一、蓄電池充電器原理

現(xian)在市場上比較好的12V充電(dian)機一般都采用的是三(san)(san)段式智(zhi)能充電(dian)模式，電(dian)路設(she)計原理多常用開關恒流恒壓電(dian)源的設(she)計。什么是三(san)(san)段式充電(dian)?讓我們先來(lai)了解一些12V充電(dian)機的概念。

1、浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)：充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液及(ji)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)存在雜質，會在極(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)形成局部放電(dian)(dian)，因此為使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在飽滿的(de)狀態(tai)下處于(yu)備用(yong)狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)與(yu)12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)并聯，接于(yu)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)母線上(shang)，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)除擔負(fu)經常的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)負(fu)荷外，還給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)適(shi)當的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這種方式叫做浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

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2、均(jun)(jun)充(chong)：均(jun)(jun)充(chong)就是(shi)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是(shi)均(jun)(jun)衡(heng)(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)特性的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的使(shi)用過程中，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的個體差異、溫(wen)度差異等(deng)原因(yin)(yin)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)，為(wei)了避免這(zhe)種(zhong)不(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)趨勢的惡化，需要提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行活化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。均(jun)(jun)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)般為(wei)14.5V，均(jun)(jun)充(chong)時間不(bu)大于(yu)10小(xiao)時。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)后電(dian)(dian)池釋放的能量超(chao)過總(zong)容量的15%。

2、蓄電(dian)池長期(qi)處于浮充狀態(電(dian)網穩定(ding)，長期(qi)不(bu)停電(dian))。

3、電(dian)池組中，出(chu)現了(le)落(luo)后電(dian)池，在浮充狀(zhuang)態下單體電(dian)壓低(di)于2.2V，更(geng)換新電(dian)池后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)---恒(heng)流段(duan)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較(jiao)低時，為(wei)了(le)避免充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，應該限制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)能過(guo)大，又為(wei)了(le)縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，應使(shi)用允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以采用了(le)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始終以恒(heng)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(一(yi)般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang))自動調整輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)越充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越高，直(zhi)至升(sheng)到2.45V每格(ge)。然后轉入(ru)下一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已經充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入(ru)約(yue)85--90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)超過(guo)析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓2.35V/格(ge)，這也就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都會(hui)失(shi)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。只是因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)質(zhi)量(liang)和12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，失(shi)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)也會(hui)有較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異。

2、第二階段(duan)---恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)，當(dang)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后，12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就不變了，保(bao)持這個(ge)恒(heng)定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會越來越高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會越來越小，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降到0.5C時(shi)(shi)，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束，然后轉入下一階段(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)就是對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)補充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，結束時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已基本充(chong)(chong)滿。

恒壓階段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過高，會(hui)造成過度失(shi)水和(he)過度充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過低(di)會(hui)導致欠(qian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫(liu)化。所以應嚴格控制其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在(zai)這個(ge)階段(duan)，加大了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同時(shi)加入了負脈(mo)沖放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)，用以消(xiao)除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極(ji)板表面的(de)濃(nong)差極(ji)化現象，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力和(he)降(jiang)低(di)溫升，減(jian)輕了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)過度失(shi)水，從而進一步縮短(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，這就是(shi)負脈(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。

有(you)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)平(ping)滑直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器就叫脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，脈(mo)沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器利用具(ju)有(you)間(jian)隔的(de)短(duan)時間(jian)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性(xing)，既改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力，又(you)有(you)除硫的(de)效果。

3、第三階段(duan)(duan)--浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)段(duan)(duan)，浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也叫涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)階段(duan)(duan)實際上也是(shi)恒(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，只是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低(di)、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)小，屬(shu)保養性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，允許較(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)間安全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在(zai)這個階段(duan)(duan)12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓一般(ban)(ban)控制在(zai)13.6--13.8V左右(you)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)自放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)略大，一般(ban)(ban)為(wei)0.01--0.03C左右(you)。通過(guo)涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，可以將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過(guo)小的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不足以彌補(bu)電(dian)(dian)池的自放電(dian)(dian)，過(guo)大的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會導致過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)失水。小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長(chang)時(shi)間的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，具有消除負(fu)極板硫化的作用。

汽車蓄電池怎么充電>>

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用(yong)和汽車蓄(xu)電池匹配的充電器。

現在的(de)家(jia)用轎(jiao)車使(shi)用的(de)蓄(xu)電池一般都(dou)是免(mian)維(wei)護鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池，額(e)定(ding)電壓12V，購買汽車(che)電瓶充(chong)電器時要了解自己愛車(che)的(de)電池(chi)類型，以選(xuan)用合適的(de)蓄電池(chi)充(chong)電器。同時，最(zui)好選(xuan)用10A以下的充電器。充電電流小點，更(geng)有(you)利(li)于保(bao)護蓄電池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用(yong)(yong)轎車(che)的蓄電(dian)池拆卸(xie)都(dou)很方便，車(che)主(zhu)完(wan)全(quan)可以自己(ji)動手操作。關閉全(quan)車(che)所有電(dian)器后(hou)，鎖上(shang)所有的車(che)窗、車(che)門。打開引擎蓋(gai)，用(yong)(yong)小扳手松開蓄電(dian)池負(fu)(fu)極(ji)的螺絲，就可以從(cong)蓄電(dian)池負(fu)(fu)極(ji)樁頭上(shang)取下(xia)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)連線(xian)。用(yong)(yong)同樣(yang)的方法(fa)取下(xia)蓄電(dian)池正(zheng)極(ji)連線(xian)。注意先取下(xia)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)連線(xian)，再取下(xia)正(zheng)極(ji)連線(xian)。

將蓄電池充好電，安裝時(shi)，要先連接(jie)好正極，再連接(jie)負極。用小扳手擰緊蓄電池樁頭緊固螺絲(si)時(shi)，要適(shi)當用力，不(bu)可用力過大，否則可能會導致螺絲(si)滑扣(kou)。

搬動蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)時候要(yao)輕拿輕放(fang)，保(bao)持蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)正負極樁頭朝(chao)上，不要(yao)將蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)倒(dao)置。

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時要先(xian)將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)出對應連接在蓄電(dian)(dian)池正負極樁(zhuang)頭，再(zai)將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)220V插頭插入市(shi)電插座。

連接蓄電池(chi)時，一定要(yao)注意正(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)接線和電瓶(ping)樁頭的對應(ying)，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)對正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)，負極(ji)(ji)對負極(ji)(ji)。對于沒有反(fan)接保護的充電器來(lai)說，接反(fan)的話(hua)會導致充電器和電瓶(ping)的損壞。

建議購買防反(fan)接(jie)的汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，或者，無極型汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。

3、條件允(yun)許的(de)話(hua)，也可(ke)以(yi)在車(che)上(shang)給蓄電池(chi)充電，充電時，一(yi)定要斷開負極連線！

4、強烈建議：給汽車蓄電池(chi)充電選擇白天進行(xing)，車主或者車主委托專人(ren)，隔上30分鐘到(dao)一小時查看一次，觸摸蓄電(dian)池外殼(ke)、充(chong)電(dian)器是否過(guo)熱，充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)有無異(yi)(yi)味(wei)。有任何異(yi)(yi)常，應立即(ji)停止充(chong)電(dian)。

5、操作過(guo)程(cheng)，要嚴禁煙火。