【江(jiang)門文化】江(jiang)門風土人情 江(jiang)門歷史文化 江(jiang)門傳(chuan)統節日
江門歷史文化
江門市(shi),約(yue)形成于14世紀元(yuan)末明初,至今已(yi)有600多年的(de)歷史。是五邑(yi)地區的(de)政治、經濟、文(wen)化(hua)中心,全國著(zhu)名僑鄉的(de)首府。
江門(men)(men)市區因地處(chu)西江與其支流──蓬江的(de)會合(he)處(chu),江南的(de)煙墩山和江北的(de)蓬萊山對峙(zhi)如門(men)(men),故名江門(men)(men)。
早在元末明初(公(gong)元1368~1388年(nian)),這(zhe)里(li)便形(xing)成(cheng)墟集。十(shi)七世紀(ji)初,江(jiang)門墟因商貿(mao)而(er)興盛,逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)珠江(jiang)三角洲的一個貿(mao)易中心,西江(jiang)中下游一帶的商品(pin)多在此(ci)地集散。1904年,江(jiang)門(men)被辟為對(dui)外通商口(kou)岸,設江(jiang)門(men)北街(jie)海關,為廣東八大(da)關之一。西方近(jin)代工業與文(wen)化也隨之引入和發展。1925年,江(jiang)門定為(wei)省轄市(shi)。1931年撤銷市建制,復歸(gui)新會縣轄。
1949年10月23日(ri)江門解放。1951年1月江門改為省轄市。以后又先后分(fen)屬過粵(yue)中行署、肇慶專區(qu)(qu)、佛山(shan)專區(qu)(qu)管(guan)轄。1983年,江(jiang)門市(shi)定為省(sheng)轄地級市(shi),實行(xing)市(shi)管縣新(xin)體制,下轄新(xin)會、臺山、開平(ping)、恩平(ping)、鶴山和陽江(jiang)、陽春7縣(xian)。1988年,陽(yang)江、陽(yang)春分出另設陽(yang)江市。1992年至1994年五(wu)縣先后撤縣設市,由江(jiang)門市代管。2002年9月(yue)撤(che)銷縣級(ji)新會市(shi)設立江(jiang)門(men)(men)市(shi)新會區(qu)(qu),新會區(qu)(qu)轄(xia)原縣級(ji)新會市(shi)的會城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大(da)澤(ze)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、司前鎮(zhen)(zhen)、沙堆鎮(zhen)(zhen)、古井鎮(zhen)(zhen)、三(san)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、崖門(men)(men)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、雙水(shui)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、羅坑鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大(da)鰲鎮(zhen)(zhen)、睦洲鎮(zhen)(zhen),區(qu)(qu)人民政府駐會城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen),將(jiang)原縣級(ji)新會市(shi)的棠下(xia)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、荷(he)塘鎮(zhen)(zhen)、杜(du)阮鎮(zhen)(zhen)劃歸江(jiang)門(men)(men)市(shi)蓬江(jiang)區(qu)(qu)管轄(xia)。
江(jiang)(jiang)門市現(xian)轄蓬江(jiang)(jiang)、江(jiang)(jiang)海(hai)、新會三區及臺山(shan)、開平、鶴山(shan)、恩平四個縣級(ji)市,轄區范圍俗稱“五邑”。共同(tong)的歷史,同(tong)出一宗(zong)的地(di)緣人緣,加上(shang)海(hai)外對五邑的影響(xiang),使(shi)江(jiang)(jiang)門五邑展現(xian)出豐富(fu)的民俗風情。
江門五邑是全國著名僑鄉,有“中國第一僑鄉”之美譽。祖籍江門的華僑、華人和港澳臺同胞現已達376萬,分布(bu)在全世界五大州107個國家和地(di)區。江門五邑籍華僑(qiao)、華人(ren)中,分布(bu)在亞洲地(di)區的占20%,美洲占70%。
近(jin)年來,江門市大(da)手描(miao)繪藍圖,不斷(duan)加(jia)大(da)城(cheng)建(jian)資金(jin)投入,陸續完成(cheng)一(yi)批(pi)重大(da)城(cheng)建(jian)項目,包括有:東湖公(gong)園(yuan)、東湖廣(guang)場、五邑華僑(qiao)廣(guang)場、院士(shi)路、長堤風(feng)貌街(jie)、釜山公(gong)園(yuan)、玉湖公(gong)園(yuan)、體育公(gong)園(yuan)、名人廣(guang)場、岡(gang)州廣(guang)場等,城(cheng)市功能進(jin)一(yi)步完善,城(cheng)市面(mian)貌日新(xin)月異。
