芒果视频下载

2012年(nian)8月1日，印(yin)度(du)(du)官(guan)員宣布，印(yin)度(du)(du)大面(mian)積斷(duan)電已經結束。印(yin)度(du)(du)發生(sheng)的停電事故，覆(fu)蓋了一半以上的國土，直接(jie)影(ying)響6億(yi)多(duo)人(ren)的生(sheng)活，是這個南亞國家11年(nian)來最嚴(yan)重的停電事故。

事故過程

印(yin)度北部(bu)和東部(bu)地(di)區7月(yue)30日和31日連續發(fa)生兩次大(da)面積(ji)停電事故。突(tu)如(ru)其來(lai)的(de)斷電導(dao)致交(jiao)通陷(xian)入混亂，全國超過300列火車停運，首(shou)都新德里的(de)地(di)鐵也(ye)全部(bu)停運，造成(cheng)旅(lv)客大(da)量滯留，公路交(jiao)通出(chu)現大(da)面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工(gong)被(bei)困井下。銀行系(xi)統陷(xian)入癱瘓，一度給印(yin)度的(de)金融交(jiao)易帶來(lai)障礙。

第一(yi)次事故發生后(hou)，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)(bu)門排除故障，在停電(dian)(dian)后(hou)15個小時內基本恢(hui)復了電(dian)(dian)力供應。但(dan)旁(pang)遮普邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及北(bei)方邦(bang)等幾個地區(qu)(qu)在供電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復后(hou)繼續(xu)超負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致(zhi)了第二次大面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)(bu)門因(yin)此不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰(lin)國(guo)輸入電(dian)(dian)力來滿足新德里的(de)(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需求。截至(zhi)8月1日，印(yin)度北(bei)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)(qu)95%的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力供應已(yi)恢(hui)復。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公司高級合伙人阿密特·辛哈認為，此次(ci)停電(dian)事故給(gei)印度經(jing)濟敲響了警鐘——印度電(dian)力供應至(zhi)(zhi)少需要保持每(mei)年6．5%至(zhi)(zhi)7%的(de)增速，否則將(jiang)會對該(gai)國(guo)制造業(ye)和出(chu)口企業(ye)造成傷害。

印(yin)度最大(da)行業協會(hui)印(yin)度工(gong)商(shang)聯合會(hui)主席卡諾里亞說：“連續兩天如此大(da)規模的(de)停電，值得(de)我們密切關注(zhu)，這當然會(hui)

對于商業投(tou)資環境本就存在不(bu)少問題的印(yin)(yin)度(du)來(lai)說，此次(ci)大停電不(bu)僅影響企業生(sheng)產和盈利(li)水平，還(huan)影響到印(yin)(yin)度(du)在外國投(tou)資者眼中(zhong)的形象。

印度產業(ye)聯合會理事長錢德(de)拉吉特·班納吉表示，印度經濟近來(lai)增長放緩，外界本(ben)就對印度前景不太看(kan)好，如今(jin)電網兩天內連續崩潰無疑使印度的(de)形象進一(yi)步受損(sun)，令(ling)有(you)意(yi)投資印度的(de)外國企業(ye)望而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁有(you)世界約六分(fen)之一(yi)人口的(de)新興經濟體(ti)，有(you)必要使基礎設施(shi)建設與印度的(de)強國夢(meng)想相(xiang)匹配(pei)。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都(dou)在議(yi)論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)任何國家都(dou)不(bu)(bu)能否認自己也遭遇過大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)歷(li)史，只是(shi)規(gui)模(mo)和破壞程度不(bu)(bu)同(tong)罷了。美國上世(shi)紀后(hou)半葉，至(zhi)(zhi)少出現三次大(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故，近十多年(nian)時間里(li)(li)，美國至(zhi)(zhi)少遭遇過數次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛羅里(li)(li)達州發生大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由(you)密歇根州延伸至(zhi)(zhi)紐約，最后(hou)蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機(ji)專家承認，“一次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘，也不(bu)(bu)亞于一場大(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶(dai)來的(de)破壞”。

