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2012年8月1日，印度官(guan)員(yuan)宣(xuan)布，印度大面積斷電(dian)已經結(jie)束。印度發(fa)生的(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故，覆蓋了一(yi)半以上的(de)國土，直接影響6億多(duo)人的(de)生活，是這(zhe)個南亞國家(jia)11年來最(zui)嚴重的(de)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故。

事故過程

印(yin)度北部(bu)(bu)和(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)7月(yue)30日和(he)31日連續發生兩(liang)次大(da)(da)面積停電事故。突如其來的斷電導致交通陷(xian)入(ru)混(hun)亂，全(quan)國(guo)超過300列火車停運，首都(dou)新德里的地鐵也全(quan)部(bu)(bu)停運，造(zao)成旅客大(da)(da)量(liang)滯留(liu)，公路交通出現大(da)(da)面積擁(yong)堵。一(yi)些礦工被困井下。銀行系統(tong)陷(xian)入(ru)癱瘓(huan)，一(yi)度給(gei)印(yin)度的金融交易帶來障礙。

第(di)一次(ci)事故發生后，印度電(dian)(dian)力部門排除故障，在停電(dian)(dian)后15個(ge)小時內基(ji)本恢復了電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應。但旁遮(zhe)普邦、哈(ha)里亞(ya)納邦以及北方(fang)邦等幾個(ge)地區在供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢復后繼(ji)續超負荷(he)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，導致了第(di)二次(ci)大面積停電(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)力部門因(yin)此不得不從鄰國輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)力來滿足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)。截(jie)至8月1日，印度北部地區95%的電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)(gong)應已恢復。

事故分析

貝(bei)恩咨詢公司(si)高級(ji)合伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈認為(wei)，此次(ci)停電事故給印(yin)度(du)經濟敲響了警(jing)鐘——印(yin)度(du)電力供(gong)應至(zhi)少(shao)需要(yao)保(bao)持每(mei)年6．5%至(zhi)7%的增速(su)，否則將會對該國制造(zao)業和出(chu)口企業造(zao)成(cheng)傷(shang)害。

印度(du)最大行業協(xie)會印度(du)工商(shang)聯合會主席卡諾里亞說(shuo)：“連續兩天如此大規模的停電(dian)，值得我(wo)們密切(qie)關注(zhu)，這當然會

對于商(shang)業(ye)投(tou)資環境本就存在不少問(wen)題的(de)印(yin)度來說，此次大停電不僅影響企(qi)業(ye)生產和盈(ying)利水平，還影響到印(yin)度在外國(guo)投(tou)資者眼中(zhong)的(de)形象(xiang)。

印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)產(chan)業(ye)聯合會(hui)理事長錢德拉吉特·班納(na)吉表示(shi)，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)經(jing)濟(ji)近來增(zeng)長放緩，外界(jie)本就對印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)前景不太看好，如今電網兩(liang)天內連續崩潰無(wu)疑使(shi)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)形象(xiang)進一(yi)步受損，令有(you)(you)意投資印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)外國企業(ye)望而(er)卻(que)步。對于一(yi)個擁有(you)(you)世(shi)界(jie)約(yue)六分之(zhi)一(yi)人口的(de)(de)新興經(jing)濟(ji)體，有(you)(you)必要使(shi)基礎設施建(jian)設與印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)強國夢想相匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世界媒體都在議(yi)論印度(du)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任(ren)何國(guo)家都不能否認自己也遭(zao)遇過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)歷史，只是規(gui)模(mo)和破壞(huai)程度(du)不同罷了。美國(guo)上世紀后半葉，至(zhi)少出現三次大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模(mo)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)，近十多(duo)年(nian)時間里，美國(guo)至(zhi)少遭(zao)遇過(guo)數次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian)，佛羅(luo)里達州發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由(you)密歇(xie)根州延伸(shen)至(zhi)紐約(yue)，最后蔓延到加拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承(cheng)認，“一次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是數秒鐘，也不亞(ya)于(yu)一場大(da)(da)(da)地震帶來的(de)(de)破壞(huai)”。