到了江門,最不可不看的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)遍布在鄉(xiang)間、竹林間的(de)(de)(de)(de)碉(diao)樓(lou)。在成片開闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色稻田(tian)里,彎曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)小河緩(huan)緩(huan)流過(guo),密實挺拔(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)竹林中坐落(luo)著(zhu)風格各異的(de)(de)(de)(de)碉(diao)樓(lou),每一座(zuo)碉(diao)樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)都有著(zhu)一段動(dong)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)故事……尋跡(ji)碉(diao)樓(lou),就像打開一幅幅僑鄉(xiang)畫卷,走進(jin)一幕(mu)(mu)幕(mu)(mu)歷史往事。
除了碉樓以外(wai),江門山(shan)(shan)(shan)水園林比比皆是。最(zui)新評出(chu)的(de)(de)江門僑鄉(xiang)八景(jing)是:江門東湖公園的(de)(de)“東湖倩影(ying)”、新會(hui)天馬村的(de)(de)“小鳥天堂”、新會(hui)圭(gui)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)風景(jing)區的(de)(de)“圭(gui)峰疊(die)翠”、臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)下川島海濱(bin)旅游區的(de)(de)“川島風情”、開平塘(tang)口鎮的(de)(de)“立園春曉”、開平的(de)(de)“碉樓奇觀”、恩平的(de)(de)“溫泉(quan)仙境”、鶴(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)大雁山(shan)(shan)(shan)風景(jing)區的(de)(de)“雁影(ying)波光”等。
江門當地特色
江門五邑五月龍船搶大標
“四月龍頭隨街繞(rao),五月龍船搶大標。”這兩句(ju)歲時(shi)歌,百(bai)多年(nian)來在江(jiang)(jiang)門(men)五邑廣泛傳唱,可見端午節斗龍船在我市風(feng)氣之盛,歷史之長。江(jiang)(jiang)門(men)市境內有(you)錦江(jiang)(jiang)、潭江(jiang)(jiang)、西江(jiang)(jiang)三條(tiao)大流貫。鶴山、新會地處西江(jiang)(jiang)下游,河涌縱橫,水網密布。農民(min)通曉水性(xing),扒艇出入,斗龍戲水,得其所樂。
五邑(yi)的(de)龍(long)船(chuan)(chuan),亦叫龍(long)舟,以船(chuan)(chuan)首(shou)龍(long)頭的(de)顏(yan)色區分(fen),有紅(hong)龍(long)、黃龍(long)、白龍(long)、黑龍(long)、銀龍(long)、金龍(long)、綠(lv)龍(long)、灰龍(long)等(deng)。紅(hong)龍(long)的(de)橈(rao)手一律穿紅(hong)色紗衫(shan)、用紅(hong)色橈(rao)槳。余(yu)此類推。遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)望(wang)去(qu),江中龍(long)船(chuan)(chuan)顏(yan)色各(ge)異(yi),易(yi)于(yu)識別,煞是好看。龍(long)船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)制作十(shi)分(fen)講究,均以數丈(zhang)長(chang)的(de)原枝坤甸木(mu)作龍(long)骨,取(qu)其木(mu)質堅韌(ren)不易(yi)滲水,耐(nai)浸耐(nai)碰。但(dan)坤甸木(mu)忌(ji)北(bei)風(feng)和日曬,平時龍(long)船(chuan)(chuan)埋藏(zang)于(yu)河底淤泥中,用時才起出。
起龍
把(ba)埋藏于河(he)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)起(qi)出,叫“起(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,也叫“出水龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。起(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)一般在(zai)浴佛節(農歷四月(yue)(yue)初八)舉行,也有(you)另(ling)行擇日(ri)的(de)。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)天氣暖和,洪潦勃發,淤泥受到(dao)(dao)潮水沖刷,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)松動,人(ren)(ren)們(men)見(jian)些現象,又聽(ting)到(dao)(dao)潮聲陣(zhen)(zhen)陣(zhen)(zhen),便(bian)(bian)說:“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟鼓響,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬頭了。”