一、蓄電池充電器原理

現在市場上比較好的12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)一般都采用的是(shi)三段(duan)式智能充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模(mo)式，電(dian)路設(she)計原理多常用開關恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓電(dian)源的設(she)計。什么是(shi)三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)?讓我們先來了解一些(xie)12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)的概念。

1、浮(fu)充(chong)：充(chong)電(dian)后(hou)的蓄電(dian)池(chi)，由于電(dian)解液及極(ji)(ji)板中存在(zai)雜質(zhi)，會在(zai)極(ji)(ji)板上形成局部放(fang)電(dian)，因(yin)此為使電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)飽滿的狀態下處于備用狀態，電(dian)池(chi)與12V充(chong)電(dian)機并聯，接于直流母線(xian)上，12V充(chong)電(dian)機除擔(dan)負經常(chang)的直流負荷外(wai)，還給電(dian)池(chi)適當的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，這(zhe)種(zhong)方式(shi)叫(jiao)做浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)。

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2、均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)：均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)就是(shi)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)特性(xing)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)指(zhi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)過程中，因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)個體(ti)差異(yi)、溫度差異(yi)等原因造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不平衡(heng)，為了(le)避免這種不平衡(heng)趨(qu)勢的(de)惡化(hua)，需要(yao)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行活化(hua)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般為14.5V，均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)時(shi)間不大(da)于10小時(shi)。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電(dian)停電(dian)后電(dian)池釋(shi)放的(de)能(neng)量(liang)超過總(zong)容量(liang)的(de)15%。

2、蓄電(dian)(dian)池長期(qi)處于浮充狀態(tai)(電(dian)(dian)網穩定，長期(qi)不(bu)停電(dian)(dian))。

3、電池組中，出現了落后(hou)電池，在浮充狀態下單體電壓低(di)于(yu)2.2V，更換新電池后(hou)。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一階(jie)段(duan)(duan)---恒(heng)流段(duan)(duan)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低(di)時，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了避免(mian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過大(da)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，應該限制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能過大(da)，又為(wei)(wei)(wei)了縮短充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，應使用允許的最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以采用了恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始終以恒(heng)定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang))自動調整輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)(hui)越(yue)充(chong)越(yue)高，直至升(sheng)到2.45V每格。然后轉入(ru)下一階(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已經充(chong)入(ru)約85--90%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)(hui)超過析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V/格，這也就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都會(hui)(hui)失水的原因。只是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)質量(liang)和12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質量(liang)的不同(tong)，失水的程度(du)也會(hui)(hui)有較大(da)的差異(yi)。

2、第二階(jie)(jie)段---恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段，當恒(heng)(heng)流充電(dian)結束(shu)后，12V充電(dian)機輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)就不變(bian)了，保(bao)持這個恒(heng)(heng)定的電(dian)壓(ya)對(dui)電(dian)池充電(dian)，在恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)會越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)高，電(dian)流會越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)小，當充電(dian)電(dian)流下降到(dao)0.5C時，恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)結束(shu)，然后轉(zhuan)入(ru)下一階(jie)(jie)段充電(dian)，恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充電(dian)階(jie)(jie)段就是對(dui)電(dian)池補充充電(dian)，結束(shu)時電(dian)池已基(ji)本充滿。

恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)階段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)(guo)高，會造成(cheng)過(guo)(guo)(guo)度失水和(he)過(guo)(guo)(guo)度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)(guo)低(di)(di)會導(dao)致欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫(liu)化。所(suo)以(yi)應嚴格(ge)控制其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這個階段，加(jia)大了(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同(tong)時加(jia)入了(le)負脈沖(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)，用(yong)以(yi)消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板(ban)表面的濃差(cha)極(ji)化現象，改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力和(he)降低(di)(di)溫升(sheng)，減(jian)輕了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的過(guo)(guo)(guo)度失水，從而進一步縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，這就是負脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。

有的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的平滑直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器就叫脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器利用具有間隔的短(duan)時間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，既改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)，又有除硫的效果。