很多新興(xing)經濟(ji)體在經濟(ji)高增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)刺激或(huo)尋求經濟(ji)高增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)動(dong)機之下(xia)，只顧電(dian)力開發，卻(que)忽視(shi)電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全工作，對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)管理(li)體制改革方(fang)面重視(shi)不夠，導致“缺電(dian)”和(he)“有(you)電(dian)”下(xia)都(dou)斷電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)的(de)情況(kuang)，造(zao)成(cheng)大(da)量的(de)浪(lang)費和(he)損失。印度(du)此次發生的(de)問題(ti)，對(dui)印度(du)是個現實教訓，對(dui)世界(jie)各新興(xing)經濟(ji)體而言，是給電(dian)網(wang)安(an)全上了一課。只要體認“大(da)停(ting)電(dian)或(huo)也會(hui)發生在我(wo)們身上”，那么，我(wo)們就應該(gai)從漠不關心(xin)等心(xin)態中(zhong)覺醒過來，把印度(du)問題(ti)視(shi)為自(zi)己(ji)的(de)問題(ti)，做好自(zi)己(ji)的(de)安(an)全工作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大(da)面(mian)(mian)積停(ting)(ting)電事(shi)故。突如其(qi)來的斷電導(dao)致交(jiao)(jiao)通陷入(ru)混亂(luan)，全(quan)國超過300列火車停(ting)(ting)運，首都新德里的地鐵也(ye)全(quan)部停(ting)(ting)運，造成旅客大(da)量(liang)滯留，公路交(jiao)(jiao)通出(chu)現大(da)面(mian)(mian)積擁堵。一(yi)(yi)些礦工被(bei)困井下。銀行系統陷入(ru)癱瘓，一(yi)(yi)度(du)給(gei)印(yin)度(du)的金融交(jiao)(jiao)易帶(dai)來障礙。

第一次事故(gu)(gu)發生后(hou)(hou)，印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)排除(chu)故(gu)(gu)障，在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)15個(ge)小時(shi)內基本恢(hui)復了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應。但旁(pang)遮(zhe)普(pu)邦、哈(ha)里(li)亞納邦以及(ji)北(bei)方邦等幾個(ge)地(di)區在(zai)供電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)復后(hou)(hou)繼續超(chao)負荷用電(dian)(dian)，導致了(le)第二次大面積停電(dian)(dian)。印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)得不(bu)從(cong)鄰(lin)國輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來滿足新德(de)里(li)的(de)用電(dian)(dian)需求。截至8月(yue)1日，印度北(bei)部(bu)地(di)區95%的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應已(yi)恢(hui)復。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢(xun)公司高級合伙人阿密(mi)特·辛哈認為，此(ci)次停電(dian)事(shi)故給印(yin)度經濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度電(dian)力供應至少需要保持每年6．5%至7%的(de)增速，否(fou)則將(jiang)會(hui)對該國制造(zao)業(ye)和出口企業(ye)造(zao)成傷害。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)最(zui)大(da)行業協會(hui)印(yin)(yin)度(du)工(gong)商聯合會(hui)主席卡諾(nuo)里亞說：“連(lian)續兩天如此大(da)規(gui)模的停電，值得我(wo)們密切(qie)關(guan)注，這當然會(hui)

對(dui)于(yu)商業(ye)投資環境(jing)本就存在不(bu)(bu)少問(wen)題(ti)的印度來說，此(ci)次大(da)停電(dian)不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)企(qi)業(ye)生(sheng)產和盈利水(shui)平(ping)，還(huan)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)印度在外國投資者眼中(zhong)的形象。

印(yin)度產業(ye)聯合會理事(shi)長錢(qian)德拉吉特·班納吉表示(shi)，印(yin)度經(jing)濟(ji)近來(lai)增(zeng)長放緩，外界(jie)本就對印(yin)度前景不太看好，如今電網兩天內(nei)連續崩潰(kui)無疑(yi)使印(yin)度的形象進一(yi)步受損(sun)，令有意投資印(yin)度的外國企業(ye)望(wang)而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁有世界(jie)約六分之(zhi)一(yi)人(ren)口的新興經(jing)濟(ji)體，有必要(yao)使基礎設(she)施建設(she)與印(yin)度的強國夢想相匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都(dou)(dou)在(zai)議(yi)論印度(du)大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但任何國(guo)家(jia)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)能(neng)否認自己也遭(zao)遇過(guo)大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的歷(li)史(shi)，只是(shi)規(gui)模和破壞程度(du)不(bu)同罷了。美國(guo)上世(shi)紀后半葉，至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)出(chu)現三(san)次大(da)規(gui)模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故，近(jin)十多年時間里，美國(guo)至(zhi)(zhi)少(shao)遭(zao)遇過(guo)數次大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如2008年，佛羅里達州發生大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒(mei)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應；2003年大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，由密歇根州延(yan)伸至(zhi)(zhi)紐(niu)約，最(zui)后蔓延(yan)到加(jia)拿(na)大(da)。危(wei)機專家(jia)承認，“一次大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使是(shi)數秒鐘(zhong)，也不(bu)亞(ya)于一場大(da)地震帶來的破壞”。

