一、蓄電池充電器原理

現在(zai)市場上比較好(hao)的12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電機(ji)一般都采用(yong)(yong)的是三(san)段(duan)式智能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電模式，電路設(she)計原理多常用(yong)(yong)開關恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓電源的設(she)計。什么是三(san)段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)(chong)電?讓我們先來了(le)解一些12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的概念。

1、浮充(chong)(chong)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由于電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液及極板中存(cun)在(zai)雜質(zhi)，會在(zai)極板上形(xing)成局(ju)部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，因此為(wei)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)飽滿的狀態下處(chu)于備用狀態，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機并聯，接于直流(liu)母線上，12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機除擔負經常(chang)的直流(liu)負荷外，還(huan)給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)適當的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這(zhe)種方式叫做浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

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2、均(jun)充(chong)：均(jun)充(chong)就是均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂(wei)均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)特性(xing)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是指在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用過程中，因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)個體差異、溫度差異等原因造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不平衡(heng)(heng)，為了避免(mian)這(zhe)種不平衡(heng)(heng)趨勢的(de)惡化，需(xu)要提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行活化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。均(jun)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)般為14.5V，均(jun)充(chong)時間不大于10小時。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電停電后電池釋(shi)放的能量(liang)超過總容量(liang)的15%。

2、蓄電池長期處于浮充狀態(電網穩定(ding)，長期不停電)。

3、電(dian)池組(zu)中，出現(xian)了落(luo)后電(dian)池，在(zai)浮充狀態下單體(ti)電(dian)壓低于(yu)2.2V，更換新電(dian)池后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)階(jie)段---恒(heng)流段，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低時，為(wei)了(le)避(bi)免充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應(ying)該限(xian)制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能過(guo)大(da)，又為(wei)了(le)縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，應(ying)使用(yong)允許(xu)的(de)最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)了(le)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)始終以(yi)恒(heng)定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(一(yi)般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量)自動(dong)調整(zheng)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)越充(chong)(chong)越高，直至升到2.45V每(mei)格(ge)。然后(hou)轉入下一(yi)階(jie)段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經充(chong)(chong)入約85--90%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)超過(guo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V/格(ge)，這也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都會(hui)失水的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)質量和12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)質量的(de)不同(tong)，失水的(de)程度也(ye)會(hui)有較大(da)的(de)差異。

2、第二(er)階段---恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)段，當(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后(hou)，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)不(bu)變(bian)了，保持這個恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)小，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降到(dao)0.5C時(shi)，恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束，然(ran)后(hou)轉入(ru)下一(yi)階段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段就(jiu)是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結束時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已基本(ben)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。

恒壓階段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高，會造成(cheng)過(guo)度(du)失水(shui)和過(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低會導致欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫化。所以應(ying)嚴(yan)格控制其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有(you)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這(zhe)個(ge)階段(duan)，加大了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同(tong)時加入了(le)(le)負脈沖放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能，用(yong)以消除電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池極(ji)板表(biao)面的(de)濃(nong)差(cha)極(ji)化現(xian)象，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力和降低溫升，減輕(qing)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)過(guo)度(du)失水(shui)，從而進一步縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，這(zhe)就是負脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。

有(you)(you)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器，將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)的(de)平滑(hua)直流電(dian)改(gai)為脈沖電(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器就(jiu)叫脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器，脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器利(li)用具(ju)有(you)(you)間(jian)隔(ge)的(de)短時(shi)間(jian)高電(dian)壓(ya)大電(dian)流的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)特性，既改(gai)善電(dian)池受電(dian)能力，又有(you)(you)除硫的(de)效果。

3、第三階段(duan)--浮(fu)充段(duan)，浮(fu)充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也叫(jiao)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)實際(ji)上也是恒壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)小(xiao)，屬保(bao)養性充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允(yun)許較(jiao)長時間安(an)全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)這個階段(duan)12V充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)般控制在(zai)13.6--13.8V左右(you)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)略大(da)，一(yi)般為(wei)0.01--0.03C左右(you)。通過涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充到接近100%.過小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不足以彌(mi)補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會(hui)導致(zhi)過充和失水。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長時間的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消除負極板硫化的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用和汽車蓄電池(chi)匹配的充電器。

現在的家用(yong)轎(jiao)車(che)使用(yong)的蓄電池(chi)一般都(dou)是(shi)免維護(hu)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)，額(e)定(ding)電壓12V，購(gou)買汽車電(dian)(dian)瓶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器時要(yao)了解自(zi)己愛車的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型，以選用(yong)合適的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。同時，最好選用(yong)10A以(yi)下的充電(dian)(dian)器。充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流小點(dian)，更有利于保護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用(yong)轎(jiao)車(che)(che)的蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)拆卸(xie)都很(hen)方便(bian)，車(che)(che)主(zhu)完全(quan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)自己動手(shou)操作(zuo)。關閉全(quan)車(che)(che)所有電(dian)器后，鎖上(shang)所有的車(che)(che)窗、車(che)(che)門。打開引擎(qing)蓋，用(yong)小扳手(shou)松開蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)負(fu)極(ji)的螺絲，就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)從蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)負(fu)極(ji)樁頭上(shang)取(qu)下負(fu)極(ji)連線。用(yong)同樣的方法(fa)取(qu)下蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)連線。注意先取(qu)下負(fu)極(ji)連線，再取(qu)下正極(ji)連線。

將蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)充好(hao)電，安裝時，要先(xian)連接好(hao)正極，再連接負極。用小扳手(shou)擰(ning)緊蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)樁頭緊固螺絲(si)時，要適當用力，不可用力過大，否則可能會導致(zhi)螺絲(si)滑扣。

搬(ban)動蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)的時候要(yao)輕拿(na)輕放(fang)，保(bao)持蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)正負極樁頭朝上，不要(yao)將蓄(xu)(xu)電池(chi)倒置。

充電(dian)時(shi)要先(xian)將充電(dian)器的輸出對應連(lian)接在蓄電(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)負極樁(zhuang)頭(tou)，再將充電(dian)器220V插頭(tou)插入(ru)市電插座。

連接(jie)(jie)蓄(xu)電(dian)池時，一定(ding)要(yao)注意正負極(ji)接(jie)(jie)線和(he)電(dian)瓶樁(zhuang)頭的(de)對應，正極(ji)對正極(ji)，負極(ji)對負極(ji)。對于沒有反接(jie)(jie)保(bao)護的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器來說，接(jie)(jie)反的(de)話會導致充(chong)電(dian)器和(he)電(dian)瓶的(de)損(sun)壞(huai)。

建議(yi)購買防反接(jie)的(de)汽車電瓶(ping)充電器(qi)，或者，無極(ji)型汽車電瓶(ping)充電器(qi)。

3、條件允許的話，也可以在車上給(gei)蓄電池(chi)充電，充電時，一定(ding)要斷開(kai)負極連線！

4、強烈建議：給(gei)汽車蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)選擇白天進行，車主或者(zhe)車主委(wei)托專人，隔上30分鐘(zhong)到(dao)一(yi)小(xiao)時查看一(yi)次，觸摸蓄電(dian)池外殼、充(chong)電(dian)器是否(fou)過(guo)熱(re)，充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)有(you)無異(yi)(yi)味(wei)。有(you)任何異(yi)(yi)常，應立即停止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)。

5、操作過程，要(yao)嚴禁煙火。