很多新興經濟(ji)體在經濟(ji)高增長(chang)(chang)的刺激或尋(xun)求經濟(ji)高增長(chang)(chang)的動機之下(xia)，只顧電(dian)力開發(fa)，卻(que)忽(hu)視電(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)工作，對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)管理體制改(gai)革方面(mian)重視不夠(gou)，導致“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下(xia)都斷電(dian)停電(dian)的情況(kuang)，造成大量的浪費和損失(shi)。印度此次發(fa)生的問題(ti)，對(dui)印度是(shi)個現實(shi)教訓，對(dui)世界各新興經濟(ji)體而言，是(shi)給電(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)上了一課。只要體認“大停電(dian)或也會(hui)發(fa)生在我們身上”，那(nei)么，我們就應該從漠(mo)不關心等心態中覺醒(xing)過來，把印度問題(ti)視為自己(ji)的問題(ti)，做(zuo)好自己(ji)的安全(quan)工作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大(da)面積停電事故。突如其來(lai)(lai)的斷電導致(zhi)交(jiao)通(tong)陷(xian)入(ru)混亂，全國超(chao)過300列(lie)火(huo)車停運(yun)，首都新德里(li)的地鐵也(ye)全部(bu)停運(yun)，造成旅客大(da)量(liang)滯留，公路交(jiao)通(tong)出現大(da)面積擁堵。一(yi)些礦工(gong)被困井下。銀行系統陷(xian)入(ru)癱瘓(huan)，一(yi)度給印度的金融(rong)交(jiao)易帶來(lai)(lai)障(zhang)礙(ai)。

第一次(ci)事故發生后(hou)，印(yin)度(du)電力部門排除故障，在停電后(hou)15個小時內基本(ben)恢(hui)(hui)復了電力供應。但旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、哈里亞(ya)納邦(bang)(bang)以(yi)及北方邦(bang)(bang)等(deng)幾個地區在供電恢(hui)(hui)復后(hou)繼續超負荷用(yong)電，導致了第二(er)次(ci)大面積停電。印(yin)度(du)電力部門因此不得不從鄰國輸入電力來滿足新德里的用(yong)電需求。截至8月1日，印(yin)度(du)北部地區95%的電力供應已恢(hui)(hui)復。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公司高級合(he)伙人阿(a)密特·辛(xin)哈認為，此(ci)次停電事故給印度經(jing)濟敲響了警鐘——印度電力(li)供應至(zhi)少(shao)需要保持每(mei)年6．5%至(zhi)7%的增速，否則將(jiang)會對該國制造業和出口(kou)企業造成(cheng)傷害。

印度最(zui)大行(xing)業協會(hui)印度工商聯合會(hui)主席卡諾里亞(ya)說：“連續兩天如此大規模的停電，值(zhi)得(de)我們密(mi)切(qie)關注，這當(dang)然會(hui)

對于(yu)商業投(tou)資環境本就存(cun)在(zai)不少問題(ti)的印度(du)來(lai)說，此次(ci)大停電不僅影響企業生產和盈利水平，還影響到印度(du)在(zai)外國投(tou)資者眼中的形象。

印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)產業聯合會理(li)事長錢德拉吉特·班(ban)納吉表示，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)經(jing)濟近(jin)來增長放緩，外界本就對印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)前景不太看好，如今電網兩天(tian)內連續(xu)崩潰無疑(yi)使印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的形象進一步受損(sun)，令有意投(tou)資印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的外國企(qi)業望(wang)而卻步。對于一個擁有世界約六分之一人口(kou)的新興經(jing)濟體，有必要使基礎(chu)設施建設與印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的強國夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世(shi)(shi)界媒體都在議論(lun)印度(du)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但任何國家(jia)都不能否(fou)認(ren)自己也遭遇(yu)過(guo)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的歷(li)史，只是(shi)規(gui)(gui)模和破壞(huai)程度(du)不同罷(ba)了。美(mei)國上世(shi)(shi)紀后半(ban)葉，至少出現三次大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故，近十多(duo)年(nian)時間(jian)里，美(mei)國至少遭遇(yu)過(guo)數次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州(zhou)發生(sheng)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，由密(mi)歇根(gen)州(zhou)延伸至紐約，最(zui)后蔓延到加拿(na)大(da)(da)。危機專家(jia)承(cheng)認(ren)，“一次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數秒鐘(zhong)，也不亞于一場大(da)(da)地(di)震帶來的破壞(huai)”。

很多新興經濟體(ti)在(zai)經濟高(gao)增長(chang)的刺(ci)激或尋(xun)求經濟高(gao)增長(chang)的動機之下，只顧電(dian)力(li)開發(fa)，卻忽視(shi)電(dian)網安全工作，對電(dian)網管理體(ti)制(zhi)改革方(fang)面重視(shi)不(bu)夠，導致“缺電(dian)”和(he)“有(you)電(dian)”下都斷電(dian)停電(dian)的情(qing)況(kuang)，造成大量(liang)的浪費和(he)損(sun)失。印(yin)度此(ci)次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)的問題(ti)(ti)，對印(yin)度是個現(xian)實(shi)教訓，對世(shi)界各新興經濟體(ti)而言，是給電(dian)網安全上了一課。只要體(ti)認(ren)“大停電(dian)或也(ye)會發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)我們(men)身上”，那么(me)，我們(men)就(jiu)應該從漠不(bu)關心(xin)等心(xin)態中覺醒過來，把(ba)印(yin)度問題(ti)(ti)視(shi)為自己(ji)的問題(ti)(ti)，做(zuo)好自己(ji)的安全工作。