3、第三階段--浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)段，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)叫涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段實際上(shang)也(ye)是(shi)恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低(di)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)小(xiao)，屬保(bao)養(yang)性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允(yun)許較(jiao)長時間安全充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)這(zhe)個階段12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般(ban)控制(zhi)在(zai)13.6--13.8V左右，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)略大，一般(ban)為0.01--0.03C左右。通過(guo)(guo)涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過(guo)(guo)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)足以彌補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)(guo)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會(hui)導致過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)和失水。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長時間的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消除負極板(ban)硫化的(de)作用(yong)。

汽車蓄電池怎么充電>>

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用(yong)和汽車(che)蓄電(dian)(dian)池匹配的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。

現(xian)在的家用(yong)(yong)轎車(che)使用(yong)(yong)的蓄(xu)電池(chi)一(yi)般都是免維護鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)，額定(ding)電壓12V，購買汽車電瓶(ping)充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)時要了解自己愛車的電池類型，以(yi)選(xuan)用(yong)合適的蓄電池充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)。同時，最好選(xuan)用(yong)10A以下的充(chong)電(dian)器。充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)小點，更有利于保護蓄電(dian)池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用轎車的蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)拆卸都很方(fang)便，車主(zhu)完全可(ke)以自(zi)己(ji)動手(shou)操作。關閉全車所有電(dian)器后，鎖上所有的車窗、車門。打開引擎蓋，用小扳(ban)手(shou)松開蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)負極的螺絲，就可(ke)以從(cong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)負極樁頭(tou)上取下(xia)負極連(lian)(lian)線(xian)。用同樣的方(fang)法取下(xia)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極連(lian)(lian)線(xian)。注意(yi)先取下(xia)負極連(lian)(lian)線(xian)，再取下(xia)正極連(lian)(lian)線(xian)。

將(jiang)蓄電池(chi)充好(hao)電，安裝時(shi)，要先連接(jie)好(hao)正極，再(zai)連接(jie)負極。用小扳手擰(ning)緊(jin)(jin)蓄電池(chi)樁頭緊(jin)(jin)固(gu)螺絲時(shi)，要適當(dang)用力，不可用力過大，否則(ze)可能會導致螺絲滑扣。

搬動蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)時(shi)候要(yao)輕拿輕放，保持蓄電(dian)池(chi)正負極樁頭(tou)朝上，不要(yao)將蓄電(dian)池(chi)倒置(zhi)。

充電(dian)時要先將(jiang)(jiang)充電(dian)器的輸出對應連接(jie)在蓄電(dian)池正負極樁頭，再將(jiang)(jiang)充電(dian)器220V插(cha)頭插(cha)入(ru)市電插(cha)座。

連(lian)接蓄電(dian)池時，一定要注意正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)接線(xian)和電(dian)瓶(ping)樁(zhuang)頭(tou)的對(dui)應，正(zheng)極(ji)對(dui)正(zheng)極(ji)，負(fu)極(ji)對(dui)負(fu)極(ji)。對(dui)于(yu)沒(mei)有反接保護的充電(dian)器來(lai)說，接反的話會導致充電(dian)器和電(dian)瓶(ping)的損壞。

建(jian)議(yi)購買防(fang)反接(jie)的(de)汽車電瓶充電器(qi)，或者，無極型汽車電瓶充電器(qi)。

3、條件允許的話(hua)，也可以在(zai)車上給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，一定要斷開負極連(lian)線！

4、強烈(lie)建(jian)議：給汽車蓄電池(chi)充(chong)電選擇白天進行，車主或(huo)者車主委托專人(ren)，隔上30分(fen)鐘到一小時查看一次，觸摸蓄電(dian)池外(wai)殼、充(chong)電(dian)器是否(fou)過(guo)熱(re)，充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程有無(wu)異味。有任(ren)何異常(chang)，應立即(ji)停止充(chong)電(dian)。

5、操作過程，要(yao)嚴禁煙火。