顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故(gu)障(zhang)現象是當轉動(dong)(dong)粗準焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)時，鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)不能(neng)隨(sui)之(zhi)升降(jiang)(jiang)。顯微鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)簡的(de)(de)升降(jiang)(jiang)是靠齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動(dong)(dong)因(yin)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實現的(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕的(de)(de)轉軸上(shang)(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)(shang)。當轉動(dong)(dong)粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕時，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動(dong)(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)升降(jiang)(jiang)。如果鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)不能(neng)隨(sui)之(zhi)升降(jiang)(jiang)，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪與齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒(mei)有吻合(he)。常見的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)原因(yin)是齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)隨(sui)粗調旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)紐一(yi)起轉動(dong)(dong)，即(ji)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)止動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘沒(mei)有把(ba)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)燕(yan)尾導軌上(shang)(shang)。修理方法(fa)是把(ba)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪移到(dao)(dao)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)缺口中間，并讓(rang)(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)缺口面向齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再(zai)用(yong)小螺(luo)絲刀將尾導軌端面上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)止動(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)緊(jin)。如果無效，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴重，則(ze)需取下(xia)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)，旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)出齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)、下(xia)的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘，將齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來使用(yong)，因(yin)為(wei)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主(zhu)要發生(sheng)在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部。或者根據(ju)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬度剪一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金屬薄片(pian)，讓(rang)(rang)金屬薄片(pian)鑲嵌(qian)在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)，并用(yong)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘把(ba)薄片(pian)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)上(shang)(shang)，插(cha)上(shang)(shang)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)調試。如感到(dao)(dao)有松(song)緊(jin)情況，則(ze)可更換(huan)金屬薄片(pian)的(de)(de)厚度，直至合(he)適為(wei)止。或者按原型號(hao)規(gui)格向生(sheng)產廠家購買新(xin)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障現(xian)象(xiang)是當焦(jiao)距對準(zhun)后，手(shou)松開(kai)準(zhun)焦(jiao)螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)，鏡(jing)簡(jian)會自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)，導(dao)致焦(jiao)距不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)。顯(xian)微鏡(jing)粗(cu)調(diao)構造中，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)的(de)松緊(jin)一(yi)般是用(yong)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)與(yu)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)大小來控制的(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦力(li)(li)(li)(li)是由與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)連(lian)接的(de)兩個粗(cu)調(diao)旅鈕(niu)通過兩個塑(su)(su)料墊圈(quan)緊(jin)壓在齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端面上而取得的(de)。糧(liang)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)或與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端面壓得越緊(jin)，得到的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦力(li)(li)(li)(li)就越大。鏡(jing)筒自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)的(de)原(yuan)因是由于墊圈(quan)使(shi)用(yong)日久(jiu)，磨損變形，導(dao)致齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦力(li)(li)(li)(li)減(jian)少，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦力(li)(li)(li)(li)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩克服不(bu)(bu)了(le)鏡(jing)筒自(zi)身(shen)重力(li)(li)(li)(li)而產(chan)(chan)生的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩而引起(qi)的(de)。修理方(fang)法(fa)是，雙手(shou)各握一(yi)側粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)，相(xiang)對按(an)照順時針方(fang)向擰緊(jin)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)。如果無效，則(ze)需加厚(hou)墊圈(quan)。用(yong)尖嘴鉗插入任一(yi)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)端面的(de)雙眼螺(luo)母內，將其旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)，取下(xia)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)，取出(chu)塑(su)(su)料墊圈(quan)，用(yong)青殼紙或薄(bo)塑(su)(su)料片剪一(yi)個直徑(jing)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)墊圈(quan)，夾在原(yuan)墊圈(quan)與(yu)粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)之間(jian)，重新裝(zhuang)好，如果轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)很費(fei)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，說明墊圈(quan)加得太厚(hou)了(le)，應換個薄(bo)些的(de)墊圈(quan)，總之以轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)調(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)或有一(yi)定的(de)阻力(li)(li)(li)(li)又要(yao)鏡(jing)筒不(bu)(bu)易自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)為準(zhun)。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器有(you)二種(zhong)(zhong)：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)圓(yuan)盤或光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)，在圓(yuan)盤卜有(you)大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔(kong)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)(shi)依靠(kao)載物(wu)臺下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)(he)滾(gun)珠(zhu)(zhu)卡在圓(yuan)盤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)孔(kong)中(zhong)來定(ding)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當滾(gun)珠(zhu)(zhu)遺失(shi)或彈(dan)簧(huang)失(shi)效(xiao)時(shi)(shi)都可能造成光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)不(bu)能定(ding)位(wei)(wei)。