一、什么是電子簽名

電子簽名是(shi)(shi)(shi)指數(shu)(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文中(zhong)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)式所含、所附用于(yu)識別簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人身(shen)份并表明簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人認可其中(zhong)內容的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。通俗點說，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)通過密(mi)碼(ma)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)文檔的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)式的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，并非是(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)面簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)圖像化，它類似于(yu)手(shou)(shou)寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或印(yin)章(zhang)，也可以說它就是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)印(yin)章(zhang)。凡(fan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)通訊中(zhong)，起到證(zheng)明當事(shi)人的(de)身(shen)份、證(zheng)明當事(shi)人對(dui)文件內容的(de)認可的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)手(shou)(shou)段(duan)，都(dou)可被稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)。實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)手(shou)(shou)段(duan)有很多種，常見的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)形(xing)式有：手(shou)(shou)寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或印(yin)章(zhang)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化圖像、采用生物識別數(shu)(shu)據(ju)（如虹膜、指紋）、基(ji)于(yu)公鑰密(mi)碼(ma)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)等。

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二、什么是數字簽名

數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，又稱公鑰(yao)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，是只(zhi)有信息的(de)發(fa)送者才能產生的(de)別人(ren)無法偽造(zao)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)串，這(zhe)段(duan)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)串同時也是對信息的(de)發(fa)送者發(fa)送信息真實(shi)性的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個有效證明。它(ta)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)種類似寫在紙上的(de)普通(tong)的(de)物理簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，但是在使用(yong)了公鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)領域的(de)技術來實(shi)現的(de)，用(yong)于鑒別數(shu)字(zi)(zi)信息的(de)方(fang)法。一(yi)(yi)(yi)套數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)通(tong)常定(ding)義兩種互補的(de)運算，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個用(yong)于簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)個用(yong)于驗證。數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)是非對稱密(mi)鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)技術與(yu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)摘要技術的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。

三、電子簽名和數字簽名的區別

很多人認為“電子簽名=數字簽名”，這是錯誤的。數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)是(shi)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)一種，也(ye)是(shi)目前比較成熟且全球應用最為普遍的(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)技(ji)(ji)術。大(da)多數(shu)應用場景提到的(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)，實際指的(de)就是(shi)數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)。數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)提供了比電子簽名基本要求更高(gao)的功(gong)能。

其(qi)實數字簽名(ming)和電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)不是(shi)(shi)完全分割的(de)兩(liang)個概(gai)念。嚴格意義上來說，數字簽名(ming)指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)技術手段，而電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)法(fa)律概(gai)念。所以(yi)從(cong)某個角度來看，電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)是(shi)(shi)數字簽名(ming)的(de)一種(zhong)表現形式。

由于是一種技術(shu)，數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)使用范圍更(geng)廣，事實(shi)上，和互聯網有關的(de)(de)大部分(fen)需(xu)要加密的(de)(de)文件，都有數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)蹤跡所在(zai)。而(er)在(zai)需(xu)要和法(fa)律(lv)責(ze)任相關的(de)(de)領域內，電子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)法(fa)律(lv)效力顯然就更(geng)被需(xu)要。