于是,由(you)鄉中(zhong)(zhong)父老(lao)(lao)主持拜祭(ji),把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei)請出。一人(ren)(ren)舞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭,一人(ren)(ren)舞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)(wei),巡(xun)游于街巷之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),舞進各(ge)家(jia)各(ge)戶(hu),意謂(wei)納吉驅(qu)邪,主家(jia)則(ze)搞以錢物。“四月(yue)(yue)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭隨(sui)街繞”。就是指此項活動。接著,人(ren)(ren)們(men)便(bian)(bian)下(xia)河(he)把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)淤泥戽去(qu)挖凈,將龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)扛抬上岸,風乾后(hou)用桐油灰打整,然后(hou)涂(tu)油,便(bian)(bian)可供(gong)使用了。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)值(zhi)插秧大忙過(guo)后(hou),農事稍閑,村(cun)(cun)中(zhong)(zhong)青壯(zhuang)橈手(shou)便(bian)(bian)抓緊時(shi)(shi)(shi)間操練,準(zhun)備“斗龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,人(ren)(ren)們(men)紛(fen)紛(fen)跑到(dao)(dao)江邊(bian)(bian)觀看。小孩(hai)高興得尾(wei)(wei)隨(sui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟奔跑,撲(pu)下(xia)水中(zhong)(zhong)嬉(xi)戲,姑娘們(men)也下(xia)到(dao)(dao)灘邊(bian)(bian),掬(ju)水洗(xi)臉,邊(bian)(bian)洗(xi)邊(bian)(bian)喝,這叫洗(xi)、飲“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)水”。老(lao)(lao)人(ren)(ren)說,洗(xi)飲龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)水,祛(qu)病(bing)又災(zai),一年不(bu)(bu)生疥瘡。 龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟宴(yan)(yan) 到(dao)(dao)了“斗龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”之(zhi)(zhi)日(ri),例必在(zai)村(cun)(cun)頭或祠堂(tang)舉行宴(yan)(yan)會,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟宴(yan)(yan)”。宴(yan)(yan)會意在(zai)使“斗龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”健(jian)兒(er)飽(bao)餐戰飯(fan),壯(zhuang)其行色(se);同時(shi)(shi)(shi)也含有(you)尊敬前輩,激厲來(lai)者之(zhi)(zhi)意。因此,全(quan)村(cun)(cun)男丁(ding)不(bu)(bu)論老(lao)(lao)幼(you),均可赴宴(yan)(yan)。宴(yan)(yan)后(hou)每戶(hu)還可帶一份飯(fan)菜回(hui)去(qu),給家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)婦女幼(you)兒(er)、殘疾老(lao)(lao)人(ren)(ren)分(fen)享,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)吃“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟飯(fan)”。也有(you)非本(ben)村(cun)(cun)的(de)富裕人(ren)(ren)家(jia),來(lai)“乞(qi)”一碗“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舟飯(fan)”回(hui)去(qu)給孩(hai)子(zi)吃,祈求孩(hai)子(zi)快高長大,身(shen)壯(zhuang)力健(jian)。本(ben)村(cun)(cun)則(ze)來(lai)者不(bu)(bu)拒,派完即止(zhi)。
旺龍
龍(long)舟宴(yan)吃(chi)罷,當即選出兩名橈(rao)手,分別扛著龍(long)頭、龍(long)尾,在鑼鼓聲(sheng)中巡行到河邊,舉行拜祭(ji)儀式:祈求(qiu)風(feng)調雨順,國泰民安。然后把龍(long)頭、龍(long)尾裝上龍(long)舟,是(shi)謂(wei)“旺(wang)龍(long)”。