很多新(xin)(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體在(zai)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)增長的刺(ci)激或(huo)尋求經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)增長的動機(ji)之下，只顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)力開發，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管理體制改革方面(mian)重視不夠(gou)，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況，造成(cheng)大量的浪(lang)費和損失。印度此次發生的問(wen)題，對(dui)印度是個現(xian)實(shi)教(jiao)訓，對(dui)世(shi)界各新(xin)(xin)興經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體而言，是給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)上了一課。只要體認“大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)也會發生在(zai)我們身上”，那么，我們就應該從漠不關心(xin)(xin)等心(xin)(xin)態中覺(jue)醒過來，把(ba)印度問(wen)題視為(wei)自己的問(wen)題，做好自己的安(an)全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)。

2012年(nian)7月30口(kou)凌晨2時33分開始，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)德里邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、哈(ha)利亞(ya)納邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、中央邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯坦邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)安查爾邦(bang)(bang)(bang)、北(bei)(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)(bang)等(deng)9個(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)發生停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)受到(dao)影(ying)響。在(zai)(zai)上述地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后(hou)(hou)，于當地(di)時間7月31口(kou)13時05分開始，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)包括首都新德里在(zai)(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)東部(bu)、北(bei)(bei)部(bu)和東北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網再(zai)次發生人(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，超過20個(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)再(zai)次陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓狀(zhuang)態，全(quan)國(guo)近一半地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)現中斷，逾6.7億人(ren)口(kou)受到(dao)影(ying)響111印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)兩天之內(nei)連續發生人(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是有史以來(lai)影(ying)響人(ren)曰最多(duo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，成為(wei)世界范(fan)圍內(nei)規模最人(ren)的(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)長期以來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)基礎(chu)(chu)薄弱、基礎(chu)(chu)設施落后(hou)(hou)并滯后(hou)(hou)于經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)等(deng)矛盾由來(lai)己久，這(zhe)次事(shi)(shi)件(jian)讓印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理體制、調度(du)(du)(du)(du)防控體系(xi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建(jian)設等(deng)方面諸多(duo)問(wen)題再(zai)次暴露于公(gong)眾面前。與我國(guo)一樣作(zuo)為(wei)正在(zai)(zai)崛起的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)中國(guo)家，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)此次人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)對(dui)我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全(quan)運行(xing)具(ju)有重人(ren)的(de)(de)借(jie)鑒意(yi)義。但是我國(guo)對(dui)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因研究不深，需(xu)要(yao)進一步深入分析印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。

印(yin)度的能源資源主(zhu)要分(fen)布在(zai)東部和(he)(he)東北部地區(qu)_以煤炭和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)力(li)為(wei)主(zhu)_其(qi)余(yu)為(wei)核電、油電和(he)(he)天然(ran)氣發(fa)電。主(zhu)要負荷中(zhong)心及人口稠密地區(qu)則集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)北部、南部和(he)(he)西部地區(qu)。印(yin)度電網的輸電方(fang)向主(zhu)要為(wei)東電西送，再輔以北電南送截至2012年5月，印(yin)度總發(fa)電裝機容量約(yue)為(wei)2億kW，其(qi)中(zhong)火電裝機占(zhan)68.7070，水(shui)(shui)電占(zhan)19.2070，核電和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)可再生(sheng)能源發(fa)電占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作為亞洲第(di)三(san)人經濟(ji)(ji)體，印(yin)度(du)過去10年(nian)間經濟(ji)(ji)增速(su)接近2位(wei)數，能(neng)(neng)源消費年(nian)均增速(su)6%但由(you)于(yu)投資不(bu)足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業發展(zhan)嚴(yan)重滯后于(yu)經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)水平，發電(dian)(dian)冗余(yu)不(bu)足(zu)，跨區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力不(bu)夠，電(dian)(dian)力供應長(chang)期(qi)處于(yu)短缺狀態。印(yin)度(du)2010-2011年(nian)度(du)GDP增長(chang)8.5070，同(tong)期(qi)發電(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)增長(chang)僅為5.56%印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)預(yu)計2012年(nian)印(yin)度(du)高(gao)峰期(qi)電(dian)(dian)力缺曰10.6%左(zuo)右，全年(nian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)缺曰7.3%左(zuo)右。仍有近40%的印(yin)度(du)家庭(約(yue)2.89億(yi)人)沒(mei)有用上電(dian)(dian)，且印(yin)度(du)人部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)供電(dian)(dian)質量(liang)(liang)低(di)、停電(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使在首都(dou)新德里也經常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)。

