認自己也遭(zao)遇過大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史,只是(shi)(shi)規(gui)模和破壞程度不同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后半葉,至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)出現三次大規(gui)模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故,近十多年(nian)時間里,美國(guo)至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)遭(zao)遇過數(shu)(shu)次大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian),佛羅里達州發(fa)生大停(ting)電(dian)(dian),300萬(wan)人沒有電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應(ying);2003年(nian)大停(ting)電(dian)(dian),由密歇根州延伸(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)紐約,最后蔓(man)延到加拿大。危(wei)機(ji)專家承(cheng)認,“一次大停(ting)電(dian)(dian),即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)秒鐘,也不亞于一場(chang)大地震帶來的破壞”。
很多新興經(jing)濟體在經(jing)濟高(gao)增長(chang)的(de)刺激或(huo)尋(xun)求經(jing)濟高(gao)增長(chang)的(de)動機之下(xia),只顧電(dian)力開發(fa),卻忽視(shi)電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo),對(dui)電(dian)網管(guan)理體制改革方面(mian)重視(shi)不(bu)夠,導致“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)停電(dian)的(de)情況,造成大量的(de)浪(lang)費和損失。印度(du)此次發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)問(wen)題,對(dui)印度(du)是個現(xian)實教(jiao)訓,對(dui)世界(jie)各新興經(jing)濟體而言,是給電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)(quan)上(shang)(shang)了一(yi)課。只要體認(ren)“大停電(dian)或(huo)也會發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在我們(men)身上(shang)(shang)”,那么(me),我們(men)就應該從(cong)漠(mo)不(bu)關(guan)心(xin)(xin)等心(xin)(xin)態中(zhong)覺醒過來,把印度(du)問(wen)題視(shi)為(wei)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)問(wen)題,做好自(zi)(zi)己的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)。
2012年(nian)7月(yue)(yue)30口凌晨(chen)2時33分(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)北(bei)部地(di)(di)區德里邦(bang)、哈利亞納邦(bang)、中(zhong)央邦(bang)、旁遮(zhe)普邦(bang)、拉賈斯(si)坦邦(bang)、北(bei)安查(cha)爾邦(bang)、北(bei)方邦(bang)等9個邦(bang)發生(sheng)(sheng)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu),逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)到影響。在(zai)上述地(di)(di)區恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后,于(yu)(yu)當地(di)(di)時間7月(yue)(yue)31口13時05分(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)包括首都新德里在(zai)內的東部、北(bei)部和(he)東北(bei)部地(di)(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)發生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu),超過(guo)20個邦(bang)再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)陷(xian)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓狀(zhuang)態,全國(guo)近一(yi)半(ban)地(di)(di)區的供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)斷(duan),逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)口受(shou)到影響111印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)兩天之內連續(xu)發生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu),是有(you)史以來影響人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最多的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統事(shi)故(gu),成為(wei)世界范圍內規(gui)模最人(ren)(ren)(ren)的停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)件(jian)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)長期以來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基(ji)礎薄(bo)弱(ruo)、基(ji)礎設(she)施落后并滯后于(yu)(yu)經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)等矛盾由(you)來己久,這次(ci)(ci)事(shi)件(jian)讓印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理(li)體制、調度(du)(du)(du)防控體系和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃建(jian)設(she)等方面諸多問題再(zai)(zai)次(ci)(ci)暴露于(yu)(yu)公眾面前。與我(wo)國(guo)一(yi)樣作為(wei)正在(zai)崛起的發展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)家,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)此次(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行具有(you)重人(ren)(ren)(ren)的借鑒(jian)意(yi)義。但(dan)是我(wo)國(guo)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)原因研究不深,需(xu)要進一(yi)步(bu)深入(ru)分(fen)析印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況(kuang)。
