混(hun)合動力車的(de)分類(lei) 混(hun)合動力車的(de)缺點有哪(na)些

混合(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)車的分類 混合(he)動(dong)力(li)(li)車的缺點有哪些

一、混合動力車的分類

A、根據混(hun)合動力驅動的聯結方(fang)式，混(hun)合動力系統主要分為以下三類：

一(yi)是(shi)串(chuan)聯式(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)（Series Hybrid)。串(chuan)聯式(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)一(yi)般由內(nei)燃機(ji)直接帶動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，產(chan)生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)通過控制單元傳到電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，再(zai)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)傳輸給電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉化(hua)為動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)，最后通過變速(su)機(ji)構來驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)。在(zai)這種聯結方(fang)式(shi)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就象一(yi)個水庫，只(zhi)是(shi)調節的對象不(bu)是(shi)水量，而(er)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)對在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)產(chan)生的能(neng)(neng)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)需要的能(neng)(neng)量之(zhi)間(jian)進行調節，從而(er)保證車(che)輛(liang)正常工作(zuo)。這種動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)在(zai)城(cheng)市公(gong)交上的應(ying)用比較多，轎(jiao)車(che)上很少使(shi)用。

二是(shi)并(bing)聯(lian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統(Parallel Hybrid)。并(bing)聯(lian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統有兩(liang)套驅動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統：傳統的內燃機系(xi)(xi)統和電(dian)機驅動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統。兩(liang)個(ge)系(xi)(xi)統既(ji)可以(yi)同(tong)時協調工(gong)作，也可以(yi)各自單獨工(gong)作驅動(dong)汽車。這種系(xi)(xi)統適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)多(duo)種不同(tong)的行駛(shi)工(gong)況，尤(you)其適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)復雜(za)的路況。該聯(lian)結方(fang)式結構簡(jian)單，成本(ben)低。

三(san)是混(hun)(hun)聯式混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。混(hun)(hun)聯式混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特點(dian)在(zai)于(yu)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)電機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)各有(you)一(yi)套機(ji)(ji)械(xie)變速機(ji)(ji)構，兩套機(ji)(ji)構或通(tong)過齒輪系(xi)(xi)(xi)，或采用行星輪式結(jie)構結(jie)合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起，從(cong)而綜(zong)合(he)調節內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)與電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)之間的(de)轉速關系(xi)(xi)(xi)。與并(bing)聯式混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相(xiang)比，混(hun)(hun)聯式動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以更加靈活地根據工況(kuang)來調節內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)的(de)功率輸出和(he)電機(ji)(ji)的(de)運(yun)轉。此聯結(jie)方式系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)復雜，成本高(gao)。

B、根據在(zai)混(hun)合(he)動力系(xi)統中，電機的(de)輸(shu)出功率在(zai)整個系(xi)統輸(shu)出功率中占的(de)比重，也就是常說的(de)混(hun)合(he)度(du)的(de)不同，混(hun)合(he)動力系(xi)統還可以分為以下四類：

一是微混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)。這種(zhong)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)在傳(chuan)統(tong)內燃機(ji)上(shang)的(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)（一般為(wei)12V）上(shang)加裝(zhuang)了(le)皮帶驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)（也(ye)就是常(chang)說的(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡稱BSG系統(tong)）。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)為(wei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一體式電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，用來控制發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止，從而取消了(le)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)怠速，降低了(le)油(you)耗和排放。從嚴(yan)格意(yi)義上(shang)來講，這種(zhong)微混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)汽車不(bu)屬于真正(zheng)的(de)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車，因(yin)為(wei)它的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)并沒有(you)為(wei)汽車行駛提(ti)供持續(xu)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)。在微混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)里(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通常(chang)有(you)兩種(zhong)：12v 和42v。其中42v主要用于柴油(you)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)。

二(er)是(shi)(shi)輕混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)。代(dai)表車型是(shi)(shi)通用的混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)皮(pi)卡車。該混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)采用了(le)集成啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電機（也就是(shi)(shi)常說的Integrated Starter Generator，簡(jian)稱ISG系統(tong)）。與微混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)相比(bi)，輕混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)除了(le)能夠實(shi)現用發(fa)電機控制發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止，還(huan)能夠實(shi)現：（1）在減速(su)和制動(dong)(dong)(dong)工況(kuang)下，對部分能量進行吸收；（2）在行駛(shi)過(guo)程中，發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機等速(su)運轉，發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機產生(sheng)的能量可(ke)以在車輪(lun)的驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)需求(qiu)和發(fa)電機的充電需求(qiu)之(zhi)間(jian)進行調(diao)節。輕混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)度(du)一般在20%以下。

三是中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。該混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)同樣采用(yong)了ISG系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。與輕度混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)不(bu)同，中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)采用(yong)的(de)(de)是高(gao)壓(ya)電機(ji)。另外(wai)，中(zhong)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)還增(zeng)加(jia)了一個(ge)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)：在汽(qi)車(che)處(chu)于(yu)加(jia)速或(huo)者(zhe)大負(fu)荷工況時，電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠輔助驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)車(che)輪(lun)，從而補充發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)本身(shen)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)輸出的(de)(de)不(bu)足，從而更好的(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)整車(che)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。這種系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)程度較高(gao)，可(ke)以達到30%左右(you)，技術已經成熟(shu)，應用(yong)廣泛。

四是(shi)完(wan)全混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統。該系統采用(yong)了272-650v的(de)高(gao)壓啟動(dong)(dong)電機，混(hun)(hun)合(he)程度(du)更高(gao)。與中(zhong)混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統相比，完(wan)全混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)度(du)可以達到甚至超(chao)過50%。技術(shu)的(de)發展(zhan)將使得(de)完(wan)全混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系統逐漸成為混(hun)(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)技術(shu)的(de)主要發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。

二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些

混(hun)合動力車輛的缺(que)點是在純電力模(mo)式的噪音(yin)過低(di)，行人(ren)無(wu)法借由聲音(yin)來察覺行駛中的車輛，容易造成危險;最好加裝喇叭制(zhi)造警示音(yin)。

電池重量會讓汽(qi)車更(geng)重，因此研(yan)發更(geng)輕的電池可以增加效益。

必(bi)須(xu)確(que)保電池所需的(de)鋰礦安(an)全及(ji)(ji)供應(ying)量;馬達需要(yao)(yao)的(de)稀土(tu)(tu)金屬目(mu)前被中國壟斷，政治風(feng)險高(gao);中國對稀土(tu)(tu)礦場的(de)管(guan)理差，稀土(tu)(tu)價格也沒有反(fan)應(ying)開采稀土(tu)(tu)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)污染防制及(ji)(ji)安(an)全成本(ben)。

不(bu)論以環保或經(jing)濟觀點，目前(qian)的油電兩用車并不(bu)適合只有在(zai)假日(ri)使用的人士，這是因為：

價格較高，必須降低電池(chi)等成本，以(yi)利普及(ji)。

普(pu)通(tong)鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)池有自放電(dian)問題(經(jing)常使(shi)用(yong)效益才夠高(gao))，低自放電(dian)鎳(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)池和(he)可供(gong)車用(yong)的鋰電(dian)池目前(qian)價格(ge)容量比(bi)還(huan)比(bi)較高(gao)。

電(dian)(dian)池制造及(ji)回(hui)收(shou)會消耗(hao)能源、制造污(wu)(wu)染，需要(yao)進一步降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)池污(wu)(wu)染及(ji)耗(hao)能;否則(ze)目前的油電(dian)(dian)兩用車(che)輛要(yao)在行駛數萬公里以(yi)后才會有環保效益。