修(xiu)理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)更(geng)(geng)換滾(gun)珠(zhu)(zhu)或彈(dan)簧(huang)。現在有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家已(yi)經把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)依靠(kao)彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)(he)滾(gun)珠(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)方(fang)法(fa)改(gai)為依靠(kao)彈(dan)來定(ding)位(wei)(wei)，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)構更(geng)(geng)牢固，更(geng)(geng)不(bu)容(rong)易損壞。另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)彩虹式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)，它是(shi)(shi)由(you)十二片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)弧形薄鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)（即(ji)(ji)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成。只要(yao)撥動(dong)滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)權上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)柄，就可以(yi)(yi)任意改(gai)變光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其(qi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障是(shi)(shi)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鋼(gang)柱(zhu)脫落(luo)，造成手(shou)柄卡死，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈(quan)無法(fa)改(gai)變。修(xiu)理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)，用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)螺(luo)絲刀把(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二個(ge)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘松開(kai)，取(qu)出遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)重新(xin)裝在遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)，并用(yong)502膠(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)把(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)膠(jiao)(jiao)牢，防(fang)止(zhi)其(qi)再脫落(luo)。安裝時(shi)(shi)要(yao)注意，每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)方(fang)向(xiang)要(yao)相反。或者找一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)段粗細和(he)(he)這(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)徑配合(he)緊密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅導線制作成小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)裝上(shang)，然后把(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底板(ban)（帶有(you)十二個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)板(ban)叫底板(ban)）朝上(shang)，把(ba)每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)～端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)插在底板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)內，并按逆時(shi)(shi)外方(fang)向(xiang)逐片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)排列整齊(qi)。再讓(rang)滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)槽依次套在上(shang)述(shu)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)另一(yi)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅柱(zhu)上(shang)，蓋上(shang)蓋板(ban)，把(ba)三個(ge)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘擰緊即(ji)(ji)可，如果(guo)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)斷裂(lie)一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，只要(yao)把(ba)斷裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)取(qu)出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)仍可以(yi)(yi)正常使用(yong)，斷裂(lie)兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)應(ying)向(xiang)生(sheng)產廠家購買更(geng)(geng)換。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾斜(xie)關(guan)節(jie)是(shi)(shi)指鏡(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)柱連(lian)接處的(de)(de)活動(dong)關(guan)節(jie)，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)時(shi)，常(chang)將鏡(jing)臂(bei)向后傾斜(xie)成便于觀察的(de)(de)角度，期使用(yong)(yong)(yong)后，傾斜(xie)關(guan)節(jie)就可能(neng)松動(dong)，造成鏡(jing)臂(bei)不能(neng)隨意傾斜(xie)。修理辦法是(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)尖(jian)嘴鉗分別(bie)插入傾斜(xie)關(guan)節(jie)端(duan)面的(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)雙眼螺母(mu)內，順時(shi)針旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，直至鏡(jing)臂(bei)傾斜(xie)時(shi)松緊適度。如果無效，則可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)鏡(jing)臂(bei)與鏡(jing)柱兩(liang)端(duan)面的(de)(de)摩擦墊(dian)圈磨損，需加厚墊(dian)圈，用(yong)(yong)(yong)尖(jian)嘴銷將雙眼螺母(mu)旋(xuan)下，取出轉(zhuan)動(dong)軸，用(yong)(yong)(yong)青殼(ke)紙(zhi)或薄塑料片剪一個(ge)直徑相同(tong)的(de)(de)奎圖將原墊(dian)圈加厚，重(zhong)新組裝好。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)的(de)槽內(nei)(nei)，使(shi)槽的(de)開口(kou)增大，從而使(shi)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)(nei)的(de)松(song)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)合適。反(fan)之，當(dang)(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)過(guo)(guo)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，可用(yong)鋼絲鉗把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)上(shang)槽的(de)開口(kou)收小。另(ling)一種是依靠(kao)止(zhi)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘來調節插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)(nei)牙(ya)將緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，當(dang)(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)(nei)過(guo)(guo)松(song)時，可用(yong)螺(luo)絲刀(dao)擰(ning)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)止(zhi)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘。如果插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)(nei)過(guo)(guo)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，當(dang)(dang)轉動反(fan)光(guang)鏡(jing)時、易把插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)扭斷(duan)，可用(yong)螺(luo)絲刀(dao)把止(zhi)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘擰(ning)松(song)即可。