混合(he)(he)動力車的(de)分類 混合(he)(he)動力車的(de)缺(que)點(dian)有哪(na)些

混合動(dong)力車的分(fen)類 混合動(dong)力車的缺點有哪(na)些

一、混合動力車的分類

A、根據混合(he)動(dong)力驅動(dong)的聯(lian)結方式(shi)，混合(he)動(dong)力系統主要分為(wei)以下(xia)三(san)類：

一是串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)式混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)統(tong)（Series Hybrid)。串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)式混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)統(tong)一般由(you)內燃機(ji)直接(jie)帶(dai)動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能通(tong)過控制(zhi)單元傳(chuan)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，再由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)傳(chuan)輸給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉化為動(dong)能，最后通(tong)過變速機(ji)構來(lai)驅動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)。在(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)聯(lian)結方式下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)象一個水(shui)庫，只是調(diao)節的對象不是水(shui)量，而(er)(er)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)產生的能量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)需要的能量之間進行調(diao)節，從而(er)(er)保證車(che)輛正常工作。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)力系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)城市(shi)公交上(shang)的應用比(bi)較(jiao)多，轎車(che)上(shang)很少使用。

二是并聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(Parallel Hybrid)。并聯(lian)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統有兩套驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統：傳統的內燃機(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統和電(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統。兩個系(xi)(xi)(xi)統既(ji)可以同時協調(diao)工作，也可以各自單獨工作驅動(dong)(dong)汽車。這種系(xi)(xi)(xi)統適用(yong)于多種不同的行(xing)駛工況(kuang)，尤(you)其(qi)適用(yong)于復(fu)雜的路(lu)況(kuang)。該聯(lian)結(jie)方式(shi)(shi)結(jie)構簡單，成(cheng)本低。

三是混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)特點(dian)在(zai)(zai)于內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和電機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)各有一套機(ji)(ji)(ji)械變(bian)速機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)，兩套機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)或通過齒輪系(xi)(xi)，或采用(yong)行星輪式(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)結(jie)合在(zai)(zai)一起(qi)，從(cong)而(er)綜合調(diao)節內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間的(de)轉速關系(xi)(xi)。與并聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)相比，混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)可以更加靈活地(di)根(gen)據工況來調(diao)節內(nei)燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)功率輸出和電機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)運(yun)轉。此聯(lian)(lian)結(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)復(fu)雜，成本高。

B、根據在混(hun)合動力系(xi)統中，電(dian)機的輸(shu)出功(gong)率在整個系(xi)統輸(shu)出功(gong)率中占的比重，也就(jiu)是常說的混(hun)合度(du)的不同，混(hun)合動力系(xi)統還可以分為(wei)以下(xia)四(si)類：

一(yi)(yi)是(shi)微(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)內燃(ran)機(ji)上的(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)（一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)12V）上加裝了皮帶驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)（也就是(shi)常說的(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡稱BSG系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)）。該電(dian)機(ji)為(wei)發電(dian)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一(yi)(yi)體式電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，用(yong)來(lai)控制(zhi)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止，從而取消了發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)怠速，降低(di)了油(you)耗和排放。從嚴格意義上來(lai)講，這(zhe)種(zhong)微(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)不(bu)屬于(yu)真(zhen)正的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che)(che)，因(yin)為(wei)它的(de)電(dian)機(ji)并(bing)沒有為(wei)汽(qi)車(che)(che)行駛提供持續的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。在(zai)微(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)里，電(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)壓通(tong)常有兩種(zhong)：12v 和42v。其(qi)中42v主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)柴油(you)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

二(er)是輕混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。代(dai)表車型是通用的(de)(de)混合(he)動(dong)力(li)皮卡車。該混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)用了(le)集成啟動(dong)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)（也(ye)就是常說(shuo)的(de)(de)Integrated Starter Generator，簡稱ISG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)）。與(yu)微混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)相比，輕混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)除了(le)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)現用發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制(zhi)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)啟動(dong)和停(ting)止，還能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)現：（1）在(zai)(zai)(zai)減(jian)速和制(zhi)動(dong)工況下，對部分能(neng)(neng)量進行吸收；（2）在(zai)(zai)(zai)行駛過程中，發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等速運轉，發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量可以在(zai)(zai)(zai)車輪的(de)(de)驅動(dong)需求(qiu)和發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)充(chong)電需求(qiu)之間進行調節。輕混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)混合(he)度(du)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)20%以下。

三是(shi)中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。該(gai)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)同樣采用了ISG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。與輕度(du)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)不(bu)同，中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用的(de)(de)是(shi)高壓電機(ji)(ji)。另(ling)外，中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還增(zeng)加了一個功能(neng)：在汽(qi)車(che)(che)處于加速(su)或(huo)者大(da)負荷(he)工況時，電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)夠(gou)輔助驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輪，從(cong)而補充發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)本身動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)不(bu)足，從(cong)而更好的(de)(de)提高整車(che)(che)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。這種(zhong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)程度(du)較高，可以達到30%左(zuo)右(you)，技(ji)術(shu)已(yi)經成熟，應用廣泛。

四是(shi)完(wan)全混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。該(gai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用了(le)272-650v的高(gao)壓啟動(dong)電(dian)機，混合(he)程度更高(gao)。與中混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比，完(wan)全混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的混合(he)度可以達(da)到甚至超過50%。技術(shu)的發展將使得完(wan)全混合(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)逐漸成(cheng)為混合(he)動(dong)力(li)技術(shu)的主要發展方向(xiang)。

二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些

混合(he)動力車(che)輛的(de)缺點(dian)是在純電(dian)力模式的(de)噪音過低，行人無法借(jie)由(you)聲音來察覺(jue)行駛中的(de)車(che)輛，容易造成危(wei)險;最好加裝喇(la)叭制(zhi)造警(jing)示音。

電(dian)池重(zhong)量會讓汽車更(geng)重(zhong)，因此研發更(geng)輕的電(dian)池可以增加(jia)效(xiao)益。

必須確保(bao)電池(chi)所(suo)需(xu)的鋰礦安(an)全(quan)及供應(ying)量;馬達(da)需(xu)要(yao)的稀土金屬目前被中國(guo)壟(long)斷，政治風險高;中國(guo)對稀土礦場的管理差，稀土價格(ge)也沒有反(fan)應(ying)開采稀土需(xu)要(yao)的污染防制及安(an)全(quan)成(cheng)本。

不論以環保或(huo)經濟(ji)觀點，目(mu)前的(de)(de)油(you)電兩用(yong)車并不適合只有在(zai)假(jia)日使用(yong)的(de)(de)人士，這是因為：

價(jia)格較高，必(bi)須(xu)降(jiang)低電池等成(cheng)本，以利普及。

普通鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)有自放電(dian)問題(經常使用(yong)效益(yi)才夠(gou)高(gao))，低自放電(dian)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)和(he)可供(gong)車用(yong)的(de)鋰電(dian)池(chi)目前價格容量(liang)比還比較高(gao)。

電(dian)池制造及回收會消耗能(neng)源、制造污(wu)染(ran)，需(xu)要進(jin)一步降低電(dian)池污(wu)染(ran)及耗能(neng);否則目前的(de)油電(dian)兩用車輛要在行駛數萬公里以后才會有環保效益。