一、蓄電池充電器原理

現在市場上比較好(hao)的(de)12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機一般(ban)都采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)三段式(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)設(she)計原理多常(chang)用(yong)開(kai)關(guan)恒流恒壓電(dian)(dian)源的(de)設(she)計。什么是(shi)三段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)?讓我(wo)們(men)先來(lai)了解一些(xie)12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)概念。

1、浮充：充電后的(de)蓄電池，由于電解(jie)液及極(ji)(ji)板(ban)中(zhong)存(cun)在雜質(zhi)，會在極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上形(xing)成局部放電，因(yin)此為使電池在飽滿的(de)狀態(tai)下處于備用狀態(tai)，電池與12V充電機并聯，接(jie)于直(zhi)流母線(xian)上，12V充電機除(chu)擔負經常的(de)直(zhi)流負荷外，還給(gei)電池適(shi)當(dang)的(de)充電電流，這種方(fang)式叫做浮充電。

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2、均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)：均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)就是均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。所謂均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，就是均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)特性的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，是指(zhi)在電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的使(shi)用過(guo)程中，因為(wei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的個體(ti)差異、溫度(du)差異等原因造成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)壓不(bu)平衡(heng)，為(wei)了(le)避免這種不(bu)平衡(heng)趨勢(shi)的惡化(hua)，需要提高電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓，對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)活化(hua)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓一般(ban)為(wei)14.5V，均(jun)(jun)充(chong)(chong)(chong)時間不(bu)大于10小時。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電停電后電池釋放的(de)能(neng)量超過總容量的(de)15%。

2、蓄電池長期(qi)處于(yu)浮充狀態(電網(wang)穩(wen)定，長期(qi)不停電)。

3、電(dian)池組中，出現(xian)了落后電(dian)池，在浮(fu)充狀態下單體(ti)電(dian)壓低于2.2V，更(geng)換新電(dian)池后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)階段---恒流(liu)段，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)低時(shi)，為(wei)了(le)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)大損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應該限(xian)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能過(guo)(guo)大，又為(wei)了(le)縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，應使用(yong)允(yun)許的最大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)采用(yong)了(le)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)始終以(yi)恒定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(一(yi)般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量)自動調整輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)越充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越高，直(zhi)至升(sheng)到(dao)2.45V每(mei)格。然后轉(zhuan)入(ru)下一(yi)階段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)約85--90%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)超過(guo)(guo)析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V/格，這也(ye)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都會(hui)失水的原(yuan)因。只是因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)質量和12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)質量的不(bu)同，失水的程度也(ye)會(hui)有(you)較(jiao)大的差異。

2、第(di)二階段(duan)---恒壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)，當恒流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)結(jie)束后，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就不變了，保持(chi)這(zhe)個(ge)恒定(ding)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，在恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會越(yue)來越(yue)高，電(dian)(dian)流會越(yue)來越(yue)小，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流下降到0.5C時，恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)結(jie)束，然(ran)后轉入(ru)下一階段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，恒壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)就是對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，結(jie)束時電(dian)(dian)池(chi)已基本(ben)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。

恒壓(ya)階(jie)段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)高，會造成過(guo)度(du)(du)失(shi)(shi)水和(he)過(guo)度(du)(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低會導致欠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫化(hua)。所以應嚴格控制其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在(zai)這(zhe)個階(jie)段，加大了(le)(le)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同(tong)時(shi)加入了(le)(le)負(fu)脈沖放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能，用以消除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板表面的(de)濃差極化(hua)現象，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力和(he)降低溫升，減輕了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)過(guo)度(du)(du)失(shi)(shi)水，從(cong)而進一步縮短充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)負(fu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。

有的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，將充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)平(ping)滑直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)為脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)就叫(jiao)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)利用具有間(jian)隔(ge)的(de)(de)短時間(jian)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，既改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力，又有除硫的(de)(de)效(xiao)果。

3、第三階(jie)(jie)段--浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)段，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)叫涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段實際上也(ye)是恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較小，屬保養性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允許較長時間安全(quan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)般控制(zhi)在13.6--13.8V左右(you)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)略大(da)，一(yi)般為(wei)0.01--0.03C左右(you)。通過(guo)涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過(guo)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不足以(yi)彌補(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會導(dao)致過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)和失水(shui)。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時間的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消除負極板(ban)硫化的(de)作用。

汽車蓄電池怎么充電>>

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用和汽車蓄電池匹配(pei)的充電器(qi)。

現在的(de)家(jia)用(yong)轎(jiao)車使用(yong)的(de)蓄電(dian)池一(yi)般都(dou)是免維(wei)護鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池，額定電(dian)壓12V，購買汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器時要了(le)解自己愛車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池類型(xing)，以選用合適(shi)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器。同(tong)時，最好選用10A以下的充電器。充電電流小點，更有利于保(bao)護蓄電池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家(jia)用轎車(che)(che)的蓄(xu)電池(chi)拆(chai)卸都很方便，車(che)(che)主完全可以(yi)自(zi)己動手操(cao)作(zuo)。關閉全車(che)(che)所有電器后，鎖上所有的車(che)(che)窗、車(che)(che)門。打(da)開(kai)(kai)引(yin)擎蓋，用小扳手松開(kai)(kai)蓄(xu)電池(chi)負極(ji)的螺絲，就可以(yi)從蓄(xu)電池(chi)負極(ji)樁頭(tou)上取(qu)下負極(ji)連線(xian)(xian)。用同樣(yang)的方法取(qu)下蓄(xu)電池(chi)正極(ji)連線(xian)(xian)。注意先取(qu)下負極(ji)連線(xian)(xian)，再取(qu)下正極(ji)連線(xian)(xian)。

將蓄(xu)電池充好電，安(an)裝時(shi)，要(yao)先連(lian)接好正極(ji)，再連(lian)接負極(ji)。用(yong)小扳(ban)手擰(ning)緊(jin)蓄(xu)電池樁頭緊(jin)固螺絲時(shi)，要(yao)適當(dang)用(yong)力，不可(ke)用(yong)力過大，否則可(ke)能會導致螺絲滑扣(kou)。

搬動蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的時候要(yao)輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放，保持蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池正負(fu)極樁頭朝上，不要(yao)將(jiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池倒置(zhi)。

充(chong)電(dian)時要先(xian)將充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)出對應連接在蓄(xu)電(dian)池正負(fu)極樁頭(tou)，再將充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)220V插頭插入市電插座。

連接(jie)蓄電(dian)池時，一定要注意正(zheng)負極(ji)接(jie)線和電(dian)瓶樁頭的對應，正(zheng)極(ji)對正(zheng)極(ji)，負極(ji)對負極(ji)。對于沒有反接(jie)保護的充電(dian)器來說(shuo)，接(jie)反的話會導致充電(dian)器和電(dian)瓶的損壞。

建議購買防反(fan)接的汽車電瓶充(chong)電器(qi)，或者，無極型汽車電瓶充(chong)電器(qi)。

3、條件允許(xu)的話，也可以在車上給蓄(xu)電池充電，充電時，一(yi)定要斷開負極連線(xian)！

4、強烈(lie)建(jian)議(yi)：給汽車(che)(che)蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)選(xuan)擇白(bai)天進行，車(che)(che)主(zhu)或者車(che)(che)主(zhu)委托專人(ren)，隔上30分鐘到一小(xiao)時查(cha)看一次，觸摸(mo)蓄電(dian)池(chi)外殼(ke)、充(chong)電(dian)器是否過熱，充(chong)電(dian)過程有無異味。有任何異常，應(ying)立即停(ting)止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)。

5、操作過(guo)程，要嚴禁煙(yan)火。