什么是IC芯片

IC芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)是將(jiang)大量的微電(dian)子元器件(晶體管、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容、二(er)極管等) 形成的集成電(dian)路(lu)放在一塊塑基上，做成一塊芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)。目前幾乎所有看到的芯(xin)片(pian)(pian)，都可以(yi)叫做 IC芯(xin)片(pian)(pian) 。

IC芯片有哪些種類

（一）按功能結構分類

集成電(dian)(dian)路按其功(gong)能、結構的不同(tong)，可以分為(wei)模擬集成電(dian)(dian)路和數字(zi)集成電(dian)(dian)路兩(liang)大類。

模(mo)擬(ni)集成電(dian)路用(yong)來(lai)產生、放大和(he)處理(li)各種模(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)（指(zhi)幅度(du)隨時間邊疆變化的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)。例(li)如半(ban)導體(ti)收(shou)音機的(de)音頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)、錄放機的(de)磁(ci)帶信(xin)(xin)號(hao)等），而數字集成電(dian)路用(yong)來(lai)產生、放大和(he)處理(li)各種數字信(xin)(xin)號(hao)（指(zhi)在時間上和(he)幅度(du)上離散取(qu)值的(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)。例(li)如VCD、DVD重放的(de)音頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)和(he)視(shi)頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)）。

基本的模擬(ni)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有運算放大器(qi)、乘法器(qi)、集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)穩壓器(qi)、定(ding)時器(qi)、信號發(fa)生器(qi)等。數(shu)字(zi)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)品種很多(duo)，小規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有多(duo)種門(men)電(dian)路(lu)，即與非門(men)、非門(men)、或門(men)等；中規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有數(shu)據選擇器(qi)、編(bian)碼譯(yi)碼器(qi)、觸發(fa)器(qi)、計(ji)數(shu)器(qi)、寄存(cun)器(qi)等。大規(gui)(gui)模或超大規(gui)(gui)模集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)有PLD（可編(bian)程(cheng)邏輯器(qi)件）和ASIC（專用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)）。

從PLD和ASIC這個角度來(lai)講(jiang)，元件、器(qi)件、電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、系統之間的區(qu)別(bie)不(bu)(bu)再是很嚴格。不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)如此(ci)，PLD器(qi)件本身只是一個硬件載(zai)體，載(zai)入不(bu)(bu)同程(cheng)序就可以實現(xian)不(bu)(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)功(gong)能(neng)。因此(ci)，現(xian)代(dai)(dai)的器(qi)件已經不(bu)(bu)是純硬件了，軟件器(qi)件和以及相(xiang)應的軟件電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)學在現(xian)代(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設計中得到了較多的應用(yong)，其(qi)地位也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重要。

（二）按制作工藝分類

集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)按制作工(gong)藝可分為半(ban)導體集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)和薄膜集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)。

膜(mo)集成電路(lu)(lu)又分類厚(hou)膜(mo)集成電路(lu)(lu)和薄膜(mo)集成電路(lu)(lu)。

（三）按集成度高低分類

集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)按(an)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)大小(xiao)分為：小(xiao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（SSI）、中規(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（MSI）、大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（LSI）、超大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（VLSI）、特大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)（ULSI）。

（四）按導電類型不同分類

集成(cheng)電(dian)路按導電(dian)類型(xing)可分為雙(shuang)極(ji)型(xing)集成(cheng)電(dian)路和單極(ji)型(xing)集成(cheng)電(dian)路。

雙極(ji)型集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作工(gong)藝復(fu)雜(za)，功(gong)耗較大，代表集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有TTL、ECL、HTL、LST-TL、STTL等類型。單(dan)極(ji)型集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作工(gong)藝簡單(dan)，功(gong)耗也較低，易于制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)大規(gui)模集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，代表集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有CMOS、NMOS、PMOS等類型。

（五）按用途分類

集成電路按用(yong)(yong)途可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)視(shi)機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。音(yin)響用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、影碟機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、錄像機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)（微機）用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)子琴(qin)用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、通信用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、照相機用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、遙控集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、語言集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)、報警器用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)及各種(zhong)專用(yong)(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)機用集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)包括(kuo)行、場(chang)掃描集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、中放(fang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、伴音集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、彩(cai)色解碼(ma)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、AV/TV轉(zhuan)換集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、開關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、遙控(kong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、麗(li)音解碼(ma)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、畫中畫處理集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、微處理器(qi)（CPU）集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、存(cun)儲器(qi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

音(yin)(yin)響(xiang)用集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路包括AM/FM高中頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)路、立體聲解碼電(dian)路、音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)(pin)前置放大電(dian)路、音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)(pin)運(yun)算放大集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、音(yin)(yin)頻(pin)(pin)功率放大集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、環(huan)繞聲處理集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、電(dian)平(ping)驅動集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、電(dian)子音(yin)(yin)量控制(zhi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、延時混響(xiang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路、電(dian)子開(kai)關集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路等。

影碟(die)機(ji)用(yong)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有系(xi)統控(kong)制集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、視頻編碼集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、MPEG解(jie)碼集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻信號處(chu)理(li)(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)響效果集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、RF信號處(chu)理(li)(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、數(shu)字信號處(chu)理(li)(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、伺服(fu)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)驅動集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。

錄像機用(yong)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路有系統控制集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路、伺服集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路、驅動集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路、音頻處理(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路、視頻處理(li)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路。