顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故(gu)障現象是當轉(zhuan)動(dong)粗準焦(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)時(shi)，鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)不(bu)能(neng)隨之升(sheng)降。顯微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)簡的(de)升(sheng)降是靠齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動(dong)因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來(lai)實現的(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕的(de)轉(zhuan)軸上(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)。當轉(zhuan)動(dong)粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕時(shi)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)升(sheng)降。如果鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)不(bu)能(neng)隨之升(sheng)降，說(shuo)明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒(mei)有吻合(he)。常(chang)見(jian)的(de)故(gu)障原因是齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套隨粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)紐一起轉(zhuan)動(dong)，即齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套上(shang)的(de)二個止(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)螺(luo)(luo)釘沒(mei)有把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)燕(yan)尾導軌上(shang)。修理方法是把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪移到齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套缺口(kou)中(zhong)間，并(bing)讓(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套的(de)缺口(kou)面向齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再用(yong)小螺(luo)(luo)絲刀將尾導軌端面上(shang)的(de)二個止(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)螺(luo)(luo)釘旋(xuan)(xuan)緊。如果無效，說(shuo)明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴重，則(ze)需取下(xia)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)，旋(xuan)(xuan)出齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)、下(xia)的(de)固定(ding)螺(luo)(luo)釘，將齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來(lai)使用(yong)，因為齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主(zhu)要(yao)發生在(zai)(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)上(shang)部。或(huo)者(zhe)根據齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬(kuan)度剪一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)，讓(rang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)鑲嵌在(zai)(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)固定(ding)螺(luo)(luo)釘把薄片(pian)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)，插上(shang)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)調試。如感到有松緊情況，則(ze)可更換金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)的(de)厚(hou)度，直至合(he)適為止(zhi)(zhi)。或(huo)者(zhe)按原型號規格向生產廠家購買新(xin)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障現象是當(dang)焦距對(dui)準后(hou)，手松開準焦螺旋，鏡(jing)(jing)簡會自行(xing)下滑，導(dao)致焦距不(bu)準。顯微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)構造(zao)中，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)松緊(jin)一(yi)般(ban)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力的(de)(de)大(da)(da)小來控制的(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套之(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力是由與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)連接的(de)(de)兩(liang)個粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旅鈕(niu)(niu)通過兩(liang)個塑(su)(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)緊(jin)壓在齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套端面(mian)上而取得(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)。糧調(diao)(diao)旋或與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套端面(mian)壓得(de)(de)(de)越緊(jin)，得(de)(de)(de)到的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力就越大(da)(da)。鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)自行(xing)下滑的(de)(de)原因是由于墊(dian)圈(quan)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)日久，磨損(sun)變形，導(dao)致齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套之(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力減少，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套之(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦力產生的(de)(de)力矩克(ke)服不(bu)了(le)(le)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)自身重力而產生的(de)(de)力矩而引起的(de)(de)。修理方(fang)法是，雙手各握一(yi)側粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)，相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)按(an)照順時針方(fang)向擰(ning)緊(jin)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)。如(ru)果無(wu)效，則(ze)需加(jia)厚墊(dian)圈(quan)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)尖(jian)嘴鉗插入任一(yi)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)端面(mian)的(de)(de)雙眼螺母內，將其(qi)旋出，取下粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)，取出塑(su)(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)青殼紙或薄塑(su)(su)料(liao)片剪一(yi)個直徑相(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)，夾(jia)在原墊(dian)圈(quan)與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)之(zhi)間，重新裝(zhuang)好，如(ru)果轉動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕(niu)(niu)很費力，說明墊(dian)圈(quan)加(jia)得(de)(de)(de)太(tai)厚了(le)(le)，應換個薄些的(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)，總之(zhi)以轉動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋或有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)阻力又要鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)易自行(xing)下滑為準。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器有(you)二種(zhong)(zhong)：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是圓(yuan)盤或(huo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)，在(zai)圓(yuan)盤卜(bu)有(you)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)是依(yi)(yi)靠載物臺下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)珠卡在(zai)圓(yuan)盤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)孔中來定(ding)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當滾(gun)珠遺失(shi)或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)失(shi)效時都可能造成(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)能定(ding)位(wei)(wei)。