連帶清償責任是什么
連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)清償責任(ren)(ren)是指(zhi)數人(ren)(ren)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)者承擔共同清償債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)法(fa)律責任(ren)(ren),也就說數人(ren)(ren)負(fu)同一債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu),明示對(dui)于(yu)債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)各負(fu)全部給(gei)付之(zhi)責任(ren)(ren)。債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)有(you)權要求任(ren)(ren)何(he)一個(ge)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)還(huan)錢。連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)之(zhi)債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren),得對(dui)于(yu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)中之(zhi)一人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)(huo)數人(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)(huo)其(qi)全體(ti),同時(shi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)先後(hou)請(qing)求全部或(huo)(huo)(huo)一部之(zhi)給(gei)付。連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)未全部履行前(qian),全體(ti)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)仍負(fu)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)。
根據(ju)《擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)有關規定,保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是指保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)和(he)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)約(yue)定,當(dang)(dang)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)不履(lv)(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)時(shi),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)按照約(yue)定履(lv)(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)或者(zhe)承擔責(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方式有一般保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。當(dang)(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中約(yue)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)與債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)對債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)承擔連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)的(de)(de)(de),為連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)在主合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)規定的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)期屆滿沒有履(lv)(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)可以要求債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu),也可以要求保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)在其保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)范圍內承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)承擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)后,有權(quan)向債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)追償。此外,《民法(fa)通則》第(di)89條(tiao)、《經濟(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)》第(di)15條(tiao)以及有關司(si)法(fa)解釋對因保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而(er)承擔連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)也作了明確規定。
連帶責任擔保債權清償順序
《最高(gao)(gao)人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)關于適用<中華人(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)>若干問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋》第二十條(tiao)規定(ding)(ding),“連(lian)帶(dai)共(gong)同(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證責(ze)任后(hou),向(xiang)(xiang)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)追償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分(fen),由各(ge)連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)按其內部約定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例分(fen)擔(dan)。沒(mei)有約定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de),平均分(fen)擔(dan)”。由此可見,在(zai)連(lian)帶(dai)共(gong)同(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證中,其中一個連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)先行向(xiang)(xiang)債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)清償(chang)(chang)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),其享有向(xiang)(xiang)其他(ta)責(ze)任人(ren)追償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利,但應首先向(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)追償(chang)(chang),如主(zhu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)清償(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de),再由其他(ta)連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證人(ren)在(zai)前者不(bu)(bu)能(neng)清償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內償(chang)(chang)付。《最高(gao)(gao)人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)關于適用中華人(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國擔(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)若干問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋理解(jie)與適用》作為(wei)法(fa)(fa)官審判業務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要參考文獻,也闡(chan)明了這(zhe)一先后(hou)順序。
但是追償順(shun)序有先(xian)(xian)后并(bing)不代(dai)表訴訟需要(yao)分(fen)開進行。在(zai)(zai)實際糾紛中(zhong),已(yi)經清(qing)償債務(wu)的連(lian)(lian)帶保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)可以同(tong)時起訴主(zhu)債務(wu)人(ren)和(he)其他連(lian)(lian)帶保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren),要(yao)求(qiu)兩者分(fen)別承擔全部清(qing)償責任(ren)和(he)補(bu)充清(qing)償責任(ren),在(zai)(zai)執行程序中(zhong)先(xian)(xian)以主(zhu)債務(wu)人(ren)的財產(chan)受償;也可以先(xian)(xian)起訴債務(wu)人(ren),在(zai)(zai)對其財產(chan)執行完(wan)畢(bi)后再(zai)起訴連(lian)(lian)帶保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)責任(ren)人(ren)。
但是,后一種做法不可避免的會涉及到訴訟時效的問題,即對主債務人起訴是否會對其他連帶保證人發生訴訟時效中斷的效果。《最高人民法院關于民事案件訴訟時效若干問題的解釋》第十七條只規定了連帶之債中訴訟時效中斷事由的涉他性,而連帶保證人先行清償后,主債務人和其他連帶保證人之間并非連帶責任關系,而是補充責任關系,因此其中一方訴訟時效中斷的事由是否具有涉他性沒有明確的法律依據。
夫妻共同債務離婚時是否具有連帶清償責任
1、連帶(dai)責任(ren)是(shi)指兩個或兩個以上的(de)(de)債務(wu)人(ren)分別就共同債務(wu)對債權(quan)人(ren)承擔全部清償的(de)(de)責任(ren)。連帶(dai)責任(ren)制(zhi)度是(shi)與(yu)債務(wu)人(ren)有連帶(dai)關(guan)系的(de)(de)人(ren)承擔債務(wu)責任(ren)的(de)(de)制(zhi)度。
2、婚(hun)姻法第四十一條規(gui)定,離婚(hun)時,原為夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活所負的債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu),應(ying)當(dang)共同(tong)(tong)償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。既然(ran)規(gui)定夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活所負的債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu),應(ying)當(dang)由夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)共同(tong)(tong)償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan),也(ye)就包含了夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)中的任何一方(fang)都負有清償(chang)(chang)全部債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(共同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu))的義務(wu),在此不能將共同(tong)(tong)償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)僅(jin)僅(jin)理解為夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)等份償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。共同(tong)(tong)償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)就設定了償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)共同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)是(shi)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)兩方(fang)的共同(tong)(tong)責任。
3、婚姻法第四十一條同時還規定,共同財產不足清償的,或財產歸各自所有的,由雙方協議清償;協議不成時,由人民法院判決。這就規定了,夫妻共(gong)同(tong)財(cai)產不(bu)足以(yi)償(chang)(chang)還共(gong)同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu)時,夫妻(qi)兩(liang)方則(ze)要(yao)以(yi)各自(zi)的個人(ren)財(cai)產清(qing)(qing)償(chang)(chang)共(gong)同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu),而并不(bu)是規定對共(gong)同(tong)財(cai)產不(bu)足的部分(fen)予以(yi)免責。這就說明夫妻(qi)兩(liang)方對共(gong)同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu)的清(qing)(qing)償(chang)(chang)是一種(zhong)無限(xian)連帶責任。