混合動力車的(de)分類(lei) 混合動力車的(de)缺點有哪(na)些

混合動(dong)力(li)車的分類 混合動(dong)力(li)車的缺點有哪些

一、混合動力車的分類

A、根據混合(he)動力驅動的聯(lian)結(jie)方式，混合(he)動力系統主要分為以下三類(lei)：

一是(shi)串聯(lian)式混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)統（Series Hybrid)。串聯(lian)式混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)統一般由內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)直接帶動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發電(dian)(dian)，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)通過控制單元傳(chuan)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池，再由電(dian)(dian)池傳(chuan)輸(shu)給電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉化(hua)為(wei)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)，最后通過變(bian)速機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構來(lai)驅動(dong)(dong)汽車。在(zai)這(zhe)種聯(lian)結方(fang)式下，電(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)象一個(ge)水庫，只是(shi)調節(jie)的(de)(de)對象不是(shi)水量(liang)，而是(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)池對在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)需要的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)之間進行調節(jie)，從而保證(zheng)車輛正常工(gong)作。這(zhe)種動(dong)(dong)力系(xi)統在(zai)城市公交(jiao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)應(ying)用比較多(duo)，轎車上(shang)(shang)很少使(shi)用。

二(er)是并聯(lian)式混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)統(tong)(Parallel Hybrid)。并聯(lian)式混(hun)合動(dong)力系(xi)統(tong)有兩(liang)套驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)：傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)內燃機系(xi)統(tong)和(he)電機驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)系(xi)統(tong)。兩(liang)個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)既可以同時協調工作，也可以各自單獨工作驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)汽車。這種系(xi)統(tong)適用于多種不同的(de)(de)行駛工況(kuang)，尤其適用于復雜的(de)(de)路況(kuang)。該聯(lian)結方式結構(gou)簡單，成本(ben)低。

三(san)是混(hun)聯式(shi)混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。混(hun)聯式(shi)混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的特點在(zai)于內(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)電(dian)機(ji)驅動系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)各有一套機(ji)械變速(su)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)，兩套機(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)或(huo)通過齒輪系(xi)(xi)(xi)，或(huo)采用(yong)行星輪式(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)結(jie)(jie)合在(zai)一起，從而綜合調(diao)節(jie)內(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)與電(dian)動機(ji)之間的轉速(su)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。與并聯式(shi)混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)相比，混(hun)聯式(shi)動力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)以(yi)更加靈活地(di)根(gen)據工況來(lai)調(diao)節(jie)內(nei)(nei)燃(ran)機(ji)的功率輸(shu)出和(he)電(dian)機(ji)的運轉。此(ci)聯結(jie)(jie)方式(shi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)復雜，成本高。

B、根據在(zai)混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)統(tong)中，電(dian)機的輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率在(zai)整個系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率中占的比重(zhong)，也就是(shi)常說的混(hun)合度的不同，混(hun)合動力(li)系(xi)統(tong)還(huan)可以(yi)分(fen)為以(yi)下四類(lei)：

一是微混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。這種(zhong)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在傳統(tong)(tong)內燃機(ji)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)（一般為12V）上(shang)(shang)加裝了皮帶驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)（也就是常說的(de)(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡稱BSG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）。該電(dian)(dian)機(ji)為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一體式電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，用來(lai)控制發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止，從(cong)而取消(xiao)了發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)怠速，降低(di)了油(you)(you)耗(hao)和排(pai)放。從(cong)嚴格意義上(shang)(shang)來(lai)講，這種(zhong)微混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)汽車不屬于(yu)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)汽車，因(yin)為它的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)并沒有為汽車行駛(shi)提供持(chi)續的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。在微混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)里，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓通(tong)常有兩種(zhong)：12v 和42v。其(qi)中42v主(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)柴(chai)油(you)(you)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。

二是輕混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。代(dai)表(biao)車(che)(che)型是通用(yong)的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)皮(pi)卡車(che)(che)。該混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用(yong)了(le)集成(cheng)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)（也(ye)就是常(chang)說(shuo)的(de)Integrated Starter Generator，簡稱ISG系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)）。與微混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比(bi)，輕混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)除了(le)能(neng)(neng)夠實現(xian)用(yong)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)控制(zhi)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和停止，還(huan)能(neng)(neng)夠實現(xian)：（1）在(zai)(zai)減速和制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工況下(xia)，對部分能(neng)(neng)量(liang)進(jin)行吸收；（2）在(zai)(zai)行駛(shi)過(guo)程中，發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)等速運轉，發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)產生的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)輪(lun)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)需求(qiu)和發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)之間進(jin)行調(diao)節。輕混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)度(du)一般在(zai)(zai)20%以(yi)下(xia)。

三是中混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。該混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)同(tong)樣采用了ISG系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。與輕(qing)度(du)混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)不同(tong)，中混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)采用的(de)是高壓電機。另外，中混(hun)合(he)(he)動(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)還(huan)增加了一個(ge)功(gong)能(neng)：在汽車(che)處于加速或(huo)者大負荷工況(kuang)時，電動(dong)機能(neng)夠輔(fu)助驅動(dong)車(che)輪，從而補充發(fa)動(dong)機本(ben)身動(dong)力(li)輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)不足，從而更好的(de)提高整車(che)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)。這(zhe)種系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)程(cheng)度(du)較(jiao)高，可以達到30%左(zuo)右，技術已(yi)經成熟(shu)，應用廣(guang)泛。

四是完全(quan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)采用了272-650v的高壓啟動電機，混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)程度(du)更(geng)高。與中混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)相比，完全(quan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)度(du)可以達到甚至超過50%。技術(shu)(shu)的發(fa)展將使得(de)完全(quan)混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)逐漸成(cheng)為混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動力(li)(li)技術(shu)(shu)的主要發(fa)展方(fang)向。

二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些

混合動力車輛的(de)缺點是在(zai)純電力模式的(de)噪音(yin)(yin)過低，行(xing)人(ren)無法借由聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)來察覺行(xing)駛中的(de)車輛，容易(yi)造成危險(xian);最好加裝喇叭制造警示音(yin)(yin)。

電池(chi)重(zhong)(zhong)量會讓汽(qi)車更(geng)重(zhong)(zhong)，因此研發更(geng)輕的電池(chi)可以(yi)增加效(xiao)益。

必須(xu)確保電池(chi)所需的鋰礦安全及(ji)供應量;馬達(da)需要的稀土金屬(shu)目前被中(zhong)國壟斷，政(zheng)治風險高;中(zhong)國對稀土礦場的管理差，稀土價格也沒有(you)反應開采稀土需要的污染防制及(ji)安全成本(ben)。

不(bu)論以環保或(huo)經濟(ji)觀點(dian)，目前的(de)油電兩用(yong)車并(bing)不(bu)適合只(zhi)有在假(jia)日使用(yong)的(de)人士，這是因為：

價格較高，必(bi)須(xu)降低電(dian)池等成本，以利普(pu)及。

普通鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)有自(zi)放電問(wen)題(經常使用效(xiao)益才夠高)，低自(zi)放電鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)和可供車(che)用的鋰電池(chi)目(mu)前價(jia)格容量(liang)比(bi)還比(bi)較高。

電(dian)池制造(zao)及(ji)回(hui)收會消耗(hao)能源、制造(zao)污染，需要進(jin)一步降低(di)電(dian)池污染及(ji)耗(hao)能;否則目前的油(you)電(dian)兩(liang)用車輛要在行駛數萬(wan)公里以后才(cai)會有環(huan)保效(xiao)益。