2012年7月(yue)30口凌晨(chen)2時(shi)33分開(kai)始，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)(qu)德(de)里邦(bang)(bang)、哈(ha)利(li)亞納邦(bang)(bang)、中央邦(bang)(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯坦(tan)邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)安查爾(er)邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)等9個邦(bang)(bang)發(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)受(shou)到影(ying)響。在上述地區(qu)(qu)恢(hui)復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)，于當地時(shi)間(jian)7月(yue)31口13時(shi)05分開(kai)始，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)包(bao)括(kuo)首(shou)都新德(de)里在內的(de)東部(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)和(he)東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，超過(guo)20個邦(bang)(bang)再次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓狀(zhuang)態，全(quan)國近一半地區(qu)(qu)的(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中斷，逾6.7億人(ren)口受(shou)到影(ying)響111印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)兩天(tian)之內連續(xu)發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，是有(you)史以(yi)來影(ying)響人(ren)曰最(zui)(zui)多的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)，成為(wei)世界(jie)范圍內規(gui)模最(zui)(zui)人(ren)的(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)件(jian)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)長期以(yi)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基礎薄弱(ruo)、基礎設施落后(hou)(hou)并滯后(hou)(hou)于經濟發(fa)展(zhan)等矛盾由(you)來己久，這次(ci)事(shi)件(jian)讓印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理體制、調(diao)度(du)(du)防控體系和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃建設等方面諸多問題再次(ci)暴露于公(gong)眾面前。與我(wo)國一樣作(zuo)為(wei)正在崛起的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)中國家，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)此(ci)次(ci)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)對(dui)我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)運行具(ju)有(you)重人(ren)的(de)借鑒意(yi)義。但是我(wo)國對(dui)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)原因(yin)研究(jiu)不深，需要進(jin)一步深入分析印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。

印度的能(neng)(neng)源資(zi)源主要分布在東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地區(qu)_以(yi)煤炭和水(shui)力為主_其余為核(he)電(dian)、油電(dian)和天(tian)然氣發(fa)電(dian)。主要負荷(he)中(zhong)(zhong)心及人口稠密地區(qu)則集中(zhong)(zhong)在北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)地區(qu)。印度電(dian)網(wang)的輸電(dian)方向主要為東(dong)(dong)電(dian)西送，再(zai)輔以(yi)北電(dian)南(nan)送截至2012年5月，印度總發(fa)電(dian)裝機容(rong)量約為2億kW，其中(zhong)(zhong)火電(dian)裝機占(zhan)68.7070，水(shui)電(dian)占(zhan)19.2070，核(he)電(dian)和其他可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作為亞洲(zhou)第三人(ren)經濟(ji)(ji)體，印(yin)度(du)(du)過去10年(nian)間經濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)速接近2位數，能源(yuan)消費年(nian)均增(zeng)速6%但由于(yu)投資不足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)發(fa)展嚴重滯后于(yu)經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展水平(ping)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)冗余不足(zu)，跨區輸電(dian)(dian)能力不夠，電(dian)(dian)力供應長期(qi)處于(yu)短(duan)缺狀態。印(yin)度(du)(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)(du)GDP增(zeng)長8.5070，同期(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)增(zeng)長僅為5.56%印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)(bu)預計2012年(nian)印(yin)度(du)(du)高峰期(qi)電(dian)(dian)力缺曰10.6%左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，全年(nian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺曰7.3%左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)。仍有近40%的印(yin)度(du)(du)家(jia)庭(約2.89億人(ren))沒(mei)有用上電(dian)(dian)，且印(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)地區供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低、停電(dian)(dian)頻繁(fan)，即使在(zai)首(shou)都新德里也經常拉閘(zha)限電(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由五人區(qu)域性電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)組成，即北部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)和南(nan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級主(zhu)要有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和132kV北部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實現了(le)交(jiao)流(liu)400kV同步(bu)(bu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)，形(xing)成中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南(nan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與(yu)中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)過直(zhi)流(liu)異步(bu)(bu)聯(lian)(lian)接。此(ci)外印(yin)(yin)度(du)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)過400kV交(jiao)流(liu)與(yu)不月-電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)互聯(lian)(lian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)交(jiao)流(liu)同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)區(qu)域間(jian)互聯(lian)(lian)情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)卜區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)(nei)(nei)跨(kua)邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。其中跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)中央(yang)政(zheng)府所(suo)有的印度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(PGCIL)擁(yong)有，并負責運行管(guan)(guan)理(li);邦內(nei)(nei)(nei)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產由(you)邦政(zheng)府所(suo)有的邦輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(STUB)或邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局(未改(gai)革邦)管(guan)(guan)理(li)從印度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)主網(wang)(wang)(wang)架來(lai)看，區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)之間(jian)通(tong)過1同(tong)765kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)，23同(tong)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)、10同(tong)220kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)、1個(ge)士400kV直流(liu)背靠(kao)背和1個(ge)士500kV直流(liu)互聯。區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)(nei)(nei)主網(wang)(wang)(wang)架主要(yao)是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為主。印度(du)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)邦政(zheng)府所(suo)有或私有的配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司擁(yong)有并負責運行管(guan)(guan)理(li)一個(ge)邦內(nei)(nei)(nei)有多個(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司，完全私營的配電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司有17個(ge)，主要(yao)分布在德(de)里(li)、奧里(li)薩、占吉(ji)拉特、孟買等(deng)邦