印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由五人區域性電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成，即北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)主要(yao)有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實現了交流400kV同步聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，形成中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與中(zhong)央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過直流異步聯(lian)接。此外印度東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通(tong)過400kV交流與不月-電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互聯(lian)印度交流同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區域間(jian)互聯(lian)情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜區(qu)域內跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其中跨(kua)區(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)(you)(you)中央政府所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)印度國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(PGCIL)擁有(you)(you)，并負責(ze)運行(xing)管(guan)理(li);邦(bang)(bang)內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產由(you)(you)(you)邦(bang)(bang)政府所(suo)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)邦(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)局(未改革邦(bang)(bang))管(guan)理(li)從印度交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯網(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)主(zhu)網(wang)架來看(kan)，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間通過1同(tong)(tong)765kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)，23同(tong)(tong)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、10同(tong)(tong)220kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、1個(ge)(ge)士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)背(bei)(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)(bei)和1個(ge)(ge)士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯。區(qu)域內主(zhu)網(wang)架主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為主(zhu)。印度配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)(you)(you)邦(bang)(bang)政府所(suo)有(you)(you)或私(si)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司擁有(you)(you)并負責(ze)運行(xing)管(guan)理(li)一個(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)內有(you)(you)多個(ge)(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司，完全私(si)營的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司有(you)(you)17個(ge)(ge)，主(zhu)要(yao)分布在德里、奧里薩(sa)、占吉拉(la)特、孟(meng)買等邦(bang)(bang)

在調(diao)度(du)(du)環節，印度(du)(du)電(dian)力系統調(diao)度(du)(du)分3級，分別由(you)國(guo)家(jia)調(diao)度(du)(du)中心(xin)(NLDC)，區(qu)域調(diao)度(du)(du)中心(xin)}RLDC)、邦(bang)調(diao)度(du)(du)中心(xin)(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨區(qu)域輸電(dian)線(xian)路調(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區(qu)域內(nei)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du)(du)，各邦(bang)SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦(bang)內(nei)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)度(du)(du)機構與(yu)電(dian)網所有者合一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由(you)印度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網公(gong)(gong)司管(guan)理(li)，SLDC由(you)邦(bang)輸電(dian)公(gong)(gong)司或電(dian)力局管(guan)理(li)。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印(yin)度電力部在事(shi)故后(hou)組成特別小組展開(kai)全面的事(shi)故調查(cha)，并于(yu)s月(yue)I6口(kou)公布了事(shi)故調查(cha)報告(gao)(gao)，報告(gao)(gao)詳細地分(fen)析了引起印(yin)度連續兩(liang)起人(ren)停電事(shi)故的直接原因。

2012年7月(yue)30口(kou)，由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳開(kai)，在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列后(hou)，由西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷的(de)(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯絡通道(dao)，導(dao)致(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)發(fa)生功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang)由于(yu)振蕩(dang)(dang)中心在北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間(jian)的(de)(de)斷面上(shang)，致(zhi)使相應的(de)(de)聯絡線跳開(kai)，造成北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流互聯系(xi)統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列。由于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以及(ji)區(qu)域(yu)內進一步的(de)(de)功(gong)率振蕩(dang)(dang)，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)最終(zhong)崩潰。

2012年7月31口(kou)，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路(lu)跳(tiao)開，在(zai)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)以后，用于滿足北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)負荷的(de)(de)潮流轉移到(dao)“西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)絡通道，導致(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生功(gong)(gong)率振蕩7月31口(kou)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振蕩中(zhong)(zhong)心在(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠(kao)近(jin)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面(mian)，因此，在(zai)導致(zhi)了(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)應線(xian)路(lu)跳(tiao)開之后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以及西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交流互聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他(ta)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。這造(zao)成了(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間斷(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率振蕩，并(bing)進一(yi)步導致(zhi)了(le)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和“東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)解列(lie)。隨后，所有3個區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)(gong)率振蕩造(zao)成多同(tong)(tong)線(xian)路(lu)跳(tiao)開，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過低以及在(zai)不同(tong)(tong)地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)壓，最終北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩潰。

根據印度的(de)調查報告，2次(ci)事故(gu)(gu)當天的(de)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)錄波器結果均(jun)顯(xian)示(shi)，系(xi)統中并沒有(you)(you)監測到有(you)(you)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)發生。在2次(ci)事故(gu)(gu)發生前，由(you)于(yu)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)，以及靠(kao)近東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)的(de)多條區域(yu)間聯絡線停(ting)運導致跨區通(tong)道(dao)弱聯系(xi)，系(xi)統間的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)能力被顯(xian)著削弱。西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)均(jun)只(zhi)有(you)(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交流(liu)主干(gan)聯絡線路(lu)處于(yu)運行狀態。

電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)的邦負荷(he)調(diao)(diao)度中(zhong)心(xin)對區(qu)域(yu)(yu)負荷(he)調(diao)(diao)度中(zhong)心(xin)要(yao)求其降低(di)邦內(nei)(nei)電(dian)力公司(si)透支(zhi)用(yong)電(dian)，以及要(yao)求西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)電(dian)力公司(si)降低(di)發電(dian)出力的指(zhi)令響應不充(chong)分部(bu)分北(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)力公司(si)透支(zhi)用(yong)電(dian)，產生了計劃(hua)外的電(dian)力交換，導致了西部(bu)與北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)間唯一(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持運行(xing)的400kV聯絡線處于(yu)高載荷(he)狀態，并超過了線路白身的額定功率。距離保(bao)(bao)(bao)護繼電(dian)器3段保(bao)(bao)(bao)護動作使得該線路跳開，導致北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列。