印(yin)度的能源資(zi)源主要分(fen)布在東部和(he)(he)東北部地(di)區(qu)(qu)_以煤炭和(he)(he)水力為主_其(qi)余為核(he)電(dian)、油電(dian)和(he)(he)天然氣發(fa)電(dian)。主要負荷中(zhong)心及人(ren)口稠密地(di)區(qu)(qu)則集(ji)中(zhong)在北部、南(nan)部和(he)(he)西部地(di)區(qu)(qu)。印(yin)度電(dian)網的輸電(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)主要為東電(dian)西送,再(zai)輔以北電(dian)南(nan)送截至2012年5月,印(yin)度總(zong)發(fa)電(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)容量約為2億kW,其(qi)中(zhong)火(huo)電(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)占68.7070,水電(dian)占19.2070,核(he)電(dian)和(he)(he)其(qi)他可(ke)再(zai)生能源發(fa)電(dian)占12.1%}Z
作為(wei)亞洲第三人(ren)經(jing)濟體,印(yin)度(du)過去10年(nian)間經(jing)濟增速接近2位數(shu),能源消費年(nian)均(jun)增速6%但由于投資不(bu)足,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)發(fa)展嚴重滯后于經(jing)濟發(fa)展水平,發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余不(bu)足,跨區輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)不(bu)夠,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應長(chang)期處于短缺(que)狀(zhuang)態。印(yin)度(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)GDP增長(chang)8.5070,同期發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機增長(chang)僅為(wei)5.56%印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部預計2012年(nian)印(yin)度(du)高峰期電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)缺(que)曰(yue)10.6%左右(you),全年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量缺(que)曰(yue)7.3%左右(you)。仍(reng)有近40%的印(yin)度(du)家庭(約2.89億人(ren))沒有用上電(dian)(dian)(dian),且印(yin)度(du)人(ren)部分地區供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量低(di)、停電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁,即使在(zai)首都新德里(li)也經(jing)常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
印度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區(qu)域性電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)組成,即北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。印度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級主(zhu)要有765kV,500 kV,400kV,220kV和132kV北部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)實現了交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)400kV同步聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),形成中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過直流(liu)異步聯接(jie)。此(ci)外印度東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)通過400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)與(yu)不月-電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)互聯印度交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)同步電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)區(qu)域間(jian)互聯情(qing)況.
印度輸電網結構分為3層,即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電網(wang)(wang)卜區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)(nei)跨(kua)邦(bang)電網(wang)(wang)一邦(bang)電網(wang)(wang)。其中跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)跨(kua)電網(wang)(wang)由(you)中央政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)印度(du)(du)國(guo)家電網(wang)(wang)公司(PGCIL)擁有(you)(you)(you),并負(fu)責運行管(guan)理(li)(li);邦(bang)內(nei)(nei)輸電資產由(you)邦(bang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)所有(you)(you)(you)的(de)邦(bang)輸電公司(STUB)或邦(bang)電力局(未改革邦(bang))管(guan)理(li)(li)從印度(du)(du)交流互聯網(wang)(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)來(lai)看(kan),區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電網(wang)(wang)之間通過(guo)1同(tong)(tong)765kV交流,23同(tong)(tong)400kV交流、10同(tong)(tong)220kV交流、1個士(shi)(shi)400kV直流背靠背和(he)1個士(shi)(shi)500kV直流互聯。區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)(nei)主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)主要(yao)是以400kV/220kV電磁(ci)環網(wang)(wang)為主。印度(du)(du)配電網(wang)(wang)由(you)邦(bang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)所有(you)(you)(you)或私有(you)(you)(you)的(de)配電公司擁有(you)(you)(you)并負(fu)責運行管(guan)理(li)(li)一個邦(bang)內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)多個配電公司,完全私營(ying)的(de)配電公司有(you)(you)(you)17個,主要(yao)分(fen)布在德(de)里(li)、奧里(li)薩、占吉拉特、孟買等邦(bang)
在調度(du)(du)環節,印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)調度(du)(du)分(fen)3級,分(fen)別(bie)由(you)國家調度(du)(du)中心(NLDC),區(qu)域(yu)(yu)調度(du)(du)中心}RLDC)、邦(bang)調度(du)(du)中心(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨區(qu)域(yu)(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)線路調度(du)(du),5個RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du),各邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du)。調度(du)(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)網所(suo)有(you)者合(he)一,NLDC和RLDC由(you)印度(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)網公司管(guan)理,SLDC由(you)邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公司或電(dian)(dian)力(li)局管(guan)理。