出龍
旺龍(long)(long)之后,橈(rao)手們(men)登(deng)上(shang)龍(long)(long)船坐定,雙手緊握木槳(jiang),肅穆待(dai)發(fa)(fa)。主祭者便把柚葉(xie)水酒向龍(long)(long)頭,霎時間鞭炮四(si)起(qi),鑼鼓齊鳴,船上(shang)鼓手一(yi)聲令下,眾橈(rao)齊發(fa)(fa),龍(long)(long)舟飛馳而出,駛向大河。這(zhe)叫“出龍(long)(long)”。
應景
“應景”其實是龍船的表演賽、友誼賽。各鄉定有應景日期,應邀的龍船依期赴會,表演各種扒龍船技藝。有的單舟戲水,慢蕩輕扒;有的雙舟競渡,你追我趕;有的三舟齊發,爭先恐后,自然而然地形成友誼比賽。龍船經過,“搞龍”小艇便靠上前去,舉槳把水戽向龍船--給張(zhang)著口的橈手喂水(shui),頓時金珠亂(luan)迸,歡聲四(si)起。或把(ba)粽糍、糕點(dian)、水(shui)果拋擲過去,或在(zai)上游把(ba)食物放在(zai)水(shui)中漂下(xia),供橈手取食,是(shi)謂“犒龍”。1989年鶴山縣古勞、沙坪兩鎮(zhen)共(gong)需27艘船,于(yu)五月初三、初四(si)兩(liang)天匯集三夾河(he)上(shang),進行劃龍表演、友(you)誼競渡,觀眾近二萬人(ren),極一時之盛。
斗龍
“斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”即正式的(de)錦標賽,是要搶(qiang)大(da)(da)(da)標的(de),一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)五(wu)月初五(wu)舉行(xing)。地點(dian)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)選擇(ze)江面寬直(zhi)、水(shui)流平舒的(de)河(he)段,如市郊外(wai)海鎮選取(qu)古猿洲至舂米沙的(de)西江河(he)段,鶴山在(zai)(zai)三夾(jia)河(he),開(kai)平在(zai)(zai)三埠鎮的(de)潭(tan)江河(he)段。過(guo)去斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),由(you)大(da)(da)(da)鄉(xiang)組織(zhi),鄉(xiang)紳主持。現在(zai)(zai)是各縣體(ti)育委員(yuan)會或鄉(xiang)鎮政府組織(zhi)。改革開(kai)放后(hou),由(you)于(yu)群眾生活富裕,鄉(xiang)鎮財政收入增多(duo),華僑和港澳(ao)臺同(tong)胞(bao)紛紛回鄉(xiang)觀賞斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),解囊(nang)贊助(zhu),斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)獎品除(chu)傳統的(de)金豬、燒酒(jiu)、獎杯、高標、匾額(e)之外(wai),另加摩托車、彩電、高級音響(xiang)和獎金,大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)剌激了(le)斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)狂熱。入竇 斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之后(hou),無論(lun)勝負,各鄉(xiang)(村(cun))均設(she)宴慰(wei)勞(lao)健(jian)兒,舉行(xing)拜祭儀式。然后(hou),大(da)(da)(da)家同(tong)心(xin)協力把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)船抬到藏(zang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)點(dian)埋藏(zang)起來(lai),叫做“入竇”。至此,斗(dou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)搶(qiang)標才告一段落。
江門節日
恩平“燈節” 正月初八至二月初二
元宵(xiao)節(jie)恩(en)平叫“燈節(jie)”,從正(zheng)月初八至二月初二,長達十多天。燈節(jie)主要是祭祀社神(土(tu)地),祈禱五谷(gu)豐(feng)登,六(liu)畜興旺。
“燈(deng)(deng)節”期(qi)間,各(ge)村(cun)均有燈(deng)(deng)寮(liao)(liao),是專為打節供(gong)奉社神而設的(de)。除夕前(qian)夜,各(ge)家各(ge)戶(hu)門前(qian)張(zhang)燈(deng)(deng)結(jie)彩(cai),一(yi)般(ban)人家掛的(de)都是夜晚(wan)用(yong)來照明的(de)風雨燈(deng)(deng)、四面光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)。這些燈(deng)(deng)徹夜不熄,每晚(wan)添(tian)油,直到“散燈(deng)(deng)”才撤去,叫(jiao)作“長明燈(deng)(deng)”。