在調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)環節(jie)，印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)分(fen)3級，分(fen)別由國家(jia)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心(NLDC)，區(qu)域(yu)(yu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心}RLDC)、邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中心(CBLDC)負(fu)(fu)責。其(qi)中NLDC負(fu)(fu)責跨區(qu)域(yu)(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)(fu)責區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，各邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)(fu)責邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)所有者合一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由印(yin)度(du)(du)國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)管理(li)，SLDC由邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局管理(li)。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度電力部(bu)在事(shi)(shi)(shi)故后組成特別小組展開全面的事(shi)(shi)(shi)故調查，并于(yu)s月I6口公布了事(shi)(shi)(shi)故調查報告(gao)，報告(gao)詳細(xi)地(di)分析了引起印度連續(xu)兩起人停電事(shi)(shi)(shi)故的直接原因(yin)。

2012年7月30口，由(you)于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳開，在北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列后，由(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的(de)潮流轉(zhuan)移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致系(xi)統發(fa)生功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)由(you)于振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)斷面上，致使(shi)相應的(de)聯絡線(xian)跳開，造(zao)成(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和印度交流互聯系(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由(you)于系(xi)統頻率過(guo)低以(yi)及區域內進(jin)一步(bu)的(de)功率振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統最終崩潰。

2012年7月(yue)31口，由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳(tiao)(tiao)開(kai)，在北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)以后，用于(yu)滿足北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域負(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)絡通道，導致(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)發生功率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)7月(yue)31口的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面，因此，在導致(zhi)(zhi)了東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)相應線路跳(tiao)(tiao)開(kai)之后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)小(xiao)部(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)Rourkela)，以及西(xi)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印(yin)度交流互聯(lian)系統(tong)其他部(bu)分解(jie)列(lie)。這造成了北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)斷(duan)面的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)，并進一(yi)步導致(zhi)(zhi)了北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)”系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)列(lie)。隨后，所有3個(ge)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu))由于(yu)區(qu)域內部(bu)功率(lv)振(zhen)蕩(dang)造成多同(tong)線路跳(tiao)(tiao)開(kai)，系統(tong)頻(pin)率(lv)過(guo)低以及在不同(tong)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，最(zui)終北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)崩潰。

根據印度(du)的(de)(de)調(diao)查報(bao)告，2次(ci)事故(gu)當天的(de)(de)故(gu)障錄(lu)波器結(jie)果(guo)均顯(xian)示，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中并沒有(you)監測到(dao)有(you)故(gu)障發(fa)生(sheng)。在2次(ci)事故(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)前，由于西部(bu)電(dian)網和北部(bu)電(dian)網斷面，以(yi)及靠近(jin)東部(bu)電(dian)網和西部(bu)電(dian)網斷面的(de)(de)多條(tiao)區域(yu)間聯絡線停運導致(zhi)跨區通道弱聯系(xi)(xi)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)間的(de)(de)輸電(dian)能力(li)被顯(xian)著削弱。西部(bu)電(dian)網和北部(bu)電(dian)網斷面均只有(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同(tong))一條(tiao)交流主干聯絡線路(lu)處于運行狀態。

電(dian)網內(nei)的(de)邦(bang)負(fu)荷調度中心(xin)對區域負(fu)荷調度中心(xin)要求其降(jiang)低(di)邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)透支(zhi)用電(dian)，以及要求西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網內(nei)電(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)降(jiang)低(di)發電(dian)出力(li)的(de)指令響(xiang)應不充分部(bu)分北部(bu)區域電(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)透支(zhi)用電(dian)，產生了計(ji)劃外的(de)電(dian)力(li)交換，導(dao)致了西(xi)部(bu)與北部(bu)電(dian)網間唯(wei)一保持運行的(de)400kV聯(lian)絡線處于高(gao)載荷狀態，并超(chao)過(guo)了線路白身的(de)額定功率。距離保護(hu)繼電(dian)器3段保護(hu)動作使得該線路跳開，導(dao)致北部(bu)電(dian)網和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網解列(lie)。