2印度“7.30","7.31”大停電事故直接原因
印度電(dian)力(li)部在(zai)事故(gu)后組成(cheng)特別小組展開全面(mian)的事故(gu)調(diao)查(cha)(cha),并于s月I6口公布了(le)事故(gu)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)報告(gao),報告(gao)詳細地分析了(le)引起(qi)印度連續兩(liang)起(qi)人停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)的直接原因。
2012年7月30口,由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳開,在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)(lie)后(hou),由西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的(de)潮流轉(zhuan)移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡(luo)通道,導致系(xi)(xi)統發生(sheng)功(gong)率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)由于(yu)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷(duan)面上,致使(shi)相應(ying)的(de)聯絡(luo)線跳開,造(zao)成北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印度(du)交(jiao)流互(hu)聯系(xi)(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列(lie)(lie)。由于(yu)系(xi)(xi)統頻率過低以及區域內進一步的(de)功(gong)率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang),北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統最終崩潰。
2012年7月31口,由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai),在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)以后(hou),用于(yu)滿(man)足北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)負(fu)荷的潮流轉移(yi)到“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的聯絡通(tong)道,導致(zhi)系統發生功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)7月31口的系統振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)中心在(zai)(zai)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),靠近(jin)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian),因(yin)此,在(zai)(zai)導致(zhi)了(le)(le)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai)之后(hou),東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的一(yi)小(xiao)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)Rourkela),以及西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流互聯系統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。這造成了(le)(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)斷面(mian)的功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang),并進一(yi)步導致(zhi)了(le)(le)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)“東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系統的解列(lie)。隨后(hou),所有3個區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)造成多同線(xian)路(lu)跳開(kai),系統頻率(lv)過低以及在(zai)(zai)不同地區(qu)的過電(dian)壓,最終(zhong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)力(li)系統崩潰。
根據印(yin)度的調查(cha)報告,2次(ci)(ci)事故(gu)當天的故(gu)障錄(lu)波器結(jie)果均(jun)顯示,系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)并沒有監測(ce)到有故(gu)障發(fa)生(sheng)。在2次(ci)(ci)事故(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)前(qian),由于西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)網(wang)和(he)北(bei)部電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian),以及靠近東部電(dian)網(wang)和(he)西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)的多條區域間聯(lian)絡線(xian)停運導(dao)致(zhi)跨(kua)區通道弱聯(lian)系(xi),系(xi)統(tong)間的輸(shu)電(dian)能力(li)被顯著削弱。西(xi)(xi)部電(dian)網(wang)和(he)北(bei)部電(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)均(jun)只有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交流主干聯(lian)絡線(xian)路(lu)處于運行狀態。
電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)的邦(bang)負荷調度中心(xin)對區域(yu)負荷調度中心(xin)要求(qiu)其降低邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司透(tou)支(zhi)用電(dian)(dian),以及要求(qiu)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司降低發電(dian)(dian)出力(li)的指令響(xiang)應不充分部(bu)(bu)分北(bei)部(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司透(tou)支(zhi)用電(dian)(dian),產生了計劃(hua)外的電(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)換,導(dao)致(zhi)了西部(bu)(bu)與北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間唯一保持運(yun)行的400kV聯絡線(xian)處于高載(zai)荷狀態,并超過了線(xian)路(lu)(lu)白身(shen)的額定功率。距離保護繼電(dian)(dian)器3段保護動(dong)作(zuo)使得該線(xian)路(lu)(lu)跳開,導(dao)致(zhi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列。