在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)后，由(you)西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷的(de)(de)潮流(liu)轉(zhuan)移到“西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯絡通道，導(dao)致系統發生振蕩在(zai)(zai)2次連(lian)續人面積停電(dian)事故(gu)中，振蕩中心分別在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)(de)斷(duan)面上(shang)，及在(zai)(zai)靠(kao)近(jin)東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面的(de)(de)東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內部(bu)，致使相(xiang)應的(de)(de)聯絡線和(he)主干線路跳開，北部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流(liu)互聯系統其他部(bu)分解列(lie)。由(you)于各(ge)個區域內系統頻率過低以及進一步(bu)的(de)(de)功率振蕩等原(yuan)因導(dao)致電(dian)力系統崩潰，最終造成人面積停電(dian)事故(gu)

在這2次人(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中，西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)通過在區域(yu)內(nei)采(cai)取高(gao)頻(pin)切機措施，得以幸(xing)免南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)從(cong)(cong)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋(kui)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，也在7月31口的事故(gu)中得以幸(xing)免，在事故(gu)發生后依然(ran)從(cong)(cong)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋(kui)入部(bu)(bu)(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，并采(cai)取了若(ruo)干防(fang)御(yu)機制，如(ru)白動低頻(pin)減負荷以及(ji)逐漸提(ti)升高(gao)壓直流(liu)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人(ren)(ren)電網統一(yi)防控體(ti)系是以堅強(qiang)網架為基(ji)(ji)礎的(de)、基(ji)(ji)于人(ren)(ren)安全(quan)觀(guan)的(de)、以統一(yi)規(gui)劃、統一(yi)調度(du)、統一(yi)管理為手段的(de)人(ren)(ren)電網安全(quan)防御與運行(營)控制體(ti)系。該體(ti)系的(de)不完善是木次印度(du)連續發生人(ren)(ren)面積停電事故的(de)深(shen)層(ceng)次原因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度電(dian)力工業(ye)的(de)經營(ying)與管理(li)體制(zhi)限制(zhi)，各(ge)級電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設缺(que)乏(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域間(jian)統籌協調(diao)，區(qu)(qu)(qu)域主網(wang)架(jia)以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環網(wang)為(wei)主，沒(mei)有(you)合理(li)的(de)分層分區(qu)(qu)(qu)，網(wang)架(jia)結構較易引發(fa)(fa)穩定破(po)壞。400kV線(xian)路作為(wei)主干網(wang)架(jia)己不(bu)滿足印度經濟的(de)快速增長對電(dian)力負荷的(de)需要(yao)，765kV系統剛剛啟動建(jian)設，還未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)。跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主網(wang)架(jia)之間(jian)呈弱連(lian)接(jie)，一(yi)旦局部故障引發(fa)(fa)連(lian)鎖(suo)反應，或者(zhe)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域電(dian)網(wang)白身發(fa)(fa)電(dian)能力人幅(fu)減(jian)少，各(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域間(jian)彼(bi)此難以(yi)形成(cheng)(cheng)有(you)力的(de)支(zhi)援(yuan)，加入了(le)發(fa)(fa)生人面積停電(dian)的(de)可能性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、建設主體和(he)資產歸屬(shu)復雜(za)，主要包括(kuo)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(si)(si)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)以及私人(ren)企業(ye)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(si)(si)負責區(qu)域及跨區(qu)域輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)負責邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)。盡管由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)5個區(qu)域級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調度(du)中心負責協調和(he)管理有關邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)之間(jian)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關事務，但其對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)并(bing)無管理關系，無力(li)有效(xiao)實現跨區(qu)、跨邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)和(he)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，各區(qu)域間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)較(jiao)難形成(cheng)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)匹配和(he)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接。除上(shang)述(shu)所述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長期電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)問題外，印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)還存在短期運行(xing)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路停運計劃(hua)(hua)不(bu)協調的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)重問題，并(bing)因此(ci)直接造成(cheng)了(le)區(qu)域間(jian)聯絡線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)調控能力(li)缺失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了(le)固有的發(fa)電冗余(yu)不足，調(diao)(diao)峰能力(li)弱等(deng)客觀原因外，此次事(shi)故暴露出印(yin)度(du)電網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)體制不健全，電網(wang)運行(xing)缺(que)乏統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)度(du)，不同級調(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約束能力(li)弱、跨(kua)邦(bang)跨(kua)區(qu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)協調(diao)(diao)能力(li)不足，調(diao)(diao)度(du)指(zhi)揮不暢，調(diao)(diao)度(du)指(zhi)令失靈等(deng)問題(ti)。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)分散的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)體制(zhi)，存在國家(jia)、區域(yu)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)級(ji)以及(ji)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內各(ge)(ge)地區4級(ji)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)_缺乏(fa)統一(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)獨立(li)于(yu)國家(jia)和區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)，主要(yao)受(shou)(shou)當地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局或輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司管(guan)(guan)理(li)。國家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)對邦(bang)(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)約束能力(li)(li)較弱，白上(shang)而卜的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)和管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)無法做到“一(yi)票到底”。當區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與邦(bang)(bang)(bang)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時，需向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會反應并(bing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會負(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故中北部各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)不(bu)服從區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網設備持續(xu)維持超負(fu)荷(he)運行(xing)，區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指令對各(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)超計劃(hua)受(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無能為(wei)力(li)(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)多(duo)位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官(guan)員表示(shi)，各(ge)(ge)州沒有按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)負(fu)荷(he)需求，致使(shi)跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)聯絡線超負(fu)荷(he)運行(xing)，導致了系(xi)統崩潰(kui)此(ci)外，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)標準(zhun)偏(pian)低(di)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)裕(yu)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足(zu)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運營(ying)模(mo)式允(yun)許用頻(pin)率(lv)換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，系(xi)統運行(xing)經常出現背離計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，而且(qie)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)正常運行(xing)范(fan)圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允(yun)許頻(pin)率(lv)偏(pian)差較人(ren)，這(zhe)些造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)長期處于(yu)緊張(zhang)狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度(du)電(dian)(dian)力管(guan)理體制(zhi)缺乏集(ji)約化，各邦政府對電(dian)(dian)力改(gai)革擁有較高白(bai)主(zhu)(zhu)權，使得(de)各邦改(gai)革進程不(bu)(bu)盡相同，統籌協調發展(zhan)實現困難。發、輸、配電(dian)(dian)所有權和(he)經營權分散，利益(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)體多元，電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)長期各白(bai)為政，注重(zhong)局部(bu)利益(yi)，不(bu)(bu)重(zhong)視整(zheng)體安全，電(dian)(dian)網管(guan)理水平偏低、線(xian)損高、人部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)力企業處于虧損狀態、投資能(neng)力弱。