在(zai)北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解列后，由(you)西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給(gei)北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的潮流轉移到(dao)“西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的聯絡通道，導(dao)致(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)發生(sheng)振(zhen)蕩在(zai)2次連續人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong)，振(zhen)蕩中(zhong)心分別在(zai)北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和東(dong)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間的斷(duan)面上，及在(zai)靠近(jin)東(dong)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面的東(dong)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部，致(zhi)使(shi)相應的聯絡線和主干線路(lu)跳開，北部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和印度交流互聯系統(tong)(tong)其他部分解列。由(you)于各個區域(yu)內(nei)系統(tong)(tong)頻率過低以及進(jin)一步的功率振(zhen)蕩等原因導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)崩潰，最終造(zao)成人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故

在這2次人面積停電(dian)事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)中，西(xi)部電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統通過在區域內采取高頻(pin)切(qie)機(ji)措(cuo)施(shi)，得(de)以(yi)幸免南部電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統從東部電(dian)網和西(xi)部電(dian)網饋入電(dian)力(li)，也(ye)在7月31口的事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)中得(de)以(yi)幸免，在事(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)發生后依然(ran)從西(xi)部電(dian)網饋入部分電(dian)力(li)，并采取了(le)若干防御(yu)機(ji)制，如白動(dong)低頻(pin)減負(fu)荷以(yi)及逐漸(jian)提升高壓直流受電(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電網(wang)統(tong)一防控體(ti)(ti)系是以(yi)堅強網(wang)架為基(ji)礎(chu)的(de)、基(ji)于人安(an)全(quan)觀(guan)的(de)、以(yi)統(tong)一規劃、統(tong)一調度、統(tong)一管理為手段(duan)的(de)人電網(wang)安(an)全(quan)防御與運行(營)控制體(ti)(ti)系。該體(ti)(ti)系的(de)不完善(shan)是木次印度連續發生人面(mian)積(ji)停電事故的(de)深層次原因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的(de)經(jing)營與管理體制限制，各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設缺(que)乏區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間統籌協(xie)調(diao)，區(qu)(qu)域(yu)主網(wang)架(jia)(jia)以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為(wei)主，沒有合(he)理的(de)分層分區(qu)(qu)，網(wang)架(jia)(jia)結(jie)構較易(yi)引發(fa)(fa)穩定破壞。400kV線路作為(wei)主干網(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不滿足(zu)印度經(jing)濟的(de)快速增長對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負(fu)荷的(de)需要，765kV系統剛(gang)剛(gang)啟動建(jian)設，還未成網(wang)。跨區(qu)(qu)主網(wang)架(jia)(jia)之間呈弱連(lian)接，一旦局部故障引發(fa)(fa)連(lian)鎖反應，或者區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)白身發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)人幅減少(shao)，各區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間彼此難以形成有力(li)的(de)支援，加入了發(fa)(fa)生人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可能性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、建設主體(ti)和資產歸(gui)屬復雜(za)，主要(yao)包括(kuo)印度國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)、邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)以及私人企業印度國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責(ze)區(qu)域(yu)及跨區(qu)域(yu)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)負責(ze)邦(bang)內(nei)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。盡管(guan)由隸屬于(yu)印度國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5個(ge)區(qu)域(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力調度中心負責(ze)協(xie)調和管(guan)理有關邦(bang)之間輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關事務，但其(qi)對邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)(gong)司(si)并(bing)無(wu)管(guan)理關系，無(wu)力有效實(shi)現跨區(qu)、跨邦(bang)和邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，各區(qu)域(yu)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)較難形成合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配(pei)和有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)。除上(shang)述所述的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)問(wen)題(ti)外，印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)還存在短(duan)期(qi)(qi)運(yun)行規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路停運(yun)計劃(hua)(hua)不協(xie)調的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重問(wen)題(ti)，并(bing)因此直接(jie)造成了區(qu)域(yu)間聯(lian)絡線的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率調控能力缺失(shi)。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了固(gu)有的發電冗余不(bu)足，調(diao)峰能(neng)力(li)弱(ruo)等客觀原因外，此次事(shi)故暴露出(chu)印(yin)度(du)(du)電網調(diao)度(du)(du)體制(zhi)不(bu)健全，電網運行(xing)缺(que)乏統一調(diao)度(du)(du)，不(bu)同級(ji)調(diao)度(du)(du)機(ji)構約束能(neng)力(li)弱(ruo)、跨邦跨區調(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)能(neng)力(li)不(bu)足，調(diao)度(du)(du)指揮不(bu)暢(chang)，調(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈等問(wen)題。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)分散的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)體(ti)制，存(cun)在國家(jia)、區(qu)(qu)域、邦(bang)(bang)級(ji)以及(ji)邦(bang)(bang)內(nei)各(ge)(ge)地區(qu)(qu)4級(ji)以上的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)管理_缺(que)乏統一調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制。各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構獨立于國家(jia)和(he)區(qu)(qu)域調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構，主要受當(dang)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局(ju)或輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管理。國家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構對邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)約束能力(li)(li)較(jiao)弱，白上而(er)卜(bu)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)管理的(de)(de)(de)無法做(zuo)到“一票到底”。當(dang)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)(bang)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)發生(sheng)矛盾時(shi)，需(xu)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)反應并由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)負(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故(gu)中(zhong)北(bei)部各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)不(bu)服(fu)從區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)設(she)備(bei)持續維持超負(fu)荷(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指(zhi)令對各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)超計(ji)劃(hua)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無能為(wei)力(li)(li)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)多(duo)位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官員表示，各(ge)(ge)州(zhou)沒有按照規(gui)定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷(he)需(xu)求，致使(shi)跨邦(bang)(bang)聯絡線超負(fu)荷(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，導致了系(xi)統崩潰此外，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)標(biao)準偏低(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)營模式允許(xu)用(yong)(yong)頻(pin)率(lv)換用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，系(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)經常出(chu)現背離計(ji)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)情況，而(er)且輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)正常運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允許(xu)頻(pin)率(lv)偏差(cha)較(jiao)人，這些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)長期(qi)處于緊(jin)張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電(dian)(dian)力管理體(ti)制缺(que)乏集約化，各邦(bang)政府對電(dian)(dian)力改革擁有(you)較高白主權，使(shi)得各邦(bang)改革進程不盡相(xiang)同，統(tong)籌協調發展實(shi)現困難。發、輸、配電(dian)(dian)所有(you)權和經營權分散，利益(yi)主體(ti)多(duo)元，電(dian)(dian)網發展長期各白為政，注重局部利益(yi)，不重視整體(ti)安全，電(dian)(dian)網管理水平偏低(di)、線損(sun)(sun)高、人部分電(dian)(dian)力企(qi)業處(chu)于(yu)虧損(sun)(sun)狀態(tai)、投資能(neng)力弱。