在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網解列后,由西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網供給(gei)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷(he)的潮流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網一北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網”的聯絡通道,導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)在2次連(lian)續人面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中(zhong),振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)中(zhong)心分(fen)別在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間的斷面(mian)上,及(ji)在靠近東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷面(mian)的東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),致使相應的聯絡線和(he)(he)主干線路(lu)跳開(kai),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)(he)印度交流互聯系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由于(yu)各個區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過(guo)低以及(ji)進一步的功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)(dang)等原因導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩潰,最終造成人面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故
在(zai)這2次人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故中,西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統通過在(zai)區域(yu)內采取高(gao)頻(pin)切(qie)機(ji)措(cuo)施(shi),得以(yi)幸(xing)免南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統從東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)饋入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),也(ye)在(zai)7月31口的事(shi)(shi)故中得以(yi)幸(xing)免,在(zai)事(shi)(shi)故發生后依然從西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)饋入部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),并采取了若干(gan)防御機(ji)制,如白(bai)動低頻(pin)減負荷(he)以(yi)及逐漸提(ti)升高(gao)壓直流受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)
人(ren)電網(wang)統一(yi)防控(kong)體系(xi)(xi)是(shi)以堅強網(wang)架為(wei)基礎的(de)、基于人(ren)安全(quan)觀的(de)、以統一(yi)規劃、統一(yi)調度、統一(yi)管理為(wei)手段的(de)人(ren)電網(wang)安全(quan)防御與運行(營)控(kong)制(zhi)體系(xi)(xi)。該體系(xi)(xi)的(de)不(bu)完善是(shi)木次印度連續發生人(ren)面積停電事故的(de)深層次原(yuan)因
1網架結構不夠堅強,區域間交換能力不足
受印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業的(de)經營(ying)與(yu)管理(li)體制限(xian)制,各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設缺乏(fa)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間統(tong)籌協調,區(qu)域(yu)(yu)主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)主,沒(mei)有合(he)理(li)的(de)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區(qu),網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)結構較易(yi)引發穩定破壞。400kV線路(lu)作為(wei)(wei)主干網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不(bu)滿(man)足印度經濟(ji)的(de)快速增長對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)負荷的(de)需要,765kV系統(tong)剛剛啟動(dong)建(jian)設,還未成(cheng)網(wang)(wang)。跨區(qu)主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)之(zhi)間呈(cheng)弱連(lian)接,一旦局部(bu)故障引發連(lian)鎖反(fan)應,或(huo)者區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)白身(shen)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)(li)人幅減少,各區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間彼此難以形成(cheng)有力(li)(li)的(de)支援,加(jia)入了發生人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可能性。
2電網發展缺乏統一規劃
印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)、建設主體(ti)和(he)資產歸屬(shu)復(fu)雜,主要(yao)包括印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)、邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)以及私人企業(ye)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責(ze)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)及跨區(qu)域(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)規(gui)劃(hua),邦(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責(ze)邦(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)。盡管由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)5個區(qu)域(yu)(yu)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)負責(ze)協調(diao)和(he)管理(li)有關邦(bang)之(zhi)間(jian)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)相關事務,但(dan)其對邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)并無(wu)管理(li)關系(xi),無(wu)力(li)有效(xiao)實現跨區(qu)、跨邦(bang)和(he)邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)統一規(gui)劃(hua),各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)發展規(gui)劃(hua)較難形成合理(li)的(de)匹配和(he)有效(xiao)的(de)銜接。除上(shang)述(shu)所述(shu)的(de)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)問(wen)題(ti)外,印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)還存(cun)在短期運行規(gui)劃(hua)中(zhong)(zhong),區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)停運計劃(hua)不(bu)協調(diao)的(de)嚴重問(wen)題(ti),并因此直接造成了(le)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)間(jian)聯(lian)絡線的(de)功率調(diao)控能力(li)缺失(shi)。