一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，由于印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)推行以(yi)私有化為方向(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力改革(ge)(ge)，輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網在體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)上并非一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti)化運行;另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)為中央(yang)和(he)邦(bang)2個層次的(de)(de)分散管(guan)(guan)理模(mo)式(shi)，各邦(bang)政府對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力改革(ge)(ge)擁有較高白主權邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)(hui)不受中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)(hui)管(guan)(guan)理，邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)(hui)在邦(bang)內發(fa)、輸、配、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交易(yi)和(he)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)定價(jia)等方面(mian)有較高的(de)(de)白主權這種整體(ti)(ti)層面(mian)比較分散的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)與模(mo)式(shi)，在很人程度(du)(du)上造(zao)成了印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展很難(nan)形(xing)成統一(yi)(yi)、科學的(de)(de)規(gui)劃。加入了印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設與運行難(nan)度(du)(du)，也影(ying)響了印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業運營與積極性，導致(zhi)印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力在整體(ti)(ti)上統籌協調發(fa)展實現困難(nan)。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)保(bao)護體(ti)系中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線”不(bu)健全，基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)和(he)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)實施(shi)不(bu)力(li)。在(zai)“7.30”第(di)(di)一次北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)前(qian)，北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列運(yun)行。北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)損失約5800MW外來電(dian)(dian)，導致(zhi)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)降低(di)(di)。為了改善(shan)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)，避免系統(tong)(tong)崩潰(kui)，北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)實施(shi)了低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)以減(jian)(jian)少約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷)和(he)基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷)。然而，2項計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)(jian)少足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷，導致(zhi)除了Badax-p二和(he)NAPS幾個(ge)小區(qu)域外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)在(zai)“7.31”第(di)(di)二次電(dian)(dian)網(wang)崩潰(kui)前(qian)，北(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)首先解列運(yun)行，并(bing)遭(zao)遇了與第(di)(di)一次停電(dian)(dian)事故類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第(di)(di)二道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線”失效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在(zai)緊急情(qing)況卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護策略木(mu)應能維持頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)來保(bao)證系統(tong)(tong)安全運(yun)行，但(dan)印度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分析(xi)報(bao)告指出，7月(yue)31口并(bing)沒有監測(ce)到(dao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基于頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化(hua)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)有適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)各級調度中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)缺(que)乏電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)動(dong)態(tai)安(an)全(quan)評估和快速狀態(tai)估計的(de)(de)研(yan)究機(ji)制，無法有效(xiao)制定補救措施計劃;在(zai)(zai)系(xi)統(tong)運行調度過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)一也沒有在(zai)(zai)計劃外電(dian)(dian)力交換(huan)情(qing)(qing)況卜，對功率透支與過(guo)度發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況進行監管。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)2次停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中(zhong)(zhong)，均發(fa)生(sheng)了在(zai)(zai)負荷逐漸(jian)損失(shi)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況卜距離(li)保護誤動(dong)現象，而且(qie)缺(que)乏足夠的(de)(de)無功補償(chang)裝置(zhi)和動(dong)態(tai)補償(chang)裝置(zhi)對故障(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提(ti)供支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)不足一(yi)直是(shi)印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業發(fa)展的(de)核心制約因(yin)素，印(yin)度(du)曾試圖采取多(duo)項措施吸(xi)(xi)引電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，但收(shou)效甚微2003年印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)法(fa)案明確(que)鼓勵引入(ru)競爭。2005年印(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)發(fa)展政策也(ye)提出要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)環節(jie)引入(ru)私人投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。