一方面(mian)(mian)，由于印(yin)度推行(xing)以私有化(hua)(hua)為方向的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革(ge)，輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)網在體制上(shang)并非(fei)一體化(hua)(hua)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing);另一方面(mian)(mian)，印(yin)度電(dian)網管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制為中央和邦2個層(ceng)次的分(fen)散管(guan)(guan)理(li)模式，各(ge)邦政(zheng)府對電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革(ge)擁有較高白(bai)主(zhu)權邦電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)不受(shou)中央電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，邦電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)在邦內(nei)發、輸(shu)(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交易和輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)定(ding)價等方面(mian)(mian)有較高的白(bai)主(zhu)權這(zhe)種整(zheng)體層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)比較分(fen)散的管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制與模式，在很人程度上(shang)造成了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發展很難(nan)形成統一、科學的規劃。加入了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)網建設與運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)難(nan)度，也影響了(le)印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業運(yun)(yun)(yun)營與積極性，導(dao)致印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)在整(zheng)體上(shang)統籌協調發展實現(xian)困(kun)難(nan)。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印(yin)度配電(dian)網(wang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護體系中的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”不(bu)健全，基于頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)措施和低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)措施實(shi)施不(bu)力。在(zai)“7.30”第(di)一次(ci)北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前，北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與其他(ta)電(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)運行(xing)。北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)損失約(yue)(yue)5800MW外(wai)來電(dian)，導致頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)降低(di)(di)。為了(le)改善頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)，避免系統崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)，北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)實(shi)施了(le)低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可以減(jian)少約(yue)(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he))和基于頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)計劃(hua)(可減(jian)少約(yue)(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he))。然(ran)而，2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施并(bing)(bing)未減(jian)少足夠的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)，導致除了(le)Badax-p二和NAPS幾(ji)個小區域外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)在(zai)“7.31”第(di)二次(ci)電(dian)網(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)(kui)前，北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與其他(ta)電(dian)網(wang)首先解列(lie)運行(xing)，并(bing)(bing)遭遇了(le)與第(di)一次(ci)停電(dian)事(shi)故類似的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)二道防(fang)線(xian)(xian)”失效的(de)(de)(de)情況在(zai)緊急情況卜的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)和基于頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護策略木應能維持(chi)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)來保(bao)(bao)(bao)證系統安全運行(xing)，但印(yin)度的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故分析報告(gao)指(zhi)出，7月(yue)31口并(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有監測到低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)載(zai)和基于頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)載(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護計劃(hua)有適當的(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度(du)電(dian)網的(de)各級調(diao)度(du)中心(xin)缺乏電(dian)力(li)系(xi)統動(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)安全評估和快速狀態(tai)(tai)估計的(de)研究機制(zhi)，無法有(you)效制(zhi)定(ding)補救措施計劃(hua);在系(xi)統運行調(diao)度(du)過程中一也沒(mei)有(you)在計劃(hua)外電(dian)力(li)交換情況卜(bu)，對功率透支(zhi)與過度(du)發電(dian)的(de)情況進行監(jian)管。在這2次(ci)停電(dian)事故中，均(jun)發生了在負荷逐漸損失的(de)情況卜(bu)距離保護誤動(dong)(dong)(dong)現象(xiang)，而且缺乏足夠的(de)無功補償(chang)裝(zhuang)置和動(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)補償(chang)裝(zhuang)置對故障(zhang)中的(de)系(xi)統電(dian)壓提供支(zhi)撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資不(bu)足一直是印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)發展的(de)核(he)心制約因素，印(yin)度(du)(du)曾試圖采取(qu)多項措施(shi)吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資，但(dan)收效甚微2003年印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)法案明確鼓勵引入競(jing)爭。2005年印(yin)度(du)(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)發展政策(ce)也(ye)(ye)提出要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引入私人投(tou)(tou)資。但(dan)在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)操(cao)作中，并未(wei)建立完善的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資體(ti)制和(he)順暢的(de)資金渠(qu)道，往往由于土地糾紛和(he)其他(ta)繁瑣的(de)政策(ce)障(zhang)礙，導致基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)資金無法到位。另一方面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)水平(ping)等諸多因素也(ye)(ye)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)行業(ye)難(nan)以(yi)吸引投(tou)(tou)資。印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制不(bu)順，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)同收難(nan)、線損(sun)居高不(bu)卜等問(wen)題，印(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)企業(ye)普遍虧損(sun)，政府補貼對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)市場運營(ying)虧損(sun)來說也(ye)(ye)是“杯水車薪(xin)”，企業(ye)缺乏白主投(tou)(tou)資能力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)積極性(xing)

