什么是IC芯片

IC芯片(pian)是將大量的微電(dian)子元器件(晶體(ti)管(guan)(guan)、電(dian)阻、電(dian)容、二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)等) 形成(cheng)的集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)放在一塊(kuai)塑基(ji)上(shang)，做(zuo)成(cheng)一塊(kuai)芯片(pian)。目前幾乎(hu)所有看到的芯片(pian)，都可以叫做(zuo) IC芯片(pian) 。

IC芯片有哪些種類

（一）按功能結構分類

集(ji)成(cheng)電路按其功(gong)能、結構(gou)的(de)不(bu)同，可以分為模(mo)擬集(ji)成(cheng)電路和數(shu)字集(ji)成(cheng)電路兩大類(lei)。

模擬集成電路用來產(chan)生、放大(da)和(he)處理各(ge)種模擬信號(hao)（指幅度隨(sui)時間(jian)(jian)邊疆變化(hua)的(de)(de)信號(hao)。例如(ru)(ru)半導(dao)體收音(yin)機(ji)的(de)(de)音(yin)頻(pin)(pin)信號(hao)、錄(lu)放機(ji)的(de)(de)磁帶信號(hao)等），而數(shu)字集成電路用來產(chan)生、放大(da)和(he)處理各(ge)種數(shu)字信號(hao)（指在時間(jian)(jian)上(shang)和(he)幅度上(shang)離散取值的(de)(de)信號(hao)。例如(ru)(ru)VCD、DVD重放的(de)(de)音(yin)頻(pin)(pin)信號(hao)和(he)視頻(pin)(pin)信號(hao)）。

基本的模擬集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)有運算放大(da)器(qi)(qi)、乘法(fa)器(qi)(qi)、集(ji)(ji)成穩(wen)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、定時器(qi)(qi)、信號(hao)發生(sheng)器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。數字集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)品(pin)種(zhong)很多，小規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)有多種(zhong)門電(dian)路(lu)，即與非門、非門、或(huo)門等(deng)；中規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)有數據選擇器(qi)(qi)、編碼譯碼器(qi)(qi)、觸發器(qi)(qi)、計數器(qi)(qi)、寄存器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。大(da)規(gui)模或(huo)超(chao)大(da)規(gui)模集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)有PLD（可編程邏輯(ji)器(qi)(qi)件）和ASIC（專用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)）。

從(cong)PLD和ASIC這個(ge)角度來(lai)講，元件(jian)、器(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)路、系(xi)統之間的區別不再是很嚴格。不僅(jin)如此，PLD器(qi)(qi)件(jian)本身只是一個(ge)硬(ying)件(jian)載(zai)體，載(zai)入不同(tong)程序(xu)就可以實現(xian)不同(tong)電(dian)路功能。因(yin)此，現(xian)代的器(qi)(qi)件(jian)已經不是純(chun)硬(ying)件(jian)了，軟件(jian)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)和以及相應(ying)的軟件(jian)電(dian)子學在現(xian)代電(dian)子設計中(zhong)得(de)到了較多的應(ying)用，其地位(wei)也越來(lai)越重要。

（二）按制作工藝分類

集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路按制作工藝(yi)可分為半導(dao)體集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路和薄(bo)膜集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路。

膜(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)電路又分類厚膜(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)電路和薄(bo)膜(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)電路。

（三）按集成度高低分類

集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)按(an)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)大(da)小分為(wei)：小規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（SSI）、中規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（MSI）、大(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（LSI）、超大(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（VLSI）、特(te)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)（ULSI）。

（四）按導電類型不同分類

集成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)按導電類型可分為(wei)雙極(ji)(ji)型集成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)和單極(ji)(ji)型集成(cheng)電路(lu)(lu)。

雙極型集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的制作工藝復(fu)雜，功(gong)耗較(jiao)大，代(dai)表集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有TTL、ECL、HTL、LST-TL、STTL等類型。單極型集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的制作工藝簡單，功(gong)耗也較(jiao)低，易于(yu)制成大規(gui)模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)，代(dai)表集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)路(lu)(lu)有CMOS、NMOS、PMOS等類型。

（五）按用途分類

集成電路按用(yong)途可(ke)分為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。音響(xiang)用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、影(ying)碟(die)機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、錄像(xiang)機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦（微(wei)機）用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子琴(qin)用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、通信用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、照相機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、遙控集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、語言集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、報警器用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)及(ji)各種專用(yong)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)視機用集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路包括(kuo)行、場掃描集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、中(zhong)放集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、伴音集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、彩色(se)解(jie)碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、AV/TV轉換集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、遙控集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、麗音解(jie)碼集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、畫(hua)中(zhong)畫(hua)處(chu)理(li)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、微(wei)處(chu)理(li)器（CPU）集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、存儲器集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路等。

音(yin)響(xiang)用集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)包括AM/FM高中頻電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、立體聲(sheng)(sheng)解碼電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻前置放(fang)大電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻運算放(fang)大集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、音(yin)頻功率放(fang)大集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、環繞聲(sheng)(sheng)處理集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)平驅(qu)動集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)子音(yin)量控制集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、延時混響(xiang)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)子開關(guan)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等。

影碟機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有系(xi)統控制集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、視頻編碼集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、MPEG解碼集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音頻信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、音響效果(guo)集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、RF信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、數字(zi)信(xin)號(hao)處(chu)理集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、伺服集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機驅動集(ji)(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等。

錄像機用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)有(you)系統控(kong)制(zhi)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)、伺(si)服(fu)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)、驅動(dong)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)、音頻(pin)處理(li)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)、視頻(pin)處理(li)集(ji)(ji)成電路(lu)。