但在(zai)實際操(cao)作中，并未(wei)建(jian)立完善(shan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體制和(he)順(shun)暢(chang)的(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)渠道，往(wang)往(wang)由(you)于(yu)土地糾紛和(he)其他繁瑣的(de)政策障礙，導致(zhi)基礎設施建(jian)設資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)金(jin)無法(fa)到位(wei)。另(ling)一(yi)方面，電(dian)(dian)價水平等諸(zhu)多(duo)因(yin)素也(ye)導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行業難(nan)以吸(xi)(xi)引投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)制不順(shun)，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)價同(tong)收(shou)難(nan)、線損(sun)(sun)居高不卜等問(wen)題，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企(qi)(qi)業普(pu)遍虧損(sun)(sun)，政府補貼對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場運營虧損(sun)(sun)來說也(ye)是(shi)“杯水車(che)薪(xin)”，企(qi)(qi)業缺乏白主投資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)積(ji)極(ji)性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印度2天(tian)內(nei)連(lian)續2次發生(sheng)人面積停電(dian)事故，給當(dang)地(di)經濟(ji)發展、社會穩定及(ji)國家形(xing)象帶來嚴重影響。此次印度人停電(dian)事件(jian)對(dui)我國電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)發展具有重要啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是現(xian)代經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的基礎，也是組成(cheng)國(guo)民經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的重要組成(cheng)部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業的基礎性(xing)特征、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設周(zhou)期長、系統運行備用需求(qiu)等要求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)必須適(shi)度(du)超(chao)前如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)滯(zhi)后，就會(hui)成(cheng)為制約經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和人(ren)(ren)民生活水平提(ti)高的瓶頸。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業基礎設施薄弱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供需矛(mao)盾突出(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水平低。近年來，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存在(zai)(zai)10%左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在(zai)(zai)夏(xia)季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)這個比例可能超(chao)過20%如此滯(zhi)后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業，不(bu)僅嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)水民的生活，更讓印度(du)在(zai)(zai)對外招(zhao)商引(yin)資、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)面都面臨(lin)多方(fang)垢病，國(guo)際競爭力(li)(li)也因此人(ren)(ren)打折扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無(wu)論美加(jia)“8.14”人(ren)停(ting)電、巴(ba)西“11.10”人(ren)停(ting)電，還(huan)是木次印(yin)度連續2次人(ren)停(ting)電，其中一(yi)個重要原因就(jiu)是電網發展滯后，沒有形成(cheng)結構(gou)(gou)堅強、運(yun)行靈活的(de)(de)(de)主網架。電力(li)系統是由不同電壓等級設備緊密連接在一(yi)起的(de)(de)(de)系統，必須(xu)堅持(chi)統一(yi)規劃、統一(yi)建設，從源(yuan)頭上消除隱患，提高(gao)電網建設安(an)全質(zhi)量和(he)(he)抵御白然災害的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)，滿足能(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)配置要求(qiu)和(he)(he)事故情況卜(bu)相互支援(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)。立足我國(guo)(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)逆(ni)向分布實際，加(jia)快發展特高(gao)壓跨(kua)區輸電，構(gou)(gou)建“強交強直”的(de)(de)(de)全國(guo)(guo)特高(gao)壓堅強骨(gu)干網架，是保障我國(guo)(guo)電力(li)供應安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)必備物質(zhi)基礎。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮(suo)減電(dian)(dian)網維(wei)(wei)護成木，在電(dian)(dian)網超負(fu)荷運行(xing)、頻(pin)率卜降(jiang)時(shi)，技術上沒有(you)相(xiang)應的(de)“第三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，最終拖垮整個電(dian)(dian)網。而在美國(guo)(guo)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)些國(guo)(guo)家也存在類似(si)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”，但因制(zhi)度體制(zhi)等(deng)問題，讓“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”運行(xing)失靈(ling)。隨著我(wo)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)容(rong)量交/直流輸電(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)、人(ren)規模間歇(xie)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)投運，交直流系(xi)(xi)統拙合關系(xi)(xi)增強(qiang)，系(xi)(xi)統運行(xing)方式(shi)多變，容(rong)易(yi)發生多重擾動/故(gu)障，對人(ren)電(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行(xing)提(ti)出(chu)了更高(gao)(gao)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)進一(yi)(yi)步加強(qiang)“三(san)道(dao)防(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)”建設，落實(shi)《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定導則》要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，深入開展(zhan)系(xi)(xi)統安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定分(fen)析和校核，健(jian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理制(zhi)度，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)運行(xing)維(wei)(wei)護水平、人(ren)員素質，加強(qiang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)基礎管理和細(xi)節控制(zhi)，以“嚴、細(xi)、實(shi)”的(de)作風保障電(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)在向(xiang)其(qi)目(mu)標(biao)網(wang)(wang)架發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)過(guo)渡(du)過(guo)程中，都存在薄(bo)弱環節(jie)和(he)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)，忽(hu)視這些(xie)環節(jie)和(he)對相應(ying)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)管控(kong)將加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發生類似于印度人停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性。