一、什么是儲能系統

在對儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)過(guo)程進行分(fen)析時，為了確定研究對象而劃出的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)物(wu)體或空間范圍(wei)，稱為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)。它包括能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)和(he)(he)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)輸入和(he)(he)輸出、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)轉換和(he)(he)儲(chu)存(cun)設(she)(she)備(bei)。儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)往往涉及多種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)、多種(zhong)設(she)(she)備(bei)、多種(zhong)物(wu)質、多個過(guo)程，是(shi)隨時間變化的(de)(de)(de)復雜能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)系統(tong)(tong)，需要多項指標來描述它的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。常用的(de)(de)(de)評價指標有儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)密度、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)功率、蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效率以及儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)價格、對環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)影響等。

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二、電池儲能系統包括哪幾個方面

儲能(neng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的構(gou)成(cheng)主(zhu)要包括蓄(xu)電(dian)池系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，PCS變(bian)流器系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、箱變(bian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)（如有）、站(zhan)用變(bian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)（如有）、能(neng)量管(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統(tong)及監控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)（SCADA系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）、一(yi)次和二次電(dian)纜等(deng)組成(cheng)。

1、蓄電池系統

我們知道目前儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式主要分(fen)為三類(lei)(lei)：物理儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)（抽(chou)水儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、壓縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛(fei)輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等）、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)（鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)、氧化還原液流電(dian)池(chi)、鈉硫(liu)電(dian)池(chi)、鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)）和電(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)三大類(lei)(lei)，由于經濟性及應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景的(de)原因，除抽(chou)水儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣(guang)泛，從國際和國內市場(chang)來看，化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)中的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子應(ying)用(yong)較(jiao)多。

2、PCS變流器系統

儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)雙向變流(liu)器(qi)簡稱PCS，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)變流(liu)器(qi)可(ke)以(yi)實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網間的交(jiao)直(zhi)流(liu)轉(zhuan)換，完(wan)成兩者(zhe)間的雙向能(neng)(neng)量流(liu)動(dong)，并(bing)(bing)通過控制策(ce)略實(shi)現對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理、網測(ce)負荷功(gong)率跟蹤、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率控制和正常(chang)及孤(gu)島運行方式下網測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的控制；具有(you)高轉(zhuan)換效(xiao)率、寬電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)輸入(ru)范圍、快速并(bing)(bing)離網切換和方便維(wei)護等特點，同時具備完(wan)善的保護功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，如孤(gu)島保護、直(zhi)流(liu)過壓(ya)(ya)保護和低電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穿(chuan)越（可(ke)選）等，滿(man)足系統(tong)(tong)(tong)并(bing)(bing)、離網要求。

3、箱變系統（如有）

如(ru)采用高壓(ya)（6kV、10kV、20kV、35kV等）并網(wang)系統，須采用箱變完成(cheng)升壓(ya)任務，為盡量減少兩支路間的(de)電磁干擾及(ji)環流影響，箱變系統采用雙分裂變壓(ya)器，其他參數跟風電和光伏(fu)無大的(de)差別(bie)。

4、站用變電系統（如有）

為變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站內的(de)設備提供交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如照明、暖通、檢(jian)修、保(bao)護(hu)屏(ping)、高壓開關(guan)柜(ju)內的(de)儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機、開關(guan)儲能(neng)、生活和(he)工作設施(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)等，需要操作電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)。如與跟風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏等組成(cheng)多能(neng)互(hu)補的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，可與風電(dian)(dian)(dian)或光(guang)(guang)伏共用(yong)一套(tao)站用(yong)變系統。同時根據用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷，選擇合適的(de)站用(yong)變容量。

5、電纜（一次和二次）

交流(liu)ZR-YJV22 或ZR-YJV23阻燃(ran)交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜具有高機(ji)械(xie)強度、耐環境應力好、優良的電(dian)氣(qi)性能和耐化學腐蝕等特點，重量輕，結構簡單(dan)，使用方便。本產品適用于交流(liu)額定電(dian)壓(ya)35kV 及以下的輸配電(dian)線路(lu)上(shang)。