3電網缺乏統一調度機制
除了(le)固有的發電(dian)(dian)冗余(yu)不(bu)足(zu),調峰(feng)能力弱等客(ke)觀原因外,此(ci)次(ci)事故暴(bao)露出印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)(du)體制(zhi)不(bu)健全,電(dian)(dian)網運行缺乏統一調度(du)(du),不(bu)同級(ji)調度(du)(du)機(ji)構約束能力弱、跨(kua)邦(bang)跨(kua)區調度(du)(du)協調能力不(bu)足(zu),調度(du)(du)指(zhi)揮不(bu)暢,調度(du)(du)指(zhi)令失靈等問題。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分散(san)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)體制,存在國(guo)家、區域(yu)、邦(bang)級(ji)以(yi)及邦(bang)內(nei)各地(di)區4級(ji)以(yi)上的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)管理(li)_缺乏統(tong)(tong)一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機制。各邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)獨(du)立于國(guo)家和(he)區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou),主要受當地(di)電(dian)(dian)力局或輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)公司(si)管理(li)。國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)對邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機構(gou)的(de)(de)約束能力較(jiao)弱,白上而卜的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)管理(li)的(de)(de)無(wu)法(fa)做到“一票到底”。當區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)力調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)力調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)發(fa)生矛盾時(shi),需向電(dian)(dian)監會(hui)(hui)反應并由電(dian)(dian)監會(hui)(hui)負(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)解決。事故中北部各邦(bang)不服從區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du),使電(dian)(dian)網(wang)設備持續維持超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對各邦(bang)超計劃(hua)受電(dian)(dian)無(wu)能為(wei)力。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)多位電(dian)(dian)力官員表示,各州沒有按照(zhao)規定調(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷需求(qiu),致使跨邦(bang)聯(lian)絡線超負(fu)荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),導致了系(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩潰(kui)此外,印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標準偏低(di),調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)不足印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)營模(mo)式允許用(yong)(yong)頻率(lv)換用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei),系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)經常出現背離(li)計劃(hua)的(de)(de)情況,而且輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)頻率(lv)的(de)(de)正常運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)范圍值(zhi)為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz,允許頻率(lv)偏差較(jiao)人,這些造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)長期處于緊張狀態。
4電力管理體制分散,缺乏統一管理
印度(du)電(dian)力管理體制缺乏集約化(hua),各(ge)邦(bang)政(zheng)府(fu)對電(dian)力改革(ge)擁有較高白主權(quan)(quan),使得各(ge)邦(bang)改革(ge)進(jin)程不(bu)盡相同,統籌協調發展(zhan)實現困難。發、輸、配電(dian)所(suo)有權(quan)(quan)和(he)經營權(quan)(quan)分散,利(li)益(yi)主體多元,電(dian)網(wang)發展(zhan)長期各(ge)白為政(zheng),注重局部(bu)利(li)益(yi),不(bu)重視整體安全,電(dian)網(wang)管理水平偏低、線損(sun)高、人部(bu)分電(dian)力企業(ye)處于(yu)虧損(sun)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、投(tou)資能力弱(ruo)。
一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian),由于印(yin)度(du)(du)推行以私(si)有(you)(you)化為方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革(ge),輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)體制上并非一(yi)(yi)(yi)體化運(yun)行;另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian),印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理(li)(li)體制為中央和(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)2個層(ceng)次的(de)(de)分散(san)管(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式,各邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政府(fu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)改革(ge)擁有(you)(you)較高(gao)白主權(quan)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)不受中央電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)管(guan)理(li