一、什么是電子簽名
電子簽名是(shi)(shi)(shi)指數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)文中以電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式所含、所附用于識別(bie)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)身份并表明簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)認(ren)可(ke)其中內容(rong)的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)。通(tong)俗點(dian)說(shuo),電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過密(mi)碼技(ji)術對(dui)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)文檔(dang)的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式的(de)(de)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),并非是(shi)(shi)(shi)書(shu)面簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)圖像(xiang)化(hua),它(ta)類(lei)似于手(shou)寫簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)或(huo)印章(zhang)(zhang),也可(ke)以說(shuo)它(ta)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)印章(zhang)(zhang)。凡是(shi)(shi)(shi)能在電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)通(tong)訊中,起到證明當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)身份、證明當(dang)事人(ren)(ren)對(dui)文件內容(rong)的(de)(de)認(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)技(ji)術手(shou)段(duan),都可(ke)被(bei)稱為(wei)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。實現電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)技(ji)術手(shou)段(duan)有(you)很多種,常見的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)形式有(you):手(shou)寫簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)或(huo)印章(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)化(hua)圖像(xiang)、采用生物(wu)識別(bie)數(shu)據(ju)(如虹(hong)膜、指紋)、基于公鑰密(mi)碼技(ji)術的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)等(deng)。
二、什么是數字簽名
數字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming),又稱(cheng)公鑰(yao)數字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming),是(shi)(shi)只有信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)發(fa)送(song)者才能產生的(de)(de)別(bie)人無法偽造的(de)(de)一(yi)段數字(zi)串,這段數字(zi)串同(tong)時也是(shi)(shi)對(dui)信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)發(fa)送(song)者發(fa)送(song)信息(xi)(xi)真(zhen)實(shi)性的(de)(de)一(yi)個有效(xiao)證(zheng)明(ming)。它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種類似寫在紙上的(de)(de)普通的(de)(de)物理簽(qian)名(ming),但是(shi)(shi)在使用(yong)(yong)了公鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)領域的(de)(de)技(ji)術來實(shi)現的(de)(de),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)鑒別(bie)數字(zi)信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)方法。一(yi)套數字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)通常定(ding)義兩種互補的(de)(de)運算,一(yi)個用(yong)(yong)于(yu)簽(qian)名(ming),另(ling)一(yi)個用(yong)(yong)于(yu)驗證(zheng)。數字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)是(shi)(shi)非對(dui)稱(cheng)密(mi)鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)技(ji)術與數字(zi)摘要技(ji)術的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。
三、電子簽名和數字簽名的區別
很多人認為“電子簽名=數字簽名”,這是錯誤的。數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)是電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)技(ji)術的(de)一種(zhong),也是目(mu)前比較成(cheng)熟且(qie)全球應用最為普遍的(de)電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)技(ji)術。大多數應用場景提到的(de)電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming),實際指的(de)就是數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)。數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)提供了(le)比電子簽名基本要求(qiu)更高的功能。
其(qi)實(shi)數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)和電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)不是(shi)完全(quan)分割的(de)兩個概念。嚴格意義上來(lai)說,數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)指的(de)是(shi)一種技術手段,而電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)則是(shi)一種法律概念。所以(yi)從某個角度來(lai)看,電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)是(shi)數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)一種表現形(xing)式。
由于(yu)是一種(zhong)技術,數字簽名的(de)(de)使用范(fan)圍更廣(guang),事實上,和互聯網(wang)有關的(de)(de)大部分需要(yao)加(jia)密的(de)(de)文件,都有數字簽名的(de)(de)蹤(zong)跡所在(zai)。而(er)在(zai)需要(yao)和法律責任相關的(de)(de)領域內,電(dian)子簽名的(de)(de)法律效力顯(xian)然就更被需要(yao)。