修(xiu)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)是更換滾(gun)珠或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)。現在(zai)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家已經把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)依(yi)(yi)靠彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)珠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)方(fang)法(fa)改為依(yi)(yi)靠彈(dan)來定(ding)位(wei)(wei)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)結構更牢(lao)固，更不(bu)容(rong)易損(sun)壞(huai)。另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是彩虹(hong)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，它是由十二片(pian)(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)弧形(xing)薄鋼片(pian)(pian)(pian)（即(ji)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成(cheng)(cheng)。只要(yao)(yao)撥動滑動權上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手柄，就(jiu)可以任意改變光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)。其(qi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障是遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)鋼柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)脫(tuo)落(luo)，造成(cheng)(cheng)手柄卡死(si)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈無法(fa)改變。修(xiu)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)是，用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)螺絲刀把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二個(ge)固定(ding)螺釘松開，取出遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)脫(tuo)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重新裝(zhuang)在(zai)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)502膠(jiao)水把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)膠(jiao)牢(lao)，防(fang)止(zhi)其(qi)再(zai)(zai)脫(tuo)落(luo)。安裝(zhuang)時要(yao)(yao)注意，每片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)向要(yao)(yao)相(xiang)反。或(huo)者找一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)段粗細和(he)(he)(he)這(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑配合緊(jin)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅導線(xian)制作成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)，然后(hou)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底板（帶有(you)十二個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)板叫底板）朝上(shang)(shang)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)每片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)～端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)插在(zai)底板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)孔內(nei)，并(bing)按(an)逆(ni)時外方(fang)向逐片(pian)(pian)(pian)排列整(zheng)齊。再(zai)(zai)讓滑動板上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑動槽(cao)依(yi)(yi)次套在(zai)上(shang)(shang)述遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)另一(yi)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)，蓋上(shang)(shang)蓋板，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)三個(ge)固定(ding)螺釘擰緊(jin)即(ji)可，如果遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)斷裂一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，只要(yao)(yao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)斷裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)取出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)仍可以正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)使用(yong)，斷裂兩(liang)(liang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)以上(shang)(shang)應向生(sheng)產(chan)廠家購買(mai)更換。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關節(jie)是(shi)指(zhi)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)柱(zhu)連(lian)接處(chu)的(de)活動關節(jie)，使用顯微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)(shi)，常將鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)臂(bei)向后傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)成便(bian)于觀察的(de)角度，期(qi)使用后，傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關節(jie)就可(ke)(ke)能松(song)(song)動，造成鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)臂(bei)不能隨意傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)。修理辦法是(shi)，是(shi)尖嘴鉗(qian)分別插入傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關節(jie)端面(mian)的(de)二個雙眼螺母內，順時(shi)(shi)針(zhen)旋轉，直至鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)臂(bei)傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)時(shi)(shi)松(song)(song)緊適度。如果無效，則可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)柱(zhu)兩端面(mian)的(de)摩(mo)擦墊(dian)(dian)(dian)圈(quan)磨(mo)損，需(xu)加厚墊(dian)(dian)(dian)圈(quan)，用尖嘴銷將雙眼螺母旋下，取出轉動軸(zhou)，用青殼紙或薄(bo)塑料片剪一個直徑相同的(de)奎圖(tu)將原(yuan)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)圈(quan)加厚，重新(xin)組裝好。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)的(de)槽(cao)內(nei)，使(shi)槽(cao)的(de)開口增大，從(cong)而使(shi)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)的(de)松(song)緊(jin)合適(shi)。反之(zhi)，當(dang)(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)過(guo)緊(jin)，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)鋼絲(si)鉗(qian)把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)上槽(cao)的(de)開口收(shou)小。另一種是依靠止緊(jin)螺釘來調節(jie)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)牙(ya)將緊(jin)，當(dang)(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)松(song)時，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)螺絲(si)刀(dao)擰(ning)緊(jin)止緊(jin)螺釘。如果插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)緊(jin)，當(dang)(dang)轉(zhuan)動反光鏡時、易把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)扭斷，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)螺絲(si)刀(dao)把止緊(jin)螺釘擰(ning)松(song)即可(ke)(ke)。