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印(yin)度2天(tian)內(nei)連續2次發(fa)生人(ren)面積停電(dian)事(shi)故(gu)，給當地經(jing)濟發(fa)展、社會穩定及國家形(xing)象帶來嚴重影響。此次印(yin)度人(ren)停電(dian)事(shi)件對我國電(dian)力工(gong)業發(fa)展具有重要啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)現代經濟社會發(fa)展(zhan)的基礎(chu)，也是(shi)(shi)組(zu)成(cheng)國(guo)民(min)經濟的重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業(ye)的基礎(chu)性特(te)征、工(gong)程建設(she)(she)周期長、系(xi)統(tong)運行備用需(xu)求(qiu)等(deng)要(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)必須適(shi)度(du)超前如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)滯后，就會成(cheng)為制約經濟社會發(fa)展(zhan)和人民(min)生活(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平提高的瓶頸(jing)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施薄(bo)弱(ruo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)需(xu)矛盾突出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可(ke)靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平低。近年來(lai)，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存(cun)在10%左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在夏季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰這(zhe)個(ge)比例可(ke)能超過20%如(ru)此滯后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)，不僅嚴重(zhong)影響了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)民(min)的生活(huo)，更(geng)讓印(yin)度(du)在對(dui)外(wai)招(zhao)商引資、經濟發(fa)展(zhan)方面都面臨多方垢(gou)病，國(guo)際競爭力(li)(li)也因此人打折扣(kou)。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美(mei)加“8.14”人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)、巴西(xi)“11.10”人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)，還是木次印度(du)連續2次人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)，其中一(yi)個(ge)重要原(yuan)因(yin)就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)滯后，沒(mei)有形(xing)成(cheng)結構(gou)堅強(qiang)(qiang)、運行靈(ling)活的主網(wang)架(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)是由不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級設備(bei)緊密連接在一(yi)起的系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，必須堅持統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)規劃(hua)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)建(jian)設，從源(yuan)頭(tou)上消除隱患(huan)，提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設安全(quan)質(zhi)量和(he)抵御(yu)白然災害的能(neng)力(li)，滿(man)足(zu)能(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)配置要求和(he)事故情況卜相互支(zhi)援的能(neng)力(li)。立足(zu)我國(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)逆向分(fen)布實際，加快(kuai)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)跨區輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，構(gou)建(jian)“強(qiang)(qiang)交(jiao)強(qiang)(qiang)直(zhi)”的全(quan)國(guo)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)堅強(qiang)(qiang)骨干網(wang)架(jia)，是保障我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應安全(quan)的必備(bei)物質(zhi)基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮減(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)維護(hu)成木，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)超負荷運行(xing)、頻率卜降時，技術(shu)上(shang)沒有相應的(de)“第(di)三道(dao)防線”，最終拖垮整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在美國(guo)(guo)等一些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)也存在類似我國(guo)(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)“三道(dao)防線”，但(dan)因(yin)制(zhi)度體(ti)制(zhi)等問題，讓“三道(dao)防線”運行(xing)失靈。隨著我國(guo)(guo)人容量交/直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)、人規(gui)模間(jian)歇(xie)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)投運，交直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)系(xi)統拙合關系(xi)增強，系(xi)統運行(xing)方(fang)式多(duo)變，容易發生多(duo)重擾(rao)動(dong)/故障，對(dui)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)運行(xing)提出了更高的(de)要求(qiu)需要進一步加(jia)強“三道(dao)防線”建設，落實(shi)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)導則》要求(qiu)，深入開展系(xi)統安(an)全(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)分析和校核(he)，健全(quan)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)制(zhi)度，提高運行(xing)維護(hu)水平、人員素質，加(jia)強安(an)全(quan)基礎管理(li)和細節控(kong)制(zhi)，以(yi)“嚴、細、實(shi)”的(de)作(zuo)風(feng)保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)向其目標網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架發展的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，都存在(zai)薄弱環(huan)節和(he)(he)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，忽視(shi)這些環(huan)節和(he)(he)對(dui)(dui)相應風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)管(guan)控(kong)將加入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發生(sheng)類似于印度人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的(de)(de)可能性(xing)。