異(yi)步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)和(he)同(tong)步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)的區(qu)別 異(yi)步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)和(he)同(tong)步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)哪(na)個好
異步電動機(asynchronous motor)
異步電動機是由定子側接入三相交流電源,定子繞組流過的三相對稱電流產生三相磁動勢(定子旋轉磁動勢)并產生旋轉磁場。該旋轉磁場與轉子導體有相對切割運動,根據(ju)電(dian)磁感(gan)應原理,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)導體產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢并產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應電(dian)流。根據電(dian)磁(ci)力定(ding)律,載流的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)導體在(zai)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)中受到(dao)電(dian)磁(ci)力作用,形成電(dian)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩,驅動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)小于定(ding)子(zi)(zi)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su),有個轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)(cha)(轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)(cha)與定(ding)子(zi)(zi)所產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)的(de)(de)比值叫(jiao)(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差(cha)(cha)率(lv)),從而叫(jiao)(jiao)做異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。因其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組電(dian)流是感(gan)應產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de),又稱感(gan)應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。
異步電動機的同步轉速,即旋轉磁場的轉速為:n=60f/p
其中:
n——異(yi)步電動(dong)機(ji)的同步轉(zhuan)速;
f——電源(yuan)頻率(lv);
p——磁極對數(shu)。
由上式可以(yi)看出,改(gai)變(bian)異步(bu)電動機的供電頻率就可以(yi)改(gai)變(bian)其同(tong)步(bu)轉速(su),從而實現(xian)調(diao)速(su)運(yun)行,即變(bian)頻調(diao)速(su)。
異步電動機按照轉子結構分為兩種形式:有鼠(shu)籠式(shi)(shi)(鼠(shu)籠式(shi)(shi)異(yi)步(bu)電機(ji))、繞線式(shi)(shi)異(yi)步(bu)電動機(ji)。
特點:
優點(dian):結構簡單,制造方便,價格(ge)便宜(yi),運行方便。
缺點(dian):功(gong)率因數滯后(hou),輕(qing)載功(gong)率因數低,調速(su)性能(neng)稍差。
主要做(zuo)電動機用(yong),一般不做(zuo)發電機。
同步電動機是由定子側送入三相交流電,不同的只是在轉子側同時通一個直流電流,產生相對定子方向不變的磁場,這個磁場旋轉的速度和由定子產生的旋轉磁場的速度是相等的,所以稱為同步電動機。其轉子轉速n與磁極對(dui)數p、電源頻率f之(zhi)間滿(man)足n=60f/p。轉速n決定(ding)于電源頻率f,故電源頻率(lv)一(yi)定(ding)時,轉(zhuan)速(su)不變,且與負載(zai)無關(guan)。具(ju)有運(yun)行穩定(ding)性高(gao)和過載(zai)能力大(da)等特點。
過(guo)去的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力拖動(dong)(dong)中,很(hen)少采用(yong)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji),同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)主要作為(wei)(wei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)使(shi)用(yong),其主要原因是同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不能在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下自行起動(dong)(dong),靜止的轉子(zi)磁極在(zai)旋轉磁場的作用(yong)下,平(ping)均轉矩為(wei)(wei)零。但是近年(nian)來,隨(sui)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)的發(fa)展,解決了同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)起動(dong)(dong)和調速的問題,使(shi)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力拖動(dong)(dong)中作為(wei)(wei)原動(dong)(dong)機(ji)出現。
同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)在(zai)于:從(cong)(cong)供電(dian)(dian)方面說,異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)只是在(zai)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)側加上(shang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(也(ye)有轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)加電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)),而同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)在(zai)定子(zi)(zi)(zi)和轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)都加上(shang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。也(ye)就(jiu)是說異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是單邊勵(li)磁(ci),同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是雙邊勵(li)磁(ci)。同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是靠(kao)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)流運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)(de),如果沒有勵(li)磁(ci),電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)就(jiu)是異(yi)步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。