什么是IC芯片

IC芯(xin)片是將大(da)量的(de)微電子元(yuan)器(qi)件(晶體(ti)管(guan)、電阻、電容、二極管(guan)等) 形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)集成(cheng)電路(lu)放在一塊(kuai)(kuai)塑基(ji)上(shang)，做成(cheng)一塊(kuai)(kuai)芯(xin)片。目前幾乎所有看(kan)到的(de)芯(xin)片，都可以叫做 IC芯(xin)片 。

IC芯片有哪些種類

（一）按功能結構分類

集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)按其功能、結構的不同(tong)，可以分為模擬集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)和數字集(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)兩大(da)類。

模(mo)擬集(ji)成電路用來產生、放(fang)大和處理(li)各種模(mo)擬信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)（指幅度(du)隨時(shi)間邊疆變化的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。例(li)(li)如(ru)半導體(ti)收音(yin)(yin)機的(de)音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)、錄放(fang)機的(de)磁帶信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)等），而數字集(ji)成電路用來產生、放(fang)大和處理(li)各種數字信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)（指在時(shi)間上和幅度(du)上離散取值的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。例(li)(li)如(ru)VCD、DVD重放(fang)的(de)音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)和視頻(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)）。

基本(ben)的模(mo)擬集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)有(you)運算放大器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、乘法器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)穩壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、定(ding)時器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、信(xin)號發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。數字集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)品種很(hen)多，小規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)有(you)多種門(men)電路(lu)(lu)，即與(yu)非門(men)、非門(men)、或門(men)等；中規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)有(you)數據選擇(ze)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、編碼譯碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、觸發(fa)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、計(ji)數器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寄(ji)存(cun)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。大規模(mo)或超大規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)有(you)PLD（可(ke)編程邏輯器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件）和ASIC（專用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)）。

從(cong)PLD和(he)ASIC這(zhe)個(ge)角度來(lai)講，元件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、器件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、電路、系統之間的(de)區(qu)別(bie)不再是很嚴格。不僅(jin)如(ru)此(ci)，PLD器件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)本身只是一個(ge)硬件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)體，載(zai)入不同程序就可(ke)以(yi)實現不同電路功能。因此(ci)，現代的(de)器件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)已經不是純硬件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)，軟件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)以(yi)及相應的(de)軟件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)電子學在現代電子設計中得到(dao)了(le)較多的(de)應用(yong)，其地位也(ye)越來(lai)越重要(yao)。

（二）按制作工藝分類

集成電(dian)路按制作工藝可分為半導(dao)體(ti)集成電(dian)路和薄膜集成電(dian)路。

膜集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)又分(fen)類(lei)厚膜集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)和(he)薄膜集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)。

（三）按集成度高低分類

集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)按規(gui)模大小(xiao)分為：小(xiao)規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（SSI）、中規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（MSI）、大規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（LSI）、超大規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（VLSI）、特大規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（ULSI）。

（四）按導電類型不同分類

集成電路按導電類型(xing)可分為雙極型(xing)集成電路和單(dan)極型(xing)集成電路。

雙極(ji)(ji)型(xing)集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的制作工藝復雜，功耗較大(da)，代(dai)表(biao)集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)TTL、ECL、HTL、LST-TL、STTL等類型(xing)。單極(ji)(ji)型(xing)集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的制作工藝簡單，功耗也較低(di)，易于制成(cheng)大(da)規(gui)模集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，代(dai)表(biao)集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有(you)CMOS、NMOS、PMOS等類型(xing)。

（五）按用途分類

集成電路按(an)用(yong)(yong)途可分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。音響用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、影碟機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、錄(lu)像(xiang)機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦（微機）用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子琴用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、通信用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、照相機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、遙控集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、語言集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、報(bao)警(jing)器用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)及各種專用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電(dian)(dian)視機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括行、場掃(sao)描集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、中放集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、伴音集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、彩(cai)色解碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、AV/TV轉換集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、遙(yao)控集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、麗音解碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、畫中畫處(chu)理集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、微(wei)處(chu)理器(qi)（CPU）集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、存儲(chu)器(qi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

音(yin)響用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)AM/FM高中頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、立體聲解碼(ma)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻前(qian)置(zhi)放(fang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻運(yun)算放(fang)大集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻功率放(fang)大集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、環繞聲處理集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)平驅(qu)動集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子音(yin)量控制(zhi)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、延時混響集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子開關集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等。

影(ying)碟機(ji)用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有(you)系統控制集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、視頻編碼集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、MPEG解碼集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音頻信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音響效果集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、RF信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、數字信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、伺服(fu)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)驅動集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等。

錄像機(ji)用集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路有(you)系統控制(zhi)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路、伺服集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路、驅動(dong)集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路、音頻處理集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路、視(shi)頻處理集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路。