“開燈(deng)(deng)”這天,村(cun)人吹奏(zou)八(ba)音(yin)鼓樂,出(chu)動(dong)瑞(rui)獅,到社壇迎接社神回燈(deng)(deng)寮(liao)(liao)安放(fang),各(ge)家上供(gong)品祭祀。去年生有男孩(hai)的(de)人家,送(song)花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)到燈(deng)(deng)寮(liao)(liao)懸掛,名為“送(song)燈(deng)(deng)”。燈(deng)(deng)寮(liao)(liao)內香(xiang)煙繚(liao)繞,燈(deng)(deng)火輝(hui)煌(huang),一(yi)派祥和氣氛。一(yi)般(ban)燈(deng)(deng)色(se)均畫有花(hua)草(cao)(cao)蟲魚,亭臺樓閣(ge)或山水(shui)人物,燈(deng)(deng)裙題有詩(shi)句,如(ru):“春(chun)游芳草(cao)(cao)地(di),夏賞綠荷池,秋飲黃菊(ju)酒,冬吟白雪詩(shi)。”
燈(deng)(deng)(deng)節當天(tian)至正月十(shi)五,各家(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)供(gong)(gong),族中(zhong)父老聚集燈(deng)(deng)(deng)寮圍飲“燈(deng)(deng)(deng)酒”。晚上(shang)(shang)(shang)燒吐珠花炮(pao),拾(shi)得炮(pao)頭者接“炮(pao)山(shan)”回(hui)家(jia)(jia)供(gong)(gong)奉,以祈萬(wan)事中(zhong)意(yi)合算(suan)。“炮(pao)山(shan)”是(shi)用竹條扎架,貼上(shang)(shang)(shang)五彩紙(zhi)剪(jian)成的(de)樓(lou)閣(ge)人(ren)物。當天(tian)晚上(shang)(shang)(shang)家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)吃粥(zhou),不管粥(zhou)料中(zhong)蔥(cong)是(shi)必(bi)用的(de),蔥(cong)心中(zhong)空,在恩(en)平“空”“通(tong)(tong)”同(tong)音(yin),取(qu)事事亨(heng)通(tong)(tong)之義,這粥(zhou)稱為“通(tong)(tong)心粥(zhou)”。“燈(deng)(deng)(deng)節”結束,要(yao)送灶神回(hui)壇,儀(yi)式(shi)和迎接時相同(tong),燈(deng)(deng)(deng)寮懸掛的(de)花燈(deng)(deng)(deng)也要(yao)送到(dao)社壇懸掛,叫作(zuo)“散燈(deng)(deng)(deng)”。“散燈(deng)(deng)(deng)”標志(zhi)著春節結束,春耕(geng)大忙開始了(le)。
放生鯉 正月初二
“放生(sheng)鯉”是新(xin)會縣城的舊俗。每(mei)年(nian)大年(nian)初二當地人(ren)會購買活鯉放生(sheng),祈禱(dao)生(sheng)意興旺(wang),人(ren)口(kou)平安。
大(da)年初二清早,天還未亮,小販便擔(dan)著兩大(da)桶活(huo)生生的鯉(li)(li)魚,穿街過巷(xiang),大(da)聲呼叫(jiao):“好(hao)生鯉(li)(li),大(da)生鯉(li)(li),金銀鯉(li)(li)……”叫(jiao)賣聲此起(qi)彼落。主婦們(men)(men)一(yi)早起(qi)來(lai),開(kai)門(men)叫(jiao)一(yi)聲:“好(hao)生鯉(li)(li)來(lai)啦!”小販就(jiu)應(ying)聲奔前(qian),把擔(dan)放(fang)(fang)下,任由選(xuan)擇。主婦們(men)(men)購(gou)得活(huo)鯉(li)(li),用盤(pan)盛著,配備(bei)炒(chao)米、糖(tang)、粉印餅等祭(ji)品,放(fang)(fang)于(yu)(yu)門(men)口左側(ce)的門(men)官神龕前(qian),焚香(xiang)(xiang)燒燭(zhu),叩頭(tou)禮拜,祈(qi)禱生意興旺,人口平安,這叫(jiao)做(zuo)“開(kai)年”。開(kai)年后,用一(yi)水桶盛水,把鯉(li)(li)魚放(fang)(fang)進去,攜往驛前(qian)橋、募前(qian)橋的河邊埠頭(tou),焚燭(zhu)燒香(xiang)(xiang),喃哺禱告,把活(huo)鯉(li)(li)放(fang)(fang)于(yu)(yu)河中,叫(jiao)做(zuo)“放(fang)(fang)生”。
新會天后誕搶花炮
新會市司前鎮天等鄉有衣服天后廟,過去每逢天后神誕,都要演大戲和燒花炮,各村還挑選一批青壯農民組成隊伍到天后廟后側金山崗上搶花炮。天后神誕的花炮計有120座,其中第4座花炮(pao)用紙(zhi)扎成(cheng)鰲山彩座,是(shi)群炮(pao)之冠。各村(cun)參加者(zhe)雙掌(zhang)分(fen)別染(ran)成(cheng)綠、紅、赭等色。當第(di)3座花炮(pao)升天后,第4座花炮便裝在用生鐵鑄成的(de)鼎(ding)形轎(jiao)子上,由50-60名(ming)李姓青(qing)壯年(nian)抬到(dao)場地上。花炮點火后,朝(chao)空中發射,射向哪里(li),搶炮手便奔向哪里(li),一涌而上,拼命向前,哪一村(cun)的人首先(xian)搶到(dao)了,其余各村(cun)的人都(dou)不能爭,只(zhi)好等候搶24、104座花炮,直到全部花炮燃放完畢,才告(gao)結束。