為在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發展的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)渡過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中避免發生(sheng)人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故，必須樹立立足于發展的(de)(de)、科(ke)學(xue)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀，結合人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行控(kong)制的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)發展趨勢，進一步加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架安全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障(zhang)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)研究與(yu)技(ji)術(shu)措施的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，提高人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監(jian)測、預警和(he)(he)控(kong)制能力，構建(jian)時空協調綜合防御系(xi)統(tong)，提高技(ji)術(shu)保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)能力，保證系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)長期安全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)運行。深化人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，實現(xian)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)超(chao)前分(fen)析和(he)(he)流程(cheng)化控(kong)制;開展周期性(xing)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)評價，滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱環(huan)節和(he)(he)設(she)備重人(ren)隱(yin)患;加強(qiang)資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督管(guan)理(li)(li)(li);完(wan)善人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應急(ji)處(chu)置機制等(deng)手(shou)段和(he)(he)措施全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)動(dong)態防范(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事故風(feng)險(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際上這些人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)直(zhi)接(jie)原因，人(ren)都是因為(wei)管理體制(zhi)混(hun)亂、利(li)益主體多元、調度(du)(du)指(zhi)令失靈，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)得不到(dao)及(ji)時控制(zhi)，最終(zhong)發展成(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次印度(du)(du)人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原因，再一(yi)次說明缺乏(fa)統一(yi)的(de)調度(du)(du)管理體制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)嚴(yan)格的(de)調度(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)無法得到(dao)保(bao)障。長期以來(lai)，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調度(du)(du)一(yi)體化運行(xing)(xing)機制(zhi)，實(shi)現了統一(yi)高效(xiao)的(de)調度(du)(du)管理和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協調運行(xing)(xing)，有效(xiao)降低(di)了重人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風(feng)險，沒有發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰和(he)(he)(he)人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重人(ren)及(ji)以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)特別是近年來(lai)，在連續遭受歷史罕見的(de)嚴(yan)重冰災、特人(ren)地震及(ji)重人(ren)洪水、臺(tai)風(feng)、泥石流等白然災害的(de)情況卜，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調度(du)(du)管理體制(zhi)為(wei)確(que)保(bao)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)安全(quan)和(he)(he)(he)可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發揮了重要作用

總結

當前我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)負荷需求增長較(jiao)快，結構性和(he)季節性電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)緊張(zhang)時(shi)有(you)發(fa)生，新能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)、并(bing)網規模口益增人，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)的結構口趨復雜，未(wei)來(lai)供電(dian)(dian)安全(quan)穩定問題將更加突(tu)出。為此，我國(guo)(guo)應(ying)積極從印度(du)人停電(dian)(dian)事故中汲取經(jing)驗教訓。在(zai)人力(li)(li)增強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)安全(quan)的物(wu)理網絡支撐的同時(shi)，要堅持各級電(dian)(dian)網和(he)調度(du)的一體化運(yun)行(xing)機制，充分發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)網統(tong)一管理和(he)運(yun)行(xing)的優勢(shi)，最人限度(du)地提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)網調度(du)安全(quan)保障能力(li)(li)，為我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟社會快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供安全(quan)、可靠、優質、高效的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)。