連帶清償責任是什么
連帶(dai)清償責任是指數人(ren)(ren)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)者承擔共同清償債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的法律責任,也就說數人(ren)(ren)負(fu)同一(yi)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu),明示對于債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)各負(fu)全(quan)部給付之責任。債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)有權要求任何一(yi)個債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)還錢。連帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)之債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren),得對于債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)中之一(yi)人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)數人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)其(qi)全(quan)體(ti)(ti),同時(shi)或(huo)(huo)先(xian)後請求全(quan)部或(huo)(huo)一(yi)部之給付。連帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)未全(quan)部履行(xing)前,全(quan)體(ti)(ti)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)仍負(fu)連帶(dai)責任。
根(gen)據《擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關規(gui)定,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)是指保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)約(yue)定,當債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不履行(xing)(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)時,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)按(an)照約(yue)定履行(xing)(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)或(huo)者承擔(dan)(dan)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方式有(you)(you)一般保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)和(he)連(lian)(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)。當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)合同(tong)(tong)中約(yue)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)承擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de),為連(lian)(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)。連(lian)(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在主合同(tong)(tong)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)履行(xing)(xing)期屆滿(man)沒有(you)(you)履行(xing)(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de),債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可以(yi)要求債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)履行(xing)(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu),也可以(yi)要求保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在其保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)范(fan)圍內承擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)承擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)后,有(you)(you)權向債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追償。此外,《民法(fa)(fa)通則(ze)》第(di)89條、《經濟合同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)》第(di)15條以(yi)及有(you)(you)關司法(fa)(fa)解釋對(dui)因保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)而承擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)也作了明(ming)確規(gui)定。
連帶責任擔保債權清償順序
《最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院關(guan)(guan)于適用<中(zhong)華人(ren)民共(gong)(gong)和(he)國擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)>若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)解(jie)釋》第二十條(tiao)規定(ding),“連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)共(gong)(gong)同保(bao)(bao)證的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)證責任(ren)后,向(xiang)(xiang)債(zhai)務人(ren)不能(neng)追償(chang)的(de)(de)部分,由各(ge)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)證人(ren)按其內部約定(ding)的(de)(de)比例分擔(dan)。沒(mei)有約定(ding)的(de)(de),平均分擔(dan)”。由此可見,在連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)共(gong)(gong)同保(bao)(bao)證中(zhong),其中(zhong)一個(ge)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)證人(ren)先(xian)(xian)行向(xiang)(xiang)債(zhai)權人(ren)清償(chang)債(zhai)務的(de)(de),其享有向(xiang)(xiang)其他責任(ren)人(ren)追償(chang)的(de)(de)權利,但應首先(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)主債(zhai)務人(ren)追償(chang),如主債(zhai)務人(ren)清償(chang)不能(neng)的(de)(de),再由其他連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保(bao)(bao)證人(ren)在前者(zhe)不能(neng)清償(chang)的(de)(de)范圍內償(chang)付。《最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院關(guan)(guan)于適用中(zhong)華人(ren)民共(gong)(gong)和(he)國擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)若干(gan)問題的(de)(de)解(jie)釋理解(jie)與(yu)適用》作(zuo)為法(fa)(fa)官(guan)審判業(ye)務的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)考(kao)文獻(xian),也(ye)闡明了這一先(xian)(xian)后順序。
但(dan)是追(zhui)償順(shun)序有先后并不代表訴(su)訟需要分開進行。在實際糾紛中,已經清(qing)償債務(wu)的連帶(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)可以(yi)同時起(qi)(qi)訴(su)主債務(wu)人(ren)和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)連帶(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren),要求兩者(zhe)分別承擔全部清(qing)償責(ze)(ze)任和(he)(he)補(bu)充清(qing)償責(ze)(ze)任,在執行程序中先以(yi)主債務(wu)人(ren)的財產受償;也可以(yi)先起(qi)(qi)訴(su)債務(wu)人(ren),在對其(qi)財產執行完畢后再(zai)起(qi)(qi)訴(su)連帶(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任人(ren)。
但是,后一種做法不可避免的會涉及到訴訟時效的問題,即對主債務人起訴是否會對其他連帶保證人發生訴訟時效中斷的效果。《最高人民法院關于民事案件訴訟時效若干問題的解釋》第十七條只規定了連帶之債中訴訟時效中斷事由的涉他性,而連帶保證人先行清償后,主債務人和其他連帶保證人之間并非連帶責任關系,而是補充責任關系,因此其中一方訴訟時效中斷的事由是否具有涉他性沒有明確的法律依據。
夫妻共同債務離婚時是否具有連帶清償責任
1、連(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)任是指兩(liang)個或兩(liang)個以上的(de)債務(wu)人分別就共(gong)同債務(wu)對債權人承擔(dan)全部清償的(de)責(ze)(ze)任。連(lian)帶責(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)度(du)是與債務(wu)人有連(lian)帶關系的(de)人承擔(dan)債務(wu)責(ze)(ze)任的(de)制(zhi)度(du)。
2、婚姻法第四十一(yi)條(tiao)規定(ding),離婚時(shi),原為夫(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同生活(huo)所負(fu)的債務(wu)(wu),應當共(gong)(gong)(gong)同償還(huan)。既然規定(ding)夫(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同生活(huo)所負(fu)的債務(wu)(wu),應當由夫(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)(fang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同償還(huan),也就包含了夫(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)(fang)中的任何一(yi)方(fang)(fang)都負(fu)有清償全(quan)部債務(wu)(wu)(共(gong)(gong)(gong)同債務(wu)(wu))的義務(wu)(wu),在此不能將(jiang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同償還(huan)僅僅理解(jie)為夫(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)(fang)等份償還(huan)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)同償還(huan)就設(she)定(ding)了償還(huan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同債務(wu)(wu)是夫(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)(fang)的共(gong)(gong)(gong)同責任。
3、婚姻法第四十一條同時還規定,共同財產不足清償的,或財產歸各自所有的,由雙方協議清償;協議不成時,由人民法院判決。這就規定了,夫妻共(gong)(gong)同財產不(bu)足(zu)以(yi)償(chang)(chang)還共(gong)(gong)同債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)時(shi),夫(fu)妻兩方則要以(yi)各自的(de)個人(ren)財產清償(chang)(chang)共(gong)(gong)同債(zhai)務(wu)(wu),而(er)并不(bu)是規定(ding)對共(gong)(gong)同財產不(bu)足(zu)的(de)部分(fen)予以(yi)免責。這就說明(ming)夫(fu)妻兩方對共(gong)(gong)同債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)清償(chang)(chang)是一種無限(xian)連帶責任。