【線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)(jian) 非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)(jian)】線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)(jian)和非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)(jian)的區(qu)別 線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)(jian)的特性(xing)(xing)

線性元件和非線性元件的區別

在金屬導體中電流跟電壓成正比，伏安特性曲線是通過坐標原點的直線，具有這種伏安特性的電學元件叫做線性元件。

對(dui)歐姆定(ding)律(lv)不適(shi)用的(de)導體和器(qi)件(jian)(jian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不成正(zheng)比的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)學元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)叫做非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)是一種(zhong)通過它(ta)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與加在它(ta)兩(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不成正(zheng)比的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)材料，即它(ta)的(de)阻值隨外(wai)界情況的(de)變(bian)化而改(gai)變(bian)。

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當信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過一(yi)個(ge)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)后，信(xin)號(hao)的(de)波形(xing)(xing)沒有(you)改(gai)變，我們就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)；比(bi)如電(dian)(dian)阻，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)。當信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過一(yi)個(ge)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)后，信(xin)號(hao)的(de)波形(xing)(xing)被(bei)改(gai)變了(le)(le)，我們就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)；比(bi)如二極(ji)管，交流信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過它以后，只剩下(xia)半邊(bian)了(le)(le)。線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)路與(yu)非(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)路也是這樣；當信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)路后，信(xin)號(hao)的(de)波形(xing)(xing)沒有(you)改(gai)變，我們就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)路；當信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)路后，信(xin)號(hao)的(de)波形(xing)(xing)被(bei)改(gai)變了(le)(le)，我們就(jiu)(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)路。即輸(shu)入值與(yu)輸(shu)出值的(de)函數(shu)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，就(jiu)(jiu)是我們所(suo)說的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)；否則就(jiu)(jiu)是非(fei)(fei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)。

線性元件的特性

金屬導體的電流跟電壓成正比，伏安特性曲線是通過坐標原點的直線，電壓與電流的比值叫做電阻，電阻是線性元件。電容和電感雖然不滿足歐姆定律，但其輸入量與輸出量有線性關系：對于電容滿足q=Cu，對于電感則有ψ=Li，這兩條是電容和電感最根本的定義，電容和電感也是線性元(yuan)件。

輸入量(liang)和輸出(chu)量(liang)沒(mei)有(you)線(xian)(xian)性關系的(de)電(dian)學元件(jian)叫做非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性元件(jian)。典型的(de)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性元件(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二極(ji)管(guan)、三(san)極(ji)管(guan)。求(qiu)解(jie)含有(you)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性元件(jian)的(de)電(dian)路(lu)問題通常有(you)特(te)殊(shu)方法：在(zai)定性分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)，重點是(shi)(shi)(shi)掌握(wo)理論(lun)上的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方法；而在(zai)定量(liang)計算中(zhong)，一(yi)般求(qiu)出(chu)的(de)都只能是(shi)(shi)(shi)近似結(jie)果。分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)二極(ji)管(guan)常用的(de)方法是(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)導通和關斷情況(kuang)討論(lun)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)三(san)極(ji)管(guan)放大電(dian)路(lu)也按照三(san)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態進行(xing)了放大、飽和、截止、倒相(xiang)四種分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)，這種分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)思路(lu)的(de)本質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)段(duan)線(xian)(xian)性化(hua)。小(xiao)信號分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)法也是(shi)(shi)(shi)典型的(de)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性電(dian)路(lu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)(xi)方法之一(yi)，其本質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性電(dian)路(lu)在(zai)小(xiao)信號這種特(te)殊(shu)情況(kuang)下進行(xing)線(xian)(xian)性化(hua)等效。

線性元件和非線性元件如何區分

1、電學元件的制成材料并不是“線性元件和非線性元件”的決定因素。例如同樣是金屬材料制成的熱敏電阻、燈泡(pao)等都是非線性元件(jian),而(er)阻值幾(ji)乎不隨工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)變(bian)化的(de)標準(zhun)電阻是線性元件(jian)。

2、滿足(zu)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件一定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)線性元(yuan)件。因為滿足(zu)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)伏安特性曲線一定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一條(tiao)過坐標原(yuan)點的(de)(de)(de)直線。它的(de)(de)(de)制成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)(shi)金(jin)屬，也可(ke)以是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)解(jie)液等等。但反過來(lai)說，并不是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)由金(jin)屬材(cai)料(liao)或電(dian)解(jie)液制成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件都是(shi)(shi)(shi)滿足(zu)歐(ou)(ou)姆(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)(de)線性元(yuan)件。