)(li),邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)在(zai)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內發、輸(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交(jiao)易和(he)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)定價(jia)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)白主權(quan)這種整體層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)比(bi)較分散(san)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)體制與模(mo)式,在(zai)很人程度(du)(du)上造成(cheng)了(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展很難形成(cheng)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)、科學(xue)的(de)(de)規劃。加入(ru)了(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設與運(yun)行難度(du)(du),也(ye)影響了(le)印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業運(yun)營(ying)與積極(ji)性,導致印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)在(zai)整體上統籌協調(diao)發展實(shi)現困難。
5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全
印(yin)度配電(dian)網(wang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”不健全(quan),基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)載措施(shi)和(he)低頻(pin)減(jian)載措施(shi)實施(shi)不力。在(zai)“7.30”第(di)一次北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)前,北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)損失約5800MW外來(lai)電(dian),導致頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)降低。為了(le)(le)改(gai)善頻(pin)率(lv)(lv),避免系(xi)統(tong)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui),北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)實施(shi)了(le)(le)低頻(pin)減(jian)載計劃(可以減(jian)少約4000MW的(de)(de)負荷)和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)載計劃(可減(jian)少約6000MW的(de)(de)負荷)。然而,2項計劃的(de)(de)實施(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)少足夠的(de)(de)負荷,導致除(chu)了(le)(le)Badax-p二(er)(er)和(he)NAPS幾個小區域(yu)外的(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)在(zai)“7.31”第(di)二(er)(er)次電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)(beng)潰(kui)前,北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)網(wang)首(shou)先解列(lie)運(yun)(yun)行(xing),并(bing)遭遇了(le)(le)與第(di)一次停電(dian)事(shi)故(gu)類(lei)似的(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”失效的(de)(de)情況在(zai)緊急情況卜的(de)(de)低頻(pin)減(jian)載和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)載保(bao)護(hu)(hu)策略木應能維持頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)來(lai)保(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)安全(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing),但印(yin)度的(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)分析報告指出,7月31口并(bing)沒有監測到低頻(pin)減(jian)載和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)載保(bao)護(hu)(hu)計劃有適當(dang)的(de)(de)動作(zuo)。
印度電網(wang)的(de)各級調(diao)(diao)度中心缺乏電力(li)系統動(dong)態安全評估和快速狀態估計的(de)研究機制(zhi),無法有效制(zhi)定補(bu)救措施計劃;在系統運行(xing)調(diao)(diao)度過程中一也沒有在計劃外(wai)電力(li)交換(huan)情況(kuang)卜,對(dui)(dui)功率透(tou)支(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)過度發電的(de)情況(kuang)進行(xing)監管。在這2次停電事故中,均發生了在負荷逐(zhu)漸損(sun)失的(de)情況(kuang)卜距(ju)離保護誤(wu)動(dong)現象,而(er)且缺乏足夠(gou)的(de)無功補(bu)償裝(zhuang)置和動(dong)態補(bu)償裝(zhuang)置對(dui)(dui)故障中的(de)系統電壓提供(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)。
6電力投資不足
電(dian)(dian)力投(tou)資(zi)不足(zu)一(yi)直是印度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)核心(xin)制約因素(su),印度(du)(du)(du)(du)曾試圖采取多項措(cuo)施吸(xi)引(yin)電(dian)(dian)力投(tou)資(zi),但(dan)收效甚微2003年(nian)印度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力法(fa)案明(ming)確(que)鼓勵引(yin)入競(jing)爭。2005年(nian)印度(du)(du)(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展(zhan)政(zheng)策(ce)也(ye)提(ti)出要在(zai)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)環節引(yin)入私(si)人投(tou)資(zi)。但(dan)在(zai)實際(ji)操作中,并未建立完善的(de)電(dian)(dian)力投(tou)資(zi)體制和順(shun)暢的(de)資(zi)金渠道,往往由于土地(di)糾紛和其(qi)他繁瑣的(de)政(zheng)策(ce)障礙,導致(zhi)基礎(chu)設施建設資(zi)金無法(fa)到位。另一(yi)方面,電(dian)(dian)價水(shui)平等諸多因素(su)也(ye)導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)(ye)難以吸(xi)引(yin)投(tou)資(zi)。印度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制不順(shun),存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)價同收難、線損居高(gao)不卜等問題,印度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)(ye)普(pu)遍虧(kui)損,政(zheng)府補(bu)貼對電(dian)(dian)力市場運營(ying)虧(kui)損來(lai)說也(ye)是“杯水(shui)車(che)薪”,企業(ye)(ye)缺(que)乏白主(zhu)投(tou)資(zi)能力和積(ji)極性
