【線(xian)性元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian) 非線(xian)性元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)】線(xian)性元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)和非線(xian)性元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)的區別 線(xian)性元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)的特性

線性元件和非線性元件的區別

在金屬導體中電流跟電壓成正比，伏安特性曲線是通過坐標原點的直線，具有這種伏安特性的電學元件叫做線性元件。

對歐(ou)姆(mu)定律不適(shi)用的(de)導(dao)體和(he)器件(jian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不成正比(bi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)學元(yuan)件(jian)叫做非線(xian)性元(yuan)件(jian)。非線(xian)性元(yuan)件(jian)是一種通(tong)過它(ta)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與加在(zai)它(ta)兩(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不成正比(bi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工材(cai)料，即它(ta)的(de)阻(zu)值隨外(wai)界情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)變(bian)化而改變(bian)。

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當信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過一個元(yuan)器件后(hou)(hou)，信號(hao)(hao)的(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)沒(mei)有改變，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)器件；比如電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容。當信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過一個元(yuan)器件后(hou)(hou)，信號(hao)(hao)的(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)被(bei)(bei)改變了，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)器件；比如二極(ji)管，交流信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過它以后(hou)(hou)，只剩(sheng)下半邊(bian)了。線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路與(yu)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路也是這樣；當信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)路后(hou)(hou)，信號(hao)(hao)的(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)沒(mei)有改變，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路；當信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)路后(hou)(hou)，信號(hao)(hao)的(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)被(bei)(bei)改變了，我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)就(jiu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。即(ji)輸入值與(yu)輸出值的(de)函數(shu)曲(qu)線(xian)(xian)為(wei)直線(xian)(xian)，就(jiu)是我(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)(men)所說的(de)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)；否則(ze)就(jiu)是非(fei)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)。

線性元件的特性

金屬導體的電流跟電壓成正比，伏安特性曲線是通過坐標原點的直線，電壓與電流的比值叫做電阻，電阻是線性元件。電容和電感雖然不滿足歐姆定律，但其輸入量與輸出量有線性關系：對于電容滿足q=Cu，對于電感則有ψ=Li，這兩條是電容和電感最根本的定義，電容和電(dian)感也是線性元件。

輸(shu)入量(liang)和輸(shu)出量(liang)沒(mei)有線(xian)性(xing)(xing)關(guan)系的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)學元件(jian)叫做(zuo)非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)。典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)是(shi)二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、三(san)極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。求解含有非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)元件(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)問題通常(chang)有特(te)殊方(fang)法：在(zai)定性(xing)(xing)分(fen)析中，重(zhong)點是(shi)掌握理論上的(de)(de)分(fen)析方(fang)法；而(er)在(zai)定量(liang)計算中，一般求出的(de)(de)都(dou)只能是(shi)近似結果。分(fen)析二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)常(chang)用的(de)(de)方(fang)法是(shi)分(fen)導通和關(guan)斷(duan)情況討論，分(fen)析三(san)極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)放大電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)也按(an)照三(san)極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)工作狀態進行了放大、飽和、截止、倒相四(si)種分(fen)類，這種分(fen)析思路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)分(fen)段線(xian)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)。小信號分(fen)析法也是(shi)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)分(fen)析方(fang)法之(zhi)一，其本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將非線(xian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)在(zai)小信號這種特(te)殊情況下進行線(xian)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)等效。

線性元件和非線性元件如何區分

1、電學元件的制成材料并不是“線性元件和非線性元件”的決定因素。例如同樣是金屬材料制成的熱敏電阻、燈(deng)泡等都是非線(xian)性元件,而阻值幾乎不(bu)隨工(gong)作條(tiao)件變化的標準電(dian)阻是線(xian)性元件。

2、滿(man)足歐(ou)(ou)(ou)姆(mu)(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)元器件(jian)一定(ding)(ding)是(shi)線(xian)性元件(jian)。因為滿(man)足歐(ou)(ou)(ou)姆(mu)(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)元器件(jian)的(de)(de)伏安特性曲線(xian)一定(ding)(ding)是(shi)一條過坐(zuo)標原點的(de)(de)直線(xian)。它(ta)的(de)(de)制成(cheng)(cheng)材料可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)金(jin)屬，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)電(dian)解液等等。但反過來說，并不(bu)是(shi)所有的(de)(de)由金(jin)屬材料或電(dian)解液制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)元器件(jian)都是(shi)滿(man)足歐(ou)(ou)(ou)姆(mu)(mu)定(ding)(ding)律的(de)(de)線(xian)性元件(jian)。