從(cong)(cong)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)方面說,異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)只與負荷大(da)小(xiao)有關(guan)(guan)(當然(ran)有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍),而同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)只與定子(zi)(zi)(zi)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率有關(guan)(guan)。從(cong)(cong)結構上(shang)說,同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構造也(ye)不(bu)一樣(yang)。異(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是有夕鋼片和鋁(lv)條(或夕鋼片和線圈組成(cheng)),而同(tong)(tong)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一般由數塊(kuai)磁(ci)鋼和線圈組成(cheng)(也(ye)有隱極式的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)太一樣(yang))。
結構
同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)定(ding)子(zi)繞組是(shi)相同的(de)(de),主要區別在于(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)結構(gou)。同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)上有直流(liu)勵磁繞組,所以需要外加勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)源,通過滑環引入電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu);而異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)是(shi)短(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)繞組,靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。相比之下,同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)較復(fu)雜,造價高。
用途
同步電機大多用在大型發電機的場合。而異步電機則幾乎全用在電動機場合。同步電機可以通過勵磁靈活調節輸入側的電壓和電流相位,即功率因數;異步電機的功率因數不可調,一般在0.75-0.85之間,因(yin)此在一(yi)些大(da)(da)的(de)工(gong)廠(chang),異步(bu)(bu)電機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較多時,可(ke)附加一(yi)臺(tai)同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電機(ji)做調相機(ji)用(yong)(yong),用(yong)(yong)來調節工(gong)廠(chang)與電網接(jie)口處的(de)功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。但是,由(you)于同(tong)步(bu)(bu)電機(ji)造價高(gao),維護工(gong)作(zuo)量大(da)(da),現(xian)在一(yi)般都采用(yong)(yong)電容補償功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。
另外,一些早(zao)期采用晶(jing)閘管的(de)變頻器(qi),由于器(qi)件沒有自關斷能(neng)力,需要依靠(kao)負載換流,這時需要用到同(tong)步(bu)電機。
同步電機效率較異步電機稍高,在2000KW以(yi)上的(de)電動機(ji)(ji)選(xuan)型時,一般要考慮是否(fou)選(xuan)用同(tong)(tong)步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)。但是,同(tong)(tong)步(bu)機(ji)(ji)因(yin)為有勵(li)磁(ci)繞組和滑環,需要操作工人有較高的(de)水平來(lai)(lai)控制勵(li)磁(ci),另外,比起異步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)的(de)免維護來(lai)(lai),維護工作量較大;所(suo)以(yi),現(xian)在2500KW以下(xia)的(de)電動機,現(xian)在大多選擇異步電機。在功率較小(xiao)時,效率的(de)差別已經變得微不足道(dao)了。
在應用變頻器時
應用(yong)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時,需要將電(dian)(dian)機和電(dian)(dian)網斷開,將變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)接入(ru)。接入(ru)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)后,電(dian)(dian)網側的(de)功(gong)率與電(dian)(dian)機無關,只與變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有關。因(yin)此,除(chu)非用(yong)戶原來已經(jing)有同步電(dian)(dian)機,否(fou)則應該選(xuan)用(yong)異步電(dian)(dian)機,因(yin)為變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和電(dian)(dian)機的(de)造價都(dou)便宜。當然,如果選(xuan)用(yong)早(zao)期的(de)負載換流型(xing)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi),則電(dian)(dian)機必須選(xuan)用(yong)同步電(dian)(dian)機,這是(shi)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)要求(qiu)。
簡單的說:同步和異步電機均屬交流動力電機,是靠50周交流(liu)電(dian)網供電(dian)而轉動.異(yi)步(bu)電機是定子送入交流電,產(chan)生旋轉磁場(chang),而(er)轉子受感應而(er)產生磁場(chang),這樣(yang)兩磁場作用,使得轉子(zi)跟著定子(zi)的(de)旋轉磁場而轉動.其中(zhong)轉(zhuan)子(zi)比定子(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場慢,有個轉差,不同步(bu)所以稱(cheng)為異(yi)步(bu)機.而同步電機(ji)定子同異步電機(ji),其(qi)轉子是人為加入(ru)直流電(dian)形(xing)成(cheng)不(bu)變磁場(chang),這(zhe)樣轉子(zi)就(jiu)跟(gen)著定(ding)子(zi)旋轉磁場一(yi)起(qi)轉而同(tong)步,始(shi)稱同步電機.異步電機簡單,成本低.易于安裝,使(shi)用和維護.所以受(shou)到廣泛使用.缺點效率低,功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)低對電(dian)網不利.而同(tong)步電機(ji)效率高是容(rong)性負載,可改善(shan)電網功率因數(shu).多用工(gong)礦大型沒備。