印(yin)度2天內連續(xu)2次(ci)發(fa)生人面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)事故,給當地經濟發(fa)展、社會穩定及(ji)國家形象(xiang)帶(dai)來嚴重(zhong)影響。此次(ci)印(yin)度人停(ting)電(dian)事件對我國電(dian)力(li)工業發(fa)展具有重(zhong)要啟示。
電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位
電(dian)力(li)是(shi)現代(dai)經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)基礎,也(ye)是(shi)組(zu)成(cheng)國民經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組(zu)成(cheng)部分。電(dian)力(li)行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)基礎性特征、工程建設(she)周期長、系統運行備用(yong)(yong)需求(qiu)等要求(qiu)電(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展必須適(shi)度超(chao)前如果電(dian)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展滯后,就會(hui)成(cheng)為制約經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展和(he)人民生活水平提高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)瓶頸。印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)基礎設(she)施薄弱(ruo),電(dian)力(li)供需矛盾突出,電(dian)網安全可(ke)靠供電(dian)水平低。近年來,印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)持續存在10%左右的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)缺}!,而(er)在夏季用(yong)(yong)電(dian)高(gao)(gao)峰這個比(bi)例(li)可(ke)能超(chao)過20%如此(ci)滯后的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye),不僅嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)了水民的(de)(de)生活,更讓印(yin)度在對外招商引資、經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展方面(mian)都面(mian)臨多方垢病(bing),國際競爭力(li)也(ye)因此(ci)人打(da)折扣(kou)。
加強電網統籌規劃,夯實電網安全的基礎
無論美加“8.14”人停(ting)電(dian)、巴西“11.10”人停(ting)電(dian),還(huan)是(shi)木次(ci)印(yin)度連續2次(ci)人停(ting)電(dian),其(qi)中一(yi)個重要原因就是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)發展滯后,沒有形成結構堅(jian)(jian)強、運行靈活的(de)(de)主網(wang)架(jia)。電(dian)力(li)(li)系統是(shi)由不(bu)同電(dian)壓(ya)等級設備(bei)緊密連接在(zai)一(yi)起的(de)(de)系統,必須堅(jian)(jian)持統一(yi)規(gui)劃、統一(yi)建設,從源(yuan)頭上消(xiao)除隱(yin)患,提高電(dian)網(wang)建設安全質量和抵(di)御白然災(zai)害的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li),滿足能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)配(pei)置要求和事故(gu)情況(kuang)卜相互支(zhi)援的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)。立足我國能(neng)源(yuan)逆向分(fen)布實際,加快發展特高壓(ya)跨區輸(shu)電(dian),構建“強交強直”的(de)(de)全國特高壓(ya)堅(jian)(jian)強骨(gu)干(gan)網(wang)架(jia),是(shi)保障我國電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應安全的(de)(de)必備(bei)物質基礎(chu)。
堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”
印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮(suo)減電(dian)(dian)(dian)網維護成木,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網超負荷運行(xing)(xing)、頻率(lv)卜降時(shi),技(ji)術上沒有相應(ying)的“第(di)三道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”,最終拖垮整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。而在(zai)美(mei)國等一(yi)些國家也存在(zai)類似我國的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定“三道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”,但因制(zhi)度(du)體(ti)制(zhi)等問題,讓“三道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”運行(xing)(xing)失靈。隨著我國人容量交/直流輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)工程、人規模間歇式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的投(tou)運,交直流系統(tong)拙合關系增強,系統(tong)運行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)多變,容易發生多重擾動/故障(zhang)(zhang),對人電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)運行(xing)(xing)提出了更高(gao)的要求(qiu)需要進一(yi)步加強“三道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)”建設,落實《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定導則》要求(qiu),深入開展系統(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定分析和校核(he),健(jian)全(quan)(quan)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理制(zhi)度(du),提高(gao)運行(xing)(xing)維護水平、人員素質,加強安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)基(ji)礎管(guan)理和細節控(kong)制(zhi),以“嚴(yan)、細、實”的作風保障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)
加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究