ZR-RVVP 控制(zhi)電(dian)纜低煙無(wu)鹵阻燃(ran)型電(dian)纜的(de)特點是電(dian)纜不僅具(ju)備阻燃(ran)性(xing)能，而且具(ju)有低發煙性(xing)和無(wu)害性(xing)（毒性(xing)和腐蝕(shi)性(xing)較(jiao)小(xiao)），適用于對(dui)電(dian)纜阻燃(ran)、煙密度、毒性(xing)指數有特別要求(qiu)的(de)場所。

6、電池管理系統BMS、能量管理系統EMS

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理系(xi)統(tong)BMS，主要對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護進行管理。充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時能保證各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)異小于設定值，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)均充(chong)，有效地(di)改善(shan)了串聯(lian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式下的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果。同時檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)中各個單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)過壓(ya)、欠壓(ya)、過流、短路、過溫(wen)狀態(tai)，保護并延長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽(shou)命。BMS系(xi)統(tong)隨鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)成套提供(gong)。

能(neng)量(liang)管理系統EMS，主要是對電(dian)站(zhan)的實時運行狀態信(xin)息(xi)(xi)進行監(jian)控，包括系統功率(lv)曲線(xian)、電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)溫度(du)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)、累計(ji)處理電(dian)量(liang)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)及(ji)其他約定的監(jian)測信(xin)息(xi)(xi)。并(bing)且可以在服務器中(zhong)建立遠程監(jian)控軟件能(neng)夠遠程控制及(ji)下載數據，能(neng)夠實時報警，并(bing)傳輸到指定手機上(shang)。

7、監控系統、相關接入系統設備

電池儲能(neng)(neng)監控系統(tong)(tong)基本功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)包括(kuo)：測量監視功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、數(shu)(shu)據處理功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、分析統(tong)(tong)計功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、操(cao)作控制功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、事(shi)件告警功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、保護管理功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、人機(ji)接口功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、事(shi)故(gu)追憶及(ji)歷史反演功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、歷史數(shu)(shu)據管理功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、遠動及(ji)轉發功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、系統(tong)(tong)維護功(gong)(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

相關接入系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)是整個(ge)的(de)(de)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)組成部分，由于各(ge)個(ge)地(di)方(fang)電網(wang)建設(she)的(de)(de)情況不一樣，形成了接入系(xi)(xi)統(tong)所需(xu)的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)不盡(jin)相同(tong)，不過根據國標(biao)GB、行標(biao)DL等要求，還是可以發現一些共同(tong)的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)。

儲能(neng)系統(tong)接入(ru)公(gong)共連接點的諧(xie)波、電(dian)壓波動(dong)、閃(shan)變等電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量指標需(xu)要監(jian)測，需(xu)要電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量設備進行監(jian)測，并反饋到電(dian)網公(gong)司(si)。

儲(chu)能系(xi)統保護的配置(zhi)及(ji)整定應與電(dian)網(wang)側(ce)保護設備相適應，且與電(dian)網(wang)側(ce)重合(he)閘策略相配合(he)，需要安(an)全自(zi)動裝置(zhi)，構(gou)成電(dian)網(wang)公司的“三道防火線”。

儲能系統(tong)應(ying)設置電能計量裝置，并(bing)設在儲能系統(tong)的出線(xian)側或公共連(lian)接點處。

儲能系統接入(ru)電網，滿足(zu)電網的(de)調(diao)度(du)要求(qiu)所(suo)需的(de)設備(bei)(bei)，即電力調(diao)度(du)數(shu)據網及(ji)二次安(an)防設備(bei)(bei)。

由于接入系統涉及的設備多，不再一(yi)一(yi)敘述。

總結：儲能系統組成根據項目特點而有所不同，如跟光伏或風電相結合，就不需要再單獨設置站用變系統；如采用低壓并網，箱變系統就涉及不到了。接入報告（批復）不同導致整個監控系統設備的變化。