為在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)過(guo)渡(du)過(guo)程中避免發生人面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)，必須樹立立足于發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)、科學的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)觀，結合(he)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)及其(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)運行控(kong)制的(de)技(ji)術(shu)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)趨勢(shi)，進(jin)一步加(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)保障理(li)論的(de)研究與技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)的(de)管理(li)，提高人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)監(jian)測、預警和(he)控(kong)制能(neng)力，構建(jian)時空協調綜合(he)防御系統(tong)，提高技(ji)術(shu)保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)能(neng)力，保證系統(tong)的(de)長期(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩(wen)定運行。深化人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)管理(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)風險(xian)(xian)的(de)超前分(fen)析和(he)流程化控(kong)制;開展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)周(zhou)期(qi)性輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性評價，滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)薄(bo)弱環節(jie)和(he)設備重人隱患;加(jia)強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周(zhou)期(qi)管理(li)和(he)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)管理(li);完善人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置機制等手段和(he)措施(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程動(dong)態防范(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)風險(xian)(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國際上這些人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)事故(gu)的(de)直接原因(yin)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)是因(yin)為管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)混亂、利(li)益主(zhu)體多元、調(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈，電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)得不(bu)到(dao)(dao)及(ji)時(shi)控(kong)制(zhi)，最終發(fa)展成為人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)。這次印度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停電(dian)的(de)原因(yin)，再一次說明缺乏統(tong)(tong)一的(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)和(he)嚴格的(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)紀律，人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全無法(fa)得到(dao)(dao)保障。長期以(yi)來(lai)(lai)，我國電(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施電(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)一體化運行(xing)機制(zhi)，實現了(le)統(tong)(tong)一高效的(de)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)和(he)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)協(xie)調(diao)運行(xing)，有效降(jiang)低了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風(feng)險，沒有發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停電(dian)等重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)及(ji)以(yi)上的(de)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)特別是近年來(lai)(lai)，在連(lian)續(xu)遭受歷史(shi)罕(han)見的(de)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)冰災(zai)(zai)、特人(ren)(ren)(ren)地(di)震及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風(feng)、泥石流(liu)等白然災(zai)(zai)害的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)卜，我國電(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)為確保人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)安全和(he)可靠(kao)供電(dian)發(fa)揮了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用(yong)

總結

當(dang)前我國經濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和負荷需求增(zeng)長較快，結構性和季節性電力緊張(zhang)時(shi)有發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，新能源發(fa)(fa)電迅(xun)猛發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、并網規(gui)模(mo)口益增(zeng)人，電力系統的結構口趨復(fu)雜，未來(lai)供(gong)電安全(quan)穩定問題將更加突出。為此(ci)，我國應(ying)積極從印度(du)人停電事故中汲取經驗(yan)教訓(xun)。在人力增(zeng)強電力系統安全(quan)的物理(li)網絡支撐的同時(shi)，要堅持各級電網和調度(du)的一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)運行(xing)機制，充分發(fa)(fa)揮電網統一(yi)管理(li)和運行(xing)的優勢(shi)，最人限度(du)地提(ti)升電網調度(du)安全(quan)保障能力，為我國經濟社會快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)供(gong)安全(quan)、可靠(kao)、優質、高效(xiao)的電力供(gong)應(ying)。