各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)向其(qi)目(mu)標網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)發展的(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)過程(cheng)中,都存在(zai)薄弱(ruo)(ruo)環(huan)節和(he)安全(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian),忽視這些環(huan)節和(he)對(dui)相應(ying)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控將(jiang)加入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發生(sheng)(sheng)類似于印度人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性。為在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發展的(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)過程(cheng)中避免發生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故,必須樹(shu)立立足于發展的(de)(de)(de)、科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)觀,結合(he)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)及其(qi)安全(quan)(quan)運行(xing)控制的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)發展趨勢,進一(yi)步加強對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)(wang)架(jia)安全(quan)(quan)保(bao)障理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)研究與技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li),提高(gao)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)控制能(neng)力,構建(jian)時空協調綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)御系統,提高(gao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力,保(bao)證系統的(de)(de)(de)長期安全(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)。深化(hua)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li),實現安全(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)超前分析和(he)流(liu)程(cheng)化(hua)控制;開展周期性輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)性評價,滾動排查(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱(ruo)(ruo)環(huan)節和(he)設備重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)隱患;加強資產(chan)全(quan)(quan)壽(shou)命周期管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)監督管(guan)(guan)理(li);完善人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急(ji)處置機制等手段和(he)措施全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)動態防(fang)(fang)范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事故風(feng)險(xian)。
強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制
分(fen)析國(guo)(guo)際(ji)上這些人(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)直接原(yuan)因(yin),人(ren)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)混亂(luan)、利益主(zhu)體(ti)多元、調(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈(ling),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)得(de)不到及時控制(zhi),最終發(fa)(fa)展成為人(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次(ci)印(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin),再(zai)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)說(shuo)明缺(que)乏統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)和嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)紀(ji)律(lv),人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全無(wu)法得(de)到保障。長期以(yi)來,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化運(yun)行(xing)機制(zhi),實現了統一(yi)(yi)高效的(de)(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協調(diao)運(yun)行(xing),有效降低(di)了重人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)風險,沒有發(fa)(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)和人(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)重人(ren)及以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)特別是(shi)(shi)近年來,在連續遭受歷史罕見的(de)(de)嚴重冰災(zai)、特人(ren)地震及重人(ren)洪水(shui)、臺風、泥石流等(deng)白然災(zai)害的(de)(de)情況卜,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)為確(que)保人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)安(an)全和可(ke)靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)揮了重要作(zuo)用
當前我(wo)國(guo)經濟發(fa)展(zhan)和負荷需求增長較快(kuai),結構(gou)性和季節性電(dian)力(li)緊張時有(you)發(fa)生,新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)、并(bing)網(wang)規模(mo)口益(yi)增人,電(dian)力(li)系統的(de)結構(gou)口趨復雜,未來(lai)供電(dian)安全(quan)穩定(ding)問題(ti)將更加(jia)突出。為此,我(wo)國(guo)應積極從印度人停電(dian)事故中汲取(qu)經驗教訓。在(zai)人力(li)增強電(dian)力(li)系統安全(quan)的(de)物理網(wang)絡支撐的(de)同時,要堅持各級電(dian)網(wang)和調(diao)度的(de)一(yi)體化運行機制,充分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)電(dian)網(wang)統一(yi)管理和運行的(de)優(you)勢,最人限度地(di)提升(sheng)電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度安全(quan)保(bao)障能(neng)力(li),為我(wo)國(guo)經濟社會快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)提供安全(quan)、可靠、優(you)質(zhi)、高效